This slide collection is intended as illustrations to the (work in progress) book "Life? The Universe! Almost Everything..." Some animations require PowerPoint 7.
- 1. Popular Prominent Distances In Our Solar System InLifelines
In PatternsPerspectyive PerspectivePerspective Really Tiny Stuff
inCell Membranes:ATP Production Sites Cell Power
PlantPerspectiveLiving WallsThe Ultimate Lifes LeadingCapturing
Energy Liberating Energy Building Blocks LadderNo Waste:Electron
TransportElectron & Proton The Worlds SmallestRecycling
StaircaseTranslocation Motor ATP Generator Cytoskeleton:
Cytoskeleton: Cytoskeleton: Myosin(Principles) CollagenMicrotubules
FilamentsCytoskeleton: Skeletal MuscleMighty Muscle Marvelous
Molecular Actin Filaments StructureMovement MotorsLight and Dark
Huffing, PuffingFrom Nuclear Energy Mind Over MatterReactions to
New Clear EnergyWorld Wide Web Flower PowerGaian Symbiosis
orExercise? Single Entity?More Recycling! DNA: DigitallyForever
Fanning Our DistingushedSome Really CloseNumbered Aminoacids
FeaturesAncestors Relatives Life Loves Looping- Electronic
EnergyCredits Email Author the-Loop ExchangeCopyright 2011Henry
Norman
2. Prominent Patterns Brain Cell Tree at Sunset Lena River Delta
Courtesy Alan Opsahl, Pfizer Courtesy Kevin Schofelt
(goo.gl/P0aIb)Courtesy NASA (Landsat 7)Colorado River Delta Fan
Coral Purkinje SaguaroCourtesy Google Earth (Digital Globe)
Courtesy Denis in Minneapolis ([email protected])Courtesy Anita
Gould (Flickr) 3. Distances in PerspectiveScanning Electron
Microscope RangeOptical (Light) Microscope
Range10-1110-1010-910-810-710-6 10-5 10-4 10-310-210-1 10010 pm 11
nm 10 nm 100 nm 1 m10 m 100 m1 mm 1 cm1 dm1m Human Eye Range
AtomLipid Virus Bacterium Cell HumanNucleon MoleculeProtein
Mitochondrion 10-14 m ScaleAn atom is to one meter what one meter
is to the Earth-Sun distance!Human Eye Range 100 101102 103 104 105
106 107 108 109 10101011 1m10 m100 m1 km 10 km 100 km 1 Mm10 Mm 100
Mm 1 Gm 10 Gm 100 Gm 300 Mm = 300 000 km = 1 light second150 Gm = 1
Astronomical Unit (AU) = Mean distance Earth-Sun = 150 000 000 km =
8.3 light minutes 4. Solar System Bodies (Except Pluto):Relative
Sizes/DistancesDistance Sol Tellus = 150 Gm (Gigameter) =150
million kilometer = One Astronomical Unit:With a solar diameter of
32 cm (as in this slide), Earth diameter = 2.9 mm, 34.5 meter
removedTellus Sol (Sun) Mercury Venus Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus
Neptune (Earth)Mass 333 000 0.05 0.8 10.1317.595 14.5 17.2
Diameter1090.4 0.91 0.5 11.29.5 43.9Diameter (km1,000) 1,390
4.912.1 12.6 6.8 143120.5 51.2 49.5Distance to Sol (AU) 0.4 0.71
1.55.29.519.230 5. Lifelines in Perspective Multi-Celled Life Forms
Relative Organizational Complexity Ten Million Centuries Three
Thousand Million Years Mostly Single-Cell Organisms Evolved
Single-Celled Life Forms?4 000 3 500 3 0002 500 2 000 1 500 1 000
500 Now Past Time (Million Years Ago)
Multi-CelledEukaryaSingle-Celled ArchaeaLUCA (?)
