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Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Presidency 11
The Presidency
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
11
Learning Objectives
11.1
11.2
Describe the constitutional foundations and primary roles of the presidency
Evaluate the controversies surrounding presidents’ assertion of additional executive powers
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
11
Learning Objectives
11.3
11.4
Outline the functions of the White House staff, Executive Office of the President, cabinet, and vice president
Characterize the various roles that presidents play
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11
11.5
11.6
Identify the sources of presidential-congressional conflict and the tools presidents use to influence Congress
Identify the factors that influence judgments about presidents
Learning Objectives
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Structure and Powers of the Presidency Presidency and the Separation of Powers Framers and the Presidency Presidential Powers Presidential Removal and Succession
11.1
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Vietnam War Protest 11.1
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11.1Presidency and the Separation of Powers Powers in Constitution
Run executive branch Wage wars declared by Congress Report to Congress on State of the Union Nominate judges and executive appointees Negotiate treaties
Parliamentary governments
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11.1Framers and the Presidency Single executive Electoral College Twenty-Second Amendment (1951) Qualifications for office Presidential ticket
Twelfth Amendment (1804)
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Presidential Powers 11.1
Vesting clause Commander in Chief
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11.1
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11.1
Diplomat in Chief Treaty Executive agreements Congressional-executive agreements
Administrator in Chief
Presidential Powers
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11.1
Additional Executive Powers Appointment power Recess appointments Veto power Pocket veto Pardon power Take Care power Inherent powers Power to inform and convene Congress Signing statements
Presidential Powers
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11.1Presidential Removal and Succession Impeachment
Johnson 1868 Clinton 1998
Twenty-Fifth Amendment (1967)
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Johnson takes the Oath of Office on Air Force One
11.1
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11.1 Presidents have power to do all of the following except
11.1
a. negotiate treatiesb. deploy armed forcesc. declare ward. veto legislation
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11.1 Presidents have power to do all of the following except
11.1
a. negotiate treatiesb. deploy armed forcesc. declare ward. veto legislation
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11.2Controversies in Presidential Power War Power Power to Invoke Executive Privilege Power to Issue Executive Orders Power to Submit a Budget to Congress Evolution of Presidential Power
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11.2War Power
Declaring war versus waging war War Powers Resolution (1973)
Reassertion of Congressional authority
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11.2Power to Invoke Executive Privilege Power to keep secrets in the national
interest Protect national security Private discussions with advisers about public policy Nixon takes it too far
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Guantanamo prisoners 11.2
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11.2Power to Issue Executive Orders Executive orders
Force of law, without Congress Executive memoranda
Less formal directives
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FIGURE 11-1: Average Number of Executive Orders Issued Each Year, by President
11.2
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11.2Power to Submit a Budget to Congress Budgeting and Accounting Act of 1921 Impoundment
Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Line item veto
Declared unconstitutional (1998)
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11.2Evolution of Presidential Power Steady growth of presidential power How prescient were the framers? Significant expansion under Lincoln, FDR
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New Deal Works Project Mural 11.2
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11.2 The War Powers Resolution states that the president can deploy troops
11.2
a. only after Congress declares war b. after specific statutory authorization c. if the U.S. or its troops are attacked d. all of the above
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11.2 The War Powers Resolution states that the president can deploy troops
11.2
a. only after Congress declares war b. after specific statutory authorization c. if the U.S. or its troops are attacked d. all of the above
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11.3Managing the Presidency
White House Staff Executive Office of the President Cabinet Vice Presidency
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11.3White House Staff
White House bureaucracy Competitive approach: fight for access Collegial approach: groupthink “Policy czars” Hierarchical approach: tight control Chief of Staff Political versus policy offices
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11.3Executive Office of the President (EOP) National Security Council (NSC) Council of Economic Advisers (CEA) Office of Management and Budget (OMB)
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FIGURE 11-2: Executive Office of the President
11.3
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11.3Cabinet
Washington’s cabinet had four people Obama’s cabinet has 21 members Traditional, not obligatory
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11.3Vice Presidency
Balancing the ticket Increasing role in modern presidency
Cheney Biden
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11.3 What is the main duty of the Council of Economic Advisors?
11.3
a. Advise the president on banking regulationsb. Advise the president and Congress on tradec. Advise the president on economic policy d. Advise the president on intelligence
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11.3 What is the main duty of the Council of Economic Advisors?
11.3
a. Advise the president on banking regulationsb. Advise the president and Congress on tradec. Advise the president on economic policy d. Advise the president on intelligence
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11.4President’s Job
Presidents as Morale Builders Presidents as Agenda Setters Presidents as Persuaders An Impossible Job?
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TABLE11-1: What Can Presidents Change?
11.4
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11.4Presidents as Morale Builders Chief of state Morale builder
FDR’s fireside chats
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11.42012 election night rally
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11.4Presidents as Agenda Setters Economic policy Social policy National security policy
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11.4Presidents as Persuaders
Presidential power is the power to persuade (Richard Neustadt)
Going public
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11.4An Impossible Job?
Federal government growing Partisan conflict increasing Public trust waning
Politicians don’t have nation’s interests at heart Government can’t do anything right
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11.4 What is considered the president’s chief resource?
11.4
a. the power to persuade b. the ability to set agendac. the right to deliver a State of the Union
address d. the ability to know what the public wants
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11.4 What is considered the president’s chief resource?
11.4
a. the power to persuade b. the ability to set agendac. the right to deliver a State of the Union
address d. the ability to know what the public wants
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11.5Congress and the Presidency Why Presidents and Congress Disagree Influencing Congress
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11.5Why Presidents and Congress Disagree Competing constituencies Competing calendars Competing campaigns
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President Jimmy Carter 11.5
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11.5Influencing Congress
Presidential support score Presidential mandates Public approval
Political capital Rally points
Reputation
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FIGURE 11-3: Presidential Approval Ratings, 1953-2012
11.5
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11.5 Why might a senator from an opposing party vote for a proposal of a popular president?
11.5
a. To feel like a part of a legislative victory b. To generate donations for the next election c. To discourage election challengers by voting
for a popular policy d. To win favor with the president and gain
greater likelihood of support for personal policies
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11.5
a. To feel like a part of a legislative victory b. To generate donations for the next election c. To discourage election challengers by voting
for a popular policy d. To win favor with the president and gain
greater likelihood of support for personal policies
11.5 Why might a senator from an opposing party vote for a proposal of a popular president?
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11.6Judging Presidents
How do we judge presidents? Wars Domestic or international crises Economic Natural disasters Political and moral leadership Civil rights and social policies
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11.6 Presidents are often judged by
11.6
a. how well they handle a war b. the state of the economy c. scandals during their term in office d. all of the above
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11.6 Presidents are often judged by
11.6
a. how well they handle a war b. the state of the economy c. scandals during their term in office d. all of the above
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Discussion Question
Which of the president’s many roles has expanded the most from the Framers' original vision? Why has this role expanded?
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