Marine bio invasion

Today’s marine biologist challenges

Global scale impacts Over-fishingInvasive speciesClimate changePollution

Marine Biological Invasion

R.R.De Zoysa/As 2009029/Aquatic Science (Sp)

Content1) Introduction

2) Biological invention & natural theory

3) Marine Bio invasion & climate change

4) Impact of invasive species

5) Type of invasion

6) Intentional introduction

7) Unintentional introduction

8) Sri Lanka status

9) Invasive species list

10)Action and response

11)Organizational and country role

12)Recommendation

13)Reference’s

Definitions

Invasive SpeciesAn alien species whose establishment and spread threatens ecosystems, habitats, or species with economic or environmental harm.

What are invasive Species?Invasive Species

implies exotic and a threat to native species

Exotic Speciesfrom another part of the world

Introduced Speciesimplies introduction but not a threat

Alien SpeciesImplies introduction to a particular ecosystem

Classical Model of Invasion

Natural Colonization

Establishment requires dispersal across barriers, colonization in acceptable number, and successful reproduction

Natural colonization and human-mediated invasion

Marine Biological invasion: The establishment new marine environment of a species outside of its natural range.Geographic

(or physiological) barrier

•Most introduced species are not invasive.• A species may be invasive in some regions but not others.

Introduces species

Invasive species

Alien to InvasiveFortunately, an alien species do not always progress to invasive species Very few organisms survive and are able to maintain a steady population to the point of becoming invasive

From Alien To InvasiveMany die en route to a new locale

Many die immediately upon arrival by physical and biotic agents

Naturalization

Lag Phase

Exponential Growth Phase

Common invasive species traits include: The ability to reproduce both asexually and sexually Fast growth Rapid reproduction High dispersal ability Phenotypic plasticity(the ability to alter one’s growth form to

suit current conditions) Tolerance of a wide range of environmental conditions

(generalist) Ability to live off of a wide range of food types (generalist) Association with humans

Intentional Introductions

Unintentional Introductions

Fish species released to increase local catches Predators/parasites have been introduced for bio-control

of agricultural pests Plants (ex. seaweed culture ) have been brought into to

provide forage for animals or for restoration purposesShellfish have been introduced to create new fisheriesPlants introduced for mudflat or dune management


Mari culture (farming of oysters, salmon, etc)Aquarium useLive seafood tradeLive fish bait tradeSeaweeds used in packaging (e.g. of bait)

Fisheries, Including MarineAquaculture (Mariculture)


Pterois volitans

Ballast water transport of larvae formHull FoulingCanalsWater diversion schemesFouling of buoysTransport on fishing or diving gearTransport on pleasure craft or other small boatsDocks, barges and oilrigs with fouling can introduce organisms

Ships

Drilling platforms

Amphibious

Seaplanesplanes,

Dry Docks

Canals


Alien pathogens in shellfish and other aquaculture introductionslive food trade of oysters and lobsters or baitResearch useReleased petsSecondary dispersal by currentsTraps, ropes, anchors, buoys, etc. all can transport species to new areasEscape from backyard ornamental ponds

Navigational buoys& Marina Floats

ResearchRecreational equipment

Floating marine debris


Vibrio cholerae North Pacificseastar

Mitten crabGreen crab

Red tide Zebra mussel

Colonial tunicate

Asian kelp

Comb jelly Lion fish

Famous Ex: marine invasive species

Ballast water

Shipping is the most common invasion pathway, carrying invasive species in ballast or as fouling organisms and has contributed to 69% of all marine introductions.

over 12 billion tons of ballast water is moved across vast coastal and oceanic domains annually.

Ballast water can contain a huge variety of organisms from microscopic plankton to 12 cm-long fish.

Ballast water treatment systems

Aquaculture (Mari culture)

• Aquaculture is the second largest contributor to marine species invasions 41% of marine invasive species .

• introduced from aquaculture practices Individuals escape or are released.

• Exotic marine fishes or invertebrates will often be introduced to a region via aquaculture practices as an economical investment.

Example: The Atlantic Salmon from the eastern USA is found in farms from Chile to Norway. If the salmon escape, genetic swapping with native species will occur

Plastic Flotsam Stranding in ocean

The vast amounts of waterborne debris is almost certainly drastically changing opportunities for many marine organisms to travel and thus for exotic invaders to spread.