ProkaryaBacteriaLUCA = Last Universal Common Ancestor (of all
current Earth Life) 6. Features Forever Fanning OutYears Ago
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes( 109)Bacteria Archaea ProtistsPlants Fungi
Animals0 0.4 One Thousand Hard bodiesMillion Years 0.8 Soft bodies
1.2 Multi-celled organisms 1.6 Eukaryotes with organelles
Chloroplast assimilation (?)2 Eukaryotes (DNA in nucleus)
Mitochondrion assimilation (?) 2.4Three ThousandMillion Years 2.8
3.2 3.6 Prokaryotes (no nucleus, free DNA) Last Universal Common
Ancestor (LUCA) of all current Earth Life4 7. Distinguished
Ancestors(3 800 Million Years Ago) Prokaryotes (free DNA)(3 500)
Archaea, bacteria Photosynthesis Begins Archaeozoic Era(2 200)
Eukaryotes (DNA in nucleus)Three Thousand(1 700) Eukaryotes with
organelles Two HundredMillion Years (1 300) Metazoan (multi-celled)
organisms(1 200) PlantsProterozoic Era(1 100) Fungi (650)
Cnidarians Ediacaran & Vendian fossils (610 MYA) (550) Fishes
Cambrian Hard-body Radiation (550 MYA) Ordovician Radiation (500
MYA) Ordovician Extinction (440 MYA) (400) AmphibiansDevonian
Extinction (370 MYA) Paleozoic Era (300) Reptiles, Birds Permian
Extinction (260 MYA) (250) Mammals Six Hundred Triassic Extinction
(210 MYA) Million Years (185) PlacentalsMesozoic
EraCretaceous/Tertiary Extinction (65 MYA) (60) Primates(7.5)
Gorilla gorilla Cenozoic Era(6) Pan troglodyte (Chimpanzee)(2.5)
Homo habilis 8. Atoms, Molecules, and Energy 9. Atomic Distances in
Perspective Micro Meter Prefixes: Zepto- Atto-Femto-Pico-10-21
10-2010-19 10-18 10-17 10-16 10-15 10-1410-13 10-12 10-1110-101
zm10 zm 100 zm 1 am10 am 100 am1 fm10 fm 100 fm 1 pm10 pm 100
pmSize-wise, an electron is to an atom, what an atom is to a human!
NucleusNucleons(Proton, Neutron) Atom Electron333 zm 1 fm10 fm 100
pm < 10-18 m10-15 m10-14 m10-10 m (1 ) 10. About the really tiny
stuff On the quantum level a peculiar dualistic nature hasbeen
observed: curiously, quantum size stuff appearsto be both particles
and waves, at the same time!The following few slides are
misleading: Atoms, andwhat theyre made of, are not things in any
ordinarysense. An electron, for example, is not a little
sphereorbiting a nucleus, but rather something, vibrating
innothing: like a misty cloud, it is smeared out as astanding
waveand the particle aspect of this wave may be located anywhere
within the cloud. Note also that so far, this is theory only:
Nobody hasever directly seen anything as small as an atom. 11.
Powerful Peculiar ParticlesHydrogen (1H (Protium)) Fundamental
part, and motive force, for Life? The Universe! Almost Everything1
Electron 1 Protoncharge 1 charge +1 (+ )1H has no neutronsUp Quarks
charge +u u1 fm Down Quarkd 10-15 m charge 100 000 fm2H (Deuterium)
has one neutron 10-10 m (1 )3H (Tritium) has two neutrons 12.
Curiously Commingling Courier100 000 fm10 fm 10-10 m (1 )10-15 m
Carbon (12C)Electron Cloud Nucleus u d d6 Neutrons charge 0 ( +) Up
Quark6 Electronscharge +u u 6 Protonscharge 6*(+ ) (inner shell: 2,
outer shell: 4)charge (1*6)Down Quark charge d 13. Electron: Energy
Exchanger Excited State(absorbed photon energy)Photon Emission Type
PgUp (or right click/previous) to reset,Energy Quantum(spontaneous
or facilitated) then PgDn (or left click) to restart!(massless
photon)Quantum Leap Lifes Energy (no transitional states!)
