LING 100 - Review on Phonological Analysis

IntroductionRecognizing Allophones and Phonemes

Syllable Structure

Phonological AnalysisLING 100 2013W: Tutorial T02/T04

Meagan Louie

2013-10-11

Meagan Louie Phonological Analysis


Syllable StructureBasic Concepts

Core Subdomains: Phonology

Linguistics: The study of Language

Phonetics

Phonology

Morphology

Syntax

Semantics

Pragmatics




Basic Concepts: Contrastiveness/Distinctiveness

1. What is a phoneme?

A: The smallest unit of sound that is capable of distinguishing meaning

2. What is a minimal pair/set?

A: A pair/set of morphemes, which. (i) only differ in one sound segment (eg., [sit] and [fit] ), and. (i) differ in meaning (eg., ’seat’ 6= ’feet’)

3. What is a an allophone? A phonetic variant?

A: The phonetic variants of a phoneme are the various ways of actuallypronouncing phonemes; allophones are phonetic variants of a phonemethat pattern in complementary distribution.

4. Examples?











4. Examples?











4. Examples?











4. Examples?











4. Examples?











4. Examples?











4. Examples?




More Concepts: Contrastiveness/Distinctiveness

1. What is a ’distinctive feature’?

A: An articulatory/acoustic parameter that (eg., voicing, nasality,aspiration, etc.,), where the parameter settings correlate with differentphonemes.

2. What is a phonemic inventory? How is it different from a phoneticinventory?

A: A phonemic inventory is the set of phonemes a language has. Aphonetic inventory is the set of phones a language has (i.e., a set thatcontains each allophonic variation of each phoneme in the language)



































Syllable Structure

Case Study: JapaneseCase Study: Canadian English

Recognizing Allophones and Phonemes

Q1. How can you recognize phonemes?

A1. With minimal pairs

Q. How can you recognize allophones?

A. By their complementary distribution



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Phonological AnalysisHow to Approach the Question: Phonemes or Allophones?

QUESTION:

Are [X] and [Y] (distinct) phonemes, or allophones of the same phoneme?

1. Look for minimal pairs

2. Found some? Good. Then say something like:

ANSWER

”[X] and [Y] are distinct phonemes. This can be illustrated with thefollowing minimal pair: [Xat] ’water oxen’ and [Yat] ’radio’ differ only inthat one begins with [X] and the other begins with [Y], yet they havedistinct meanings.



Syllable Structure


Distinct Phonemes: Cantonese Example

1. [g2w3] ”enough”

2. [gaw3] ”teach”

3. [tS2w3] ”stinky”

4. [tSaw2] ”stir-fried”

5. [maj5] ”buy”

6. [m2j5] ”rice (uncooked)”

7. [saj3] ”excessive”

8. [s2j3] ”small”

[Q:] Are [aw] and [2w] separate phonemes, or allophones?

[Q:] Are [aj] and [2j] separate phonemes, or allophones?

(FYI: The numbers indicate tones, 1=high level, 2=high rising, 3=midlevel, 4=low falling, 5=low rising, 6=low level)



Syllable Structure







5. [maj5] ”buy”









Syllable Structure







5. [maj5] ”buy”









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5. [maj5] ”buy”






→Minimal pairs, ∴ can conclude these are distinct phonemes.



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QUESTION: Are X and Y (distinct) phonemes?or allophones of the same phoneme?

1. Look for minimal pairs

2. Didn’t find any? Good! Then you get to do a phonology puzzle!

3. Look for complementary distribution between X and Y

i. Look at the phonological contexts where you find X, and thephonological contexts where you find Y (hint: make a chart!)

ii. Generalise over the contexts where you find X and Y (use distinctivefeatures!)

iii. If the environments that you found for X and Y are complementary(i.e., do not overlap), then you’ve found evidence that X and Y areallophones



Syllable Structure


Case Study: Japanese

[Q:] Are [s] and [S] separate phonemes, or allophones?

1. [sakana] ”fish”

2. [aSita] ”tomorrow”

3. [sukoSi] ”little bit”

4. [senaka] ”back”

5. [soko] ”there”

6. [asa] ”morning”

7. [Sigoto] ”work”

8. [tesuto] ”test”

9. [Siawase] ”happy”

10. [soSite] ”then”



Syllable Structure


How to Approach This Type of Problem

[Q:] Are [s] and [S] separate phonemes, or allophones?

1. [sakana] ”fish”

2. [aSita] ”tomorrow”

3. [sukoSi] ”little bit”

4. [senaka] ”back”

5. [soko] ”there”

6. [asa] ”morning”

7. [Sigoto] ”work”

8. [tesuto] ”test”

9. [Siawase] ”happy”

10. [soSite] ”then”

Step 1: Look for minimal pairs (evidence of phonemes)- none in this data set.

Step 2: Try to establish complementary distribution (evidence of allophony)



Syllable Structure


Determining AllophonyFinding Complementary Distribution

Step 2: Try to establish complementary distribution

2a: Make a chart of where [s] occurs vs where [S] occurs

2b: Try to generalize over the environments for each sound

Environments where [s] occurs Environments where [S] occurs# akana a ita# ukoSi suko i# enaka suko i# oko # iawasea a so itete uto # igotoSiawa e# oSite



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2b:Try to generalize over the environments for each sound




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2b:Try to generalize over the environments for each sound

Environments where [s] occurs Environments where [S] occurs# akana a ita# ukoSi suko i# enaka suko i# oko # iawasea a so itete uto # igotoSiawa e# oSite a, u, e, o i



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Generalization: [S] occurs when preceding [i], [s] occurs otherwise

This suggests that [s] and [S] are allophones of the same phoneme

s → S / i (s becomes s when preceding [i])



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Case Study: Canadian English I

1. [k2wtS] ”couch”

2. [tawn] ”town”

3. [bôaw] ”brow”

4. [2wt] ”out”

5. [@lawz] ”allows”

6. [lawd] ”loud”

7. [p2wt] ”pout”

8. [@ôawnd] ”around”

9. [h2ws] ”houseN”

10. [m2wT] ”mouthN”




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Case Study: Canadian English II

1. [k2jt] ”kite”

2. [tajm] ”time”

3. [baj] ”buy”

4. [b2jt] ”bite”

5. [lajz] ”lies”

6. [lajd] ”lied”

7. [p2jp] ”pipe”

8. [ôajnd] ”rind”

9. [m2js] ”mice”

10. [m2jT] ”might”




Syllable Structure

Syllable Structure

σ

Onset Rhyme

Nucleus Coda

1. Identify the nucleus (usually a vowel).

2. Every consonant after the nucleus forms part of the coda

3. Every consonant before the nucleus forms part of the onset


Education

LING 100 - Review on Phonological Analysis