Canal modificationReport that 17% of marine invasive species occur via the construction of canals.

Canals typically connect two biogeographically distinct bodies of water, creating the high potential for species interchanges.

The Mediterranean Sea maintains many international trade routes and is also connected to the biologically diverse Red Sea via the Suez Canal.

Marine Bio invasions and Climate Change

Climatically driven changes may affect both local dispersal

mechanisms,

The alteration of current patterns,

Competitive interactions between NIS and native species,

The onset of new thermal optima and/or different carbonate

chemistry.

Latitudinal range expansions of species correlated with changing

temperature conditions,

Effects on species richness and the correlated extinction of native

species,

Some invasions may provoke multiple effects which involve overall

ecosystem functioning

Changes To Salinity, Ocean Motion, Ocean Acidification

Result in a change in the existing species composition

Unable to adapt to their new environment

Therefore these species will be forced to disperse to adjacent habitats or

become extinct.

Loss of biodiversity may facilitate the establishment of new weedy /

invasive species That are able to thrive in the changing environment

Higher survival rates will increase the probable number of individuals

released at a given place at a given time

Sea Level Rise

Existing wetland and salt marshes will be flooded and die, calling into question the types of communities that will replace these lost ecosystems.

increased turbidity and pollution resulting from runoff from the land. Although some native species will be able to adapt to the newly created habitats,

the high level of disturbance caused by sea level rise will render marine communities particularly vulnerable to the introduction of opportunistic invasive species.

Environmental impacts

Preying upon native species Decreased habitat availability for native species Additional competition Parasites and disease Smothering and overgrowth Hybridization, causing genetic dilution Changes to ecosystem function Changes in nutrient cycles Decreased water quality

Economic impact

Monetary costs for management, Cost and damages incurred due to fouling of equipment and vessels, Aesthetic and/or recreation impacts, and Actual losses relative to impacts to fishery or aquaculture resources. Interference with fisheries (e.g. fouling or tearing of nets) Disruption to tourism Damage to infrastructure (through fouling of pipes, wharves, buoys etc.) Costs of clean up or control Costs of treatment or quarantine

Public Health Impacts

Parasites and disease, sometimes lethal - Harmful Algal Blooms (HAB)

Decreased recreational opportunities, e.g. algal slicks, overgrowth of aquifers and smothering of beaches ex: Alexandrium minutum

Cultural impacts Competition with native species used for subsistence harvesting Degradation of culturally-important habitats and resources such as

waterways

GEF IMO

Harmful algal bloom

Red Tide

Actions and Responses

Sri Lankan status

Sri Lanka is located in the middle of the trans-oceanic route connecting east and west, and Colombo harbor being a world famous commercial sea port, there is a huge potential of alien

159 taxa of plankton were found in the samples. In the ballast water samples alone, there were 56 different taxa of which 50% of them were totally alien to the local coastal zone.

Ballast waters offer conducive situation for microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses and dinoflagellates to translocate into far away regions and cause deleterious effects to local flora and fauna through their toxigenic, proliferative and over-competitive characteristics.

Caulerpa taxifolia and Undaria pinnatifida among the list of 100 most invasive species’. Of late, an exotic marine algal species is on the verge of becoming invasive in Southern India. Can be observed in Sri Lanka.

AnnelidsPelagobia longicirrata

CephalachordatesLarva of Amphioxus

CoelenteratesAurelia aurita

CopepodsAcartia erythaeaOncaea spp.Paracalanus aculeatusNaupli of Parechaeta norvegiaAcartia hamtaAugaptilus longicaudatusCalanopia aurivilliCandacia furcatusDisseta palumboiEuchaeta marinaEurydice pulchraMetridica vensuta

CrustaceansAlvinia punctureZoea of Scylla serrate

ForaminifersGlobigerinella adamsiHydrozoaLoripe tetraphylla

MollusksBaby Squid

RotifersCephalodella spp.TintinnidsFavella panamensisOrmosella tracheliumParafavella obtusaTintinninae vitreus

TunicatesTadpole larva of sea squirt

Sri Lanka marine water recorded invasive species

Responsible agency

International Maritime Organization Ministry of Environment Central Environmental Authority Sri Lanka Ports Authority NARA Directorate of Merchant Shipping Coast Conservation Department Coast Guard Department Disaster Management Centre Sri Lanka Navy

Recommendations

Fund Research Programs: Dedicated research programs across a diversity of regions (e.g. high, mid and low latitude sites) must be developed and adequately funded to detect species movements and likely interspecies interactions, in order to predict, and possibly prevent, the impact of invasion resulting from global climate change.