SourceLow EnergyEnergyHigh(unstable)(stable)Ground StateSecond Law
of Thermodynamics implies:Low probability (close to 0) for
spontaneous leap to higher state,High probability (close to 1) for
spontaneous leap to lower state 14. DNA: Lifes Linear Ladder5 end 3
end Nitrogenous H C C BricksC ONucleobasesCarbonHC C C C TAC O C H
C O H Pyrimidines O O P O (one carbon ring)Hydrogen O P O ~21
OOxygen O H C O C CThymineT H C CGC CCHPhosphorus C C OO H CO P O O
C CytosineNitrogen O P OO O HC C Purines C O (two carbon rings) H C
C C G C O C C HBackbone C C H O O O O P O~3 O P OAdenine A OO P OO
H C O C C GGuanineOPhosphate H C C C C ATC O C C H O H OCovalent
Bonds: 5H O P OOxygen C O 1O P O ONitrogenHydrogen H C C O H C C C
C C O3Deoxyribose H C C C C G C C O C H C H (sugar) 3 end~11 5 end
15. DNA Nucleobase Triplets Encoded in Decimal & Quaternal
Number Bases (In RNA, T = U (Uracil))4First quaternal (triplet)
symbol position01 2 3TC A G0 000 TTT16 100 CTT32 200 ATT 48 300 GTT
T0 Phe F1 001 TTC17 101 CTC33 201 ATC Ile I 49 301 GTC C1 0T LeuL
Val V2 002 TTA18 102 CTA34 202 ATA 50 302 GTA A2 Leu LSecond
quaternal (triplet) symbol position3 003 TTG19 103 CTG35 203 ATG
Met2 M3 51 303 GTG G3Third quaternal (triplet) symbol position4 010
TCT20 110 CCT36 210 ACT 52 310 GCT T05 011 TCC21 111 CCC37 211 ACC
53 311 GCC C1 1CSer SProPThr TAla A6 012 TCA22 112 CCA38 212 ACA 54
312 GCA A27 013 TCG23 113 CCG39 213 ACG 55 313 GCG G38 020 TAT24
120 CAT40 220 AAT 56 320 GAT T0 Tyr Y His HAsn NAsp D9 021 TAC25
121 CAC41 221 AAC 57 321 GAC C1 2A10 022 TAA 26 122 CAA42 222 AAA
58 322 GAA A2Stop1 GlnQLys KGlu E11 023 TAG 27 123 CAG43 223 AAG 59
323 GAG G312 030 TGT 28 130 CGT44 230 AGT 60 330 GGT T0 Cys CSer
S13 031 TGC 29 131 CGC45 231 AGC 61 331 GGC C1 3G ArgR Gly G14 032
TGA Stop1 30 132 CGA46 232 AGA 62 332 GGA A2Arg R15 033 TGG Trp2
W31 133 CGG47 233 AGG 63 333 GGG G31) Triplets 10, 11, & 14
serve only as stop codes (no amino acid encodings) 2) Triplets 15
& 35 encode amino acids W and M, respectively3) Triplet 35 does
double duty as the universal start transcription" code 4) Amino
acid names shown in their standard 3- and 1-letter codesNote also
that the sum of triplet values 10+11+14 (the stop codes) equals 35
(the start code)! 16. This slide is an adaptation of an idea
originated with Dr. LeeSpetner, from his book Not By ChanceRoom for
Evolution: The DNA Condominium View DNA Triplet = Binary Sextet =
"Room Address" Value (Base 2 (Binary) = Base 4 = DNA
Nucleobase)Binary Digit #0 1st ndrd1 = "Floor"2= "Condo" 3 =
"Room"1Lower UpperFloor0 = 00 = T0 = 00 = T (North)2EvenOdd3North
South1 = 01 = C1 = 01 = C (East) "Condo"4EastWest2 = 10 = A 2 = 10
= A (South)5North South Room3 = 11 = G3 = 11 = G (West)
6EastWestNorth (DNA) T = 00G = 11C = 01TGC A = 10 3 = G = 110 A 00
2 = A = 10WestEast(Base 4)31 11 01(Base 2) 1 = C = 01 210 0 = T =
00SouthFour floors, four "condos/floor, four rooms/condo = 444 =
64. 64 triplets thus uniquely addresses all 64 DNA "condo rooms.For
