Important Concepts to Take Note of…

For studyingLord of the Flies

Elements of SocietyBasic Needs/Elements of Society• Common, agreed upon goals• Effective leadership• Common set of expectations, guidelines, and

consequences that are designed to maintain safety and order

• Resources available to meet the needs of society members- labor, food, shelter

• Members accept roles in the society to contribute to the success of the society, in return for protection and/or personal reward from the society

• Set of shared customs or rituals that emulate the values in the society

Elements of SocietyWhat can cause the destruction of a

Society?• Goals are no longer common – dispute over society’s purpose• Members no longer wish to follow the common set of

expectations, guidelines, and consequences – likely causing disorder

• Dispute over how resources should be used- shortages or unequal distribution of resources

• Members become dissatisfied with the roles they are expected to fulfill

• Oppressive leadership OR one group seeks to oppress another group

• Desecration of customs or rituals• Loss of order and/or safety for members of the society

Leadership StylesAutocratic Leadership: • Autocratic leadership is where a leader exerts high levels of power over his or

her followers. People within the group are given few opportunities for making suggestions, even if these would be in the group's or organization’s interest.

Often associated with Fascism, characteristics include:• Most people tend to resent being treated like this. Also, the group's output

does not benefit from the creativity and experience of all team members• worship of leader hero• blaming problems on outside forces• cult of violence• male values as central• rule by terror and army

Leadership Styles Democratic/Participative Leadership: • Although a democratic leader will make the final decision, he or she invites

other members of the group to contribute to the decision-making process. • Increases group member satisfaction by involving members in what’s going

on• Helps to develop people’s skills• Group members feel in control of their own destiny, and so are motivated

to work hard by more than just a physical reward (such as financial gain).• As participation takes time, this style can lead to things happening more

slowly than an autocratic approach, but often the end result is better. • It can be most suitable where team working is essential, and quality is

more important than speed.

Psychology in Literature

• To become everything that one is capable of becoming – fullest potential

• The respect of one’s self and that of others – usually due to demonstrated confidence or competence

• The need to be needed and cared about from others

• These are items of security – shelter and clothing – existence relatively without fear

• These are the most basic of needs – food, air, water, etc.According to Maslow, all humans have a hierarchy of needs. The most

basic of needs must be met, before humans may progress to the upper levels of psychological development and growth

New Literary Concepts• Parable: a simple, brief narrative that teaches a

lesson by using characters and events to stand for abstract ideas

• Allegory: a story or tale with two or more levels of meaning – a literal level and one or more symbolic levels. The events, setting, and characters in an allegory are symbols for ideas or qualities

New Literary Concepts Types of Allegories:Moral AllegorySocial AllegoryReligious Allegory

Review of Important Literary Concepts

CharacterizationThe technique used by a writer to create and reveal the personalities of the characters in a written work. This may be done by:

Direct CharacterizationThe author directly states aspects of the

character’s personality

Indirect Characterizationdescribing the character’s physical

appearance and situation revealing a characters thoughtsshowing the reaction of other characters

Review of Important Literary Concepts

Symbolism - Imagery

SymbolismAn author’s use of anything that stands for itself and for something else Imagerythe descriptive or figurative language used to create pictures in the mind

Review of Important Literary Concepts

• Archetype• Allusion• Annotation• Antagonist• Protagonist• Climax• Complications• Conflict• Connotation• Denotations• Dilemma• Exposition• External Conflict – 4 Types• Falling Action• Rising Action• Flashback• Foreshadowing• Inference • Internal Conflict

• Mystery• Narrator• Plot• Literary Point of View• First Person POV• Third Person Objective POV• Third Person Limited

Omniscient POV • Third Person Omniscient

POV• Resolution - Denouement• Reversal• Setting• Suspense• Verbal Irony • Situational Irony• Dramatic Irony