BELL RINGER- ANALYZE THE IMAGE ON THE FOLLOWING SLIDE. DESCRIBE WHAT YOU FEEL THIS IMAGE REPRESENTS.

MANIFEST DESTINYHow did the concept of Manifest Destiny develop the character of our nation?TN Standards- 8.58, 8.59, 8.60, 8.61, 8.62, 8.63

MOUNTAIN MEN IN OREGONFur trading was big business in Oregon

Both the Americans and the British established trading posts in the area

Fur trading was originally with Native Americans, but later, others joined the trade.

These rugged independent traders were known as “mountain men.”

Eventually, over-trapping and changes in fashion lowered the demand for beaver pelts (fur).

Mountain men began settling on farms in Oregon

Some mountain men began working as guides. They led groups along trails like the Oregon Trail in Oregon and the Santa Fe Trail in California

THE OREGON TRAILAmericans were traveling to Oregon because of fertile land economic troubles in the East

The first settlers were the Whitman family. Native Americans massacred the family because they brought measles

Pioneers traveled 2,000 miles along the Oregon Trail in wagons with all of their belongings

THE OREGON TRAIL (CONTINUED)

Trail began in Independence, Missouri

Pioneers traveled along the Platte River

South Pass took them through the Rockies

The Snake and Columbia Rivers would guide pioneers to Oregon

OREGON TERRITORY REVIEW

1. What was the primary business of Mountain Men?

2. What caused a decline in their business?

3. How did Mountain Men contribute to the Oregon and Santa Fe Trails?

4. Why were Americans traveling to Oregon?

5. What happened to the Whitman family in Oregon?

AMERICA SEEKS ITS “MANIFEST DESTINY”

Many believed the mission of America was to spread freedom by settling the entire continent

John O’Sullivan declared that it was America’s “Manifest Destiny” to settle to the Pacific Ocean

Americans believed that it was God’s purpose for them to settle the entire continent

AMERICA SEEKS ITS “MANIFEST DESTINY” REVIEW

6. Summarize the meaning of the term, “Manifest Destiny.”

A “DARK HORSE” NOMINATION

“Dark Horse”- unknown, “out of nowhere”

James K. Polk surprisingly gained the nomination over Martin Van Buren

Polk was a Tennesseean who won the nomination because of his support for Manifest Destiny

“FIFTY-FOUR FORTY OR FIGHT”

Polk and the Democrats used this phrase

Polk wanted to set the border at 54°40' N latitude.

The British disagreed and both countries compromised with 49° N latitude

JAMES K. POLK REVIEW

7. Why was Polk considered a “dark horse” candidate?

8. Why did Polk receive so many votes?

9. What was meant by the campaign slogan, “Fifty-Four Forty or Fight?”

TEXASMexico won independence from Spain in 1821

Most of the non-Native American population in Texas were “Tejanos”

Tejanos were people of Mexican ethnicity who claimed Texas as their home rather than Mexico

Mexico encouraged people to settle in Texas with promises of land

Stephen F. Austin became the leader among American settlers in Texas

TENSIONS IN TEXASAmericans began to outnumber Tejanos and did not want to follow Mexico’s rules like learning Spanish and becoming Catholic

Mexico was also threatening to ban slavery and Americans disagreed

Mexico closed the borders of Texas in 1830

Stephen F. Austin and Sam Houston tried, unsuccessfully, to negotiate with Mexico

Americans and Tejanos began to make plans to break away from Mexico

TENSIONS IN TEXAS REVIEW10. Who were “Tejanos?”

11. Who was the American leader of settlers in Texas?

12. When Americans began to outnumber Tejanos, they did not like following Mexico’s rules. What were some examples of these rules?

13. Along with Stephen F. Austin, ________________________ unsuccessfully attempted to negotiate with Mexico. Following this, Americans and Tejanos began to talk about breaking away from Mexico.

ANTONIO LOPEZ DE SANTA ANNA

Mexican General

Took an army into Texas to punish the rebels

Santa Anna was enraged when rebels took over San Antonio

In February of 1836, his army found a small group of Texans barricaded in a mission building in San Antonio

THE ALAMO180 Texans had to take on Santa Anna’s army of thousands

Texans had brave leaders like William B. Travis, Jim Bowie, and Davy Crockett (a volunteer from Tennessee)

Defenders held off Santa Anna’s army for 13 days

Santa Anna’s army finally broke through and killed Travis, Crockett, and Bowie

Following this, the rallying cry for Texans became “Remember the Alamo!”