example: ATG = 2034 = 1000112 = 2nd Floor (102), North Condo (002),
West Room (112) 17. ADP-ATP Phosphorylation ATP Inorganic
Phosphorus (Pi) + Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Energy Tiny amount
of heat (Increased entropy)H N HN CO O O C NH C H OP O H H OPO P O
N C CC O NH C CO H O H O HC CH O O H Water (H2O) + Adenosine
triphosphate ( ATP )(energy stored in oxygen-phosphorus
phosphoranhydride bond)F0F1 ATP Synthase(ATP generator) Type PgUp
(or right click/previous) to reset! To animate, type PgDn (or left
click)! 18. H ATP -ADP Hydrolysis Adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) +
Water (H2O)H N HN CO O O C NH C H H H OPH OP O P O C N C CO NO H C
CO H O H O HC CH O O HInorganic Phosphorus (Pi) + Adenosine
diphosphate (ADP) + Energy Energy released: 30.5 kJ (7.3 kcal) /
molTo animate, type PgDn (or left click)! Type PgUp (or right
click/previous) to reset! 19. Energy Conversion and Entropy The
Pendulum:Potential EnergySimple Energy Converter Kinetic Energy
MaxMax MinMinCell metabolic processes, monitoredAs heat energy ( )
from frictionby the brain, maintain a continuousin the hinge and
against the airsupply of potential energy, keepingdissipates, the
pendulum swingsthe system alive, far from equilibrium slow down,
and eventually stops 20. Lifes Primus Motor:Photosynthesis,Origin
of most Earthly Life fuel! 21. Assimilated Bacterium: ChloroplastN
Imports: Photon Energy + 6 H2O + 6 CO2Light Reactions: Photosystem
II Dark Reactions: Electron Transport Calvin-Benson Cycle Photo
System I (Reductive Pentose Electron TransportPhosphate
Cycle)Exports: 6 O2 + C6H12O6 (Glucose) 22. Why (Most) Plants Are
Green100Reflected GreenWhite Light(all wavelengths)C CC N N C %
absorbtionMgC N N CC CAbsorbed Wavelengths(aided by chlorophyll,
kinetic light energy is converted to Transmitted Greenpotential
energy, stored in carbohydrate chemical bonds)0 400 450500 550 600
650700 UltravioletWavelength (nm)Infrared 23. Flower
PowerPhotosynthesisPhoton hits chlorophyll molecule Chloroplasts: 6
H2O + 6 CO2 + thylakoid = C6H12O6 (Glucose) + 6 O2 (located inside
Energy grana)Carbon dioxide (from airCandy Factoriesvia stomata) to
chloroplast Chlorophyll captures energy, used to split H2O and to
drivecyclic reactions inside stroma,building various carbohydrates
StromaThylakoid Thylakoid Lumen (PS I/II) membrane H H H O H H
HGrana (Thyla- H O C C C C C C H koid stacks) O Glucose O O H O H H
HInner (C6H12O6) Outermembrane membrane Manufactured carbohydrates
are transported to where they are needed by the plant (organism)
24. Thylakoid (Light) ReactionsPhotons
PhotophosphorylationPhotosystem IIPhotosystem IExcited Energy
LevelsFrom/ToFd (Ferredoxin) StromapQ(Dark)(Plastoquinone) Fd bound
Reactions Cytochrome C C FADC CpCC N N C(Fd Soluble)C N N C Mg
(Plastocyanine)MgDepletedC N N C C N N CC CC COxygenChlorophyll
Molecule (only porphyrin ring shown, and move-(to air) ment added
to visualize how electrons get excited to higher energy levels).