Increased Coordination: Build partnerships among federal agencies and academic institutions to enhance capacity for detecting, responding to, and managing invasive species.

Develop Rapid Response Plans: Risk assessments are needed to prioritize species that deserve rapid responses. Strategies need to be developed for rapid response to these species

Vector Management: These scenarios of the “ghost of Christmas future” support the need to strikingly enhance vector management policies to prevent future invasions.

Expand Educational and Outreach Programs. It is imperative for the public to understand the implications of their actions, with or without the climate change message.

National strategy for monitoring. Global climate change will result in the loss of species; yet without adequate monitoring the extent of this loss may not be known.

Reference's Occhipinti-Ambrogi, D. Savini (2003) Biological invasions as a component of global change in stressed marine ecosystems, www.elsevier.com/locate/marpolbul: Section of Ecology, Department of Genetics and Microbiology. Safra Altman, Robert B. Whitlatch (2006) Effects of small-scale disturbance on invasion success in marine communities, 1st edn., Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology: Daleo P, Alberti J, Iribarne O (2009) Biological invasions and the neutral theory, 1st edn., Diversity and Distributions: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Semmens, B.X., Buhle, E.R., Salomon, A.K., and Pattengill-Semmens, C.V. 2004. A hotspot of non-native marine fishes: evidence for the aquarium trade as an invasion pathway. Marine Ecology Progress Series 266: (239-244.) Stachowicz, J.J., Whitlach, R.B., & Osman, R.W. 1999.Species diversity and invasion resistance in a marine ecosystem. Science 286: 1577-1579. Stephens, P.A. and Sutherland, W.J. 1999. Consequences of the Allee effect for behaviour, ecology, and conservation. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 14(10): 401-405. Randall, J.E. 1987. Introduction of marine fishes to the Hawaiian Islands. Bulletin of Marine Science 41(2): 490-502.

O’Shea, S. and Cangelosi, A. 1996. Trojan horses in our harbors: biological contamination from ballast water discharge. U Tol. L. Rev. 27: 381. Molnar, J.L., Gamboa, R.L., Revenga, C., and Spalding, M.D. 2008. Assessing the global threat of invasive species to marine biodiversity. Frontiers in Ecology and Environment 6(9): 485-492. Drake, J.M. and Lodge, D.M. 2007. Hull-fouling is a risk factor for intercontinental species exchange in aquatic ecosystems. Aquatic Invasions 2(2): 121-131. Byers, J.E. 2002. Impact of a non-indigenous species on natives enhanced by anthropogenic alteration of selection regimes. OIKOS 97(3): 449-457.

Molnar, J.L., Gamboa, R.L., Revenga, C., and Spalding, M.D. 2008. Assessing the global threat of invasive species to marine biodiversity. Frontiers in Ecology and Environment Bax, N. Williamson, A. Aguero, M., Gonzalez, E., & Geeves, W. 2003. Marine invasive alien species: a threat to global biodiversity. Marine Policy 27(4): 313-323. W. U. CHANDRASEKERA, M. A. S. T. FERNANDO (2009) Accidental introduction of alien plankton into the Sri Lankan coastal zone through ballast water of cargo ships, 1st edn., Sri Lanka J. Aquat. Sci 14: Senanayake S.A.M.A.I.K, Ranathunga R.R.M.P.K.,Gunasekara.A.J.M., N.Priyadarshana (2010) The Occurrence Of Marine Organisms - In Ballast Water Of Ship Visiting Colombo Harbour., 1st edn., 15th International Forestry and Environment Symposium:

Thank you for your attention

"Invasive marine species are one of the four greatest threats to the world's oceans! Unlike other forms of marine pollution, such as oil spills, where ameliorative action can be taken and from which the environment will eventually recover, the impacts of invasive marine species are most often irreversible!“

Source: International Maritime Organization (2007)