TEXAS DECLARES INDEPENDENCE

Texas had formally declared independence shortly before the fall of the Alamo

The Republic of Texas was established

Sam Houston was named commander in chief of the Texas forces

Houston launched a surprise attack on Santa Anna’s forces at San Jacinto

Mexico’s loss at San Jacinto led to a treaty recognizing the independence of Texas

THE LONE STAR REPUBLIC

Sam Houston became president of Texas

Houston wanted the U.S. to annex (take control) of Texas

President Jackson denied this because it would upset the balance of slave and free states in Congress

TEXAS WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE REVIEW

14. Who was the Mexican general in charge of punishing rebels in Texas?

15. What challenge did the Americans and Tejanos face at the Alamo?

16. Which three individuals led the brave defense of the Alamo?

17. What was the rallying cry after Mexican troops took over the Alamo?

18. After declaring independence, commander Sam Houston led a surprise attack at ______________________.

TEXAS STATEHOODSoutherners wanted Texas to join the U.S. because it would add another slave state

Attempts to annex Texas were denied until 1844, when president Polk favored it

During the election of 1844, “Manifest Destiny” was a hugely popular idea

TEXAS STATEHOOD REVIEW

19. Why were Southerners in favor of adding Texas as a state?

20. Why was Texas added as a state after the Election of 1844?

THE NEW MEXICO TERRITORY

Land between Texas and California

Mexican government welcomed traders from America

William Becknell reached the settlement of Santa Fe

Becknell’s route became known as the Santa Fe Trail

The Santa Fe Trail became a busy trade route

CALIFORNIAMexican state with huge ranches

Native Americans worked on these ranches

Ranch owners (“rancheros”) treated Native Americans like slaves

American army officer, John C. Fremont, wrote about California’s natural resources leading to the discussion on adding California as a state

NEW MEXICO AND CALIFORNIA REVIEW

21. Who was William Becknell?

22. Why did the Santa Fe trail become so significant?

23. Who were “rancheros?”

24. Who brought forth the idea of adding California as a state following because of the number of resources in the area?

THE MEXICAN WARPresident Polk was determined to get New Mexico and California from Mexico

Mexico refused to sell, so Polk had to find justification for war

Polk was trying to get Mexico to strike first

Polk ordered Zachary Taylor to send troops to the Rio Grande (disputed territory). Mexico saw this as an invasion and attacked.

Polk stated that Mexico had “invaded our territory and shed blood on American soil.”

THE MEXICAN WAR- THE WAR PLAN

Three Goals:

Drive Mexican forces out of Texas

Seize New Mexico and California

Capture Mexico City

THE MEXICAN WAR- CALIFORNIA UPRISING

Settlers in California, encouraged by John C. Fremont, started to revolt

Rebels defeated Mexican forces and declared California as the independent Bear Flag Republic

The U.S. claimed the territory within a month

THE MEXICAN WAR- THE END OF THE WAR

Mexico was refusing to surrender

Polk sent Winfield Scott to attack Mexico City

Scott captured the capital after 3 weeks and Mexico finally surrendered

In the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, U.S. received California, Utah, Nevada, New Mexico, and most of Arizona and Colorado

Mexico agreed for using the Rio Grande as the border with Texas

MEXICAN WAR REVIEW25. Why was James K. Polk trying to get Mexico to attack American forces first?

26. How did he get Mexico to attack first?

27. List the three goals of the Mexican War Plan

28. Who led the Bear Flag Revolt in California leading to California declaring independence?

29. How did James K. Polk force Mexico to surrender?

30. Following the Mexican War, Mexico ceded several western states and accepted the ______________________ as the border with Texas.

CALIFORNIA GOLD RUSHGold was discovered at John Sutter’s mill in 1848

People from all over the world traveled to California for gold in 1849- “Forty-Niners”

80% of forty-niners were American but others came from Europe, South America, Australia, and China

LIFE OF A FORTY-NINERTowns and cities popped up quickly

San Francisco became a “boomtown”

Panning for gold involved swirling water and gravel through a pan in hopes of finding a small speck of gold

Forty-niners enjoyed tremendous wealth

Merchants made incredible profits by selling items during the gold rush

Levi Strauss, a German immigrant, sold sturdy denim pants to sell to forty-niners

CALIFORNIA GOLD RUSH REVIEW

31. Where was gold discovered in 1848?

32. Why were gold seekers called “forty-niners?”

33. Where did forty-niners come from?

34. Which city became a boomtown because of the gold rush?

35. Besides forty-niners, who else benefited from the gold rush?

MORMONSJoseph Smith founded the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints and published the Book of Mormon in New York

Smith wanted to form an ideal society where property is owned by the community

Smith also believed in polygamy (Mormons eventually gave up this practice)

Smith’s neighbors in New York and forced the church to leave

MORMONSMormons moved to Illinois to escape persecution

They named their settlement, Nauvoo

Nauvoo was very successful but still faced persecution

Smith was killed by an angry mob in 1844 and Brigham Young took over as leader of the Mormons

Young would relocate the Mormons to the Great Salt Lake in Utah

Congress established the Utah territory and Young was named governor

War almost broke out between the U.S. and the Mormons. Utah did not become a state until 1896 when Mormons agreed to stop polygamy

MORMONS REVIEW36. Who published the Book of Mormon and formed the Church of Jesus-Christ of Latter Day Saints?

37. Why were Mormons forced to move to Illinois?

38. What was the name of their settlement in Illinois?

39. After Brigham Young took over as leader, he relocated Mormons to ___________________.

40. Which state would be added to the United States after this Mormon migration?