ATP is synthesized by F0F1 ATP Synthase, driven by hydrogen
protons, descending a pH gradient. 25. Stroma (Dark) Reactions
CO2From AirCarbohydrate Synthesis Regeneration Glyceraldehyde-
RibuloseReductive Pentose3-Phosphate Phosphate
CycleBisphosphateFrom/To Also known as named after its
discoverers,Thylakoid (Light) Calvin-Benson CycleReactions
ReductionCarboxylation Rubisco(Ribulose Bisphosphate
Carboxylase-Oxidase)3-Phospho- Glycerate From Roots 26.
Microbiology,Cell Chemistry 27. Cell MembranesLiving WallsHOH Pi
ADPATP Polar (hydrophilic, attracts water) headsform phospholipid
bilayersNon-polar (hydrophobic, repels water) tailswith embedded
transport proteinsNa+K+ ATPase Gated (Ion Pump)
UniportSymportAntiport ChannelExtracellular matrix+ Non-polar
interior ~60 mVCotransportsCytosol _Passive (down hill ion
gradients), require no Active (against ion gradients),additional
energy (facilitated diffusion) require additional energy
(ATP)Channel gate on/off action may beelectrically or chemically
controlled 28. MitochondrionCell
PowerhouseGlycolysisCO2Inter-membrane SpaceHigh H+ concentration
(Acidic, low pH)Pyruvate InorganicOuter MembranePhosphorusTCA
Cycle(PI) AdenosineTriPhosphate(ATP) AdenosineDiPhosphate (ADP)
Cristae Matrix Inner MembraneLow H+ concentration (Alkaline (base),
high pH) Nucleoids in matrix has unique circular mitochondrial
DNA,predominantly (1 000:1) inherited from the female egg cell 29.
ATP Production SitesEnergy Source:Electrochemical Charge (pH)
Gradient, created byHigh Energy Free Electrons ADP and
Pi(Phosphorus,Inorganic)TCA Electron Transport,(Krebs) Oxidative
Phosphorylation, CycleF0F1 ATP SynthaseGlycolysis:Glucose toPyruvic
Acid MitochondrionATP ATPATP Energy stored in chemical bonds
(oxygen-phosphorus) 30. The Citric Acid (TCA) CycleNAD+HH OATP H OH
ATPOHHNAD+ NAD+O C O O C OO C OH+ H+Cell CytoplasmH2O Pyruvate
AcetateCO2 + CitrateIsocitrateNAD+GlycolysisH2OInter-membrane
spaceNADHCO2 NAD+OxaloacetateComplex I-ketoglutarate+NADNADH NAD+
NADHH+CO2 NADH Malate FADComplex IISuccinateGDP ADPO C O Lungs GTP
ATPH2O FumarateCell EnergyMitochondrial Matrix 31. H2OElectron
Transport Staircase High energy freeelectrons (from food)e Energy
level differences used to pumpe hydrogen protons (H+) against a
charge H++gradient, maintaining an ion pressure which in turn is
used to synthesize ATP from ADP spontaneous energy flowsInner
Membrane Complex I Mitochondrial are coupled to forced energy
flows. Complex II Complex III_ At end of transport chain, now
lowComplex IVenergy electrons, with one O- andtwo H+ ions, form H2O
(pure water)+ 32. H+H+H+H+H+ H+ H+ e-e- e- e- e-Electron &
Proton TransportInter-membrane Space (+ side) H+H+H+ H+H+ H+ H+H+
H+H+H+ H+H+H+H+H+ H+ H+H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+H+H+H+Complex IComplex
IIComplex IIIComplex IV CH+ e-e- H+Fe S- e- e- H+H+ - Fe Se-
e-QH+H+ e-e-H+H+ QH2e- e- Qe- e- Q- Fe SCu+ Cu2+ FADH2 FMNH2 QH2
QH2e- e- FAD e- e-FMN H+ H+H+ H+H+H+H+ H O OSuccinate
Fumarate+2H+H+H+ H NAD+(FAD from Citric Acid Cycle)NADH+ H+ H+
H+FromTo H+Citric Acid CycleH+ H+ Mitochondrial Matrix (- side) 33.
H+ H+ H+F0F1 ATP Synthase (Nano Motor)Inter-membrane Space H+H+High
H+ concentration (Acidic, low pH)H+H+H+ H+ H+ H+H+H+ H+ H+ H+ H+25
nmH+ H+ H+H+H+H+ H+ H+ H+ H+RotorH+ H+ H+H+ H+H+H+ F0: Motor, H+
proton fuel StatorProtein shaftF1: Generator,Reaction siteCatalytic
sitesADP + Pi H+ H+H+H+ H+ATP + H2O H+H+H+Mitochondrial MatrixH+
H+H+Low H+ concentration (Alkaline (base), high pH) 34. F0F1 ATP
Synthase (Principle)Transmembrane Hydrogen protonstransporter
protein(three for each ATP)falling down thecharge
gradientOpenADP/Pi/ATPantiportF1 generatorTorque pumping up Stator
catalytic sitesenergy to activation phosphorylationconformation
level (stored in ATP) reaction site changesTightLooseHydrogen
protons are Note: Turbine shovels exist only in this pumped back up
by slide (only to represent the F0 protein rotor) complexes I, II,
and IV 35. Structural StrengthCollagens EndoplasmicFibre ( < 1
mm) tensile strength ~ 9 000 gReticulum (stronger than reinforced
concrete) (ER) LumenCollagen FibreThree precursor -chains (bundle
of fibrils)~ 70 nm (loose terminal propeptides) Procollagen ~1 mm
Self-assemblyCollagen Fibril(bundle of ~300 molecules) Collagen
also contains:Glycine HydroxylysineHydroxyproline Self-assembly
~300 nm ~1.5 nm Procollagen peptidase Secreted enzyme
removesCollagen Molecule out of cell propeptides (triple helix
-domains) 36. Cytoskeleton: Actin Filaments3 4 Mg++G-Actin monomer,
ATP and Mg++ + ATPsitting in the gap between 2 and 41 2~5 nmActin
monomer gaps align toward the negative end of the fila-ment,
spiraling along the long axis (thirteen monomer units perfull
helical turn), growing faster at the positive end. ~35 nm + ~7 nm
37. Cytoskeleton Microtubules andtubulin, equal polarity, with a3-D
structure, form heterodimers: + Non-covalently bonded into a linear
array, with-tubulin at negative, -tubulin at positive end,with the
end growing slower than end,forming sheets, which curl up into
tubules. 25 nm 8 nm 15 nm + Again, 13 units per helical turn 38.
Cytoskeleton: Myosin Filaments Actinbinding sites Myosin bundles up
into filaments:Myosin II protein structure Bi-polar thick Myosin
filament in muscle cell Sarcomere: 39. H Marvelous Molecular Motors
HOHOHADPPiPi ADPATPATPKinesin payload examples: Payload
vesicleKinesin Structure(membrane bound) Organelles
(Mitochondria)Vesicle Acetylcholin (Nerve Cells) binding -tubulin
binding Chromosomes (at Mitosis)sitessites Much more_+ Walks toward
negative, 8 nm steps Other Important Motor Protein FamiliesDynein
(also walks on microtubules, from negative to positive)Myosin
(binds to Actin filaments, paramount in muscle cells) Myosin Muscle
Cell Muscle CellATP GeneratorMicrotubules Actin
FilamentsFilamentsStructurePower Cycle 40. Skeletal Muscle
Structure Attached Muscleto Tendon(bundle of(collagen) Cells)Cell
(Fibre),10-100 mbundle ofMyofibrilsMore than one nucleus Isolated
MyofibrilSarcomere2.5 m(contraction unit) 1.5 mThick (myosin)
filamentSliding Actin andMyosinThin (actin) filamentfilaments 41.
ADPMuscle Cell Power Cycle ADP PiPiATPATPHOHHOHRelaxed muscle
myosin cannot bind to actin, as the bindingsites are blockedby
protein tropomysinand must first beunblocked (accomplished by the
regulator protein troponin).Signal receptor molecules open Ca+ ion
channels, resulting introponin release, which exposes the actin
binding sites.Myosin now binds to actin, and the myosin head bends
(byspending ATP ), and the attached actin filament slides
along!Relax signals close the Ca+ ion channels, resulting in
removalof troponin, allowing tropomysin to reblock the actin
bindingsites. The myosin heads retract, and the cycle may
repeat.Bi-polar thick Myosin filament (in muscle cell Sarcomere)
Actin filaments attached to and pulled back by very strong titin
protein springs 42. Life: Mind Over MatterPhysiology Energy ATP
Cell ChemistryBrain (conscious Liver convertsActin and myosin mind)
willinglactate (from muscles)filaments separatedmuscle to
contractto glucose (stored)and relaxedNerve action (electric)Liver
releases Na+/K+ ion flowpotential moves fromglucose into
bloodacross axon (nerve brain to muscleto muscle cellscell)
membranes Nerve signalMuscle cell convertsRelease oftransmission
glucose to pyruvateneurotransmitter (via synapses)(through
glycolysis)(acetylcholin) Muscle cell Mitochondria uses Muscle
receptor membrane pyruvate (TCA cycle), molecules
(proteins)depolarizationconverts ADP to ATP. open Ca+ ion channels
SarcomereATP hydrolized to ADP, Myosin binds to actin,
contractionreleasing work energyperforms work by commences and
lactate (to liver) pulling actin filament 43. Cycles,
CyclesEverywhere! 44. A World Wide Web Mammals,Birds, Fishes
InsectsCarnivorousInsects, SpidersCarnivorous Mites,
SpidersCarnivorous CarnivorousOligochaetaeSpringtails Roundworms
(Earthworms)CollembolaNematodaProtista,Acari (Mites)
(Springtails)(Roundworms)ProtozoaFungi (Mildew, Bacteria
Mushrooms)Interdependencies, anyone?Plants, Roots,Organic Waste 45.
NuclearNew Clear Energy FusionEnergy Recycled: H2O, CO2, O2 (low
energy: high entropy) MitochondrionChloroplastPlant
Manufacture:Vegetabilia evolvingCyanobacteria
evolvingCarbohydratesinto animalia (high energy: low entropy) into
vegetabiliaSimultaneous Independent Co-dependency Evolution! 46.
Symbiosis or Single Entity?Photosynthesis RespirationCO2 + H2O O2 +
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates + O2H2O + CO2InputH2O OutputWater
O2OutputInputCarbohydratesInputCO2 OutputCarbon dioxideOxygen
Plants, Carbohydrates, Most algae, other organicother
livingEnergyOutput Inputsome bacteriamolecules organismsSurvival,
Chemical Nuclear fusion energyPropagation,bond energy (See
Matter/Energy Cycle) Useful (?) WorkPhotosynthesis 47.
Glucose/Lactic Acid Cycle O2 CO2glucose glucose Lungs glucose-6P
glucose-6PglycogenNADH ATPglycogen NADH ATPpyruvate pyruvateLiver,
Muscles lactatelactateLiver Blood Muscles 48. A-Huffin and a-Puffin
Oxygen O2 Inhaled gases exchanged in alveoli Exhaled From Plants C
NCFe C N CTo Plants C N N C C CCarbonic Anhydrase(dehydrates
HCO3)Lungs Erythrocytes(Red Blood Cells)TissuesNo nucleus (no
DNA)stems from bone marrow Chlorine ion(for
electroneutrality)CarbonCarbonic Dioxide Bicarbonate To
LungsAnhydrase(from cells) (hydrates CO2) WaterHydrogen ionTo
Cells~7m 49. Life Loves Looping the Loop Two Haploid Gametes23
Sperm & Ovum: 46/2 Chromosomes each 23Meiosis(germ cell
division) Fertilization (chromosome addition)23 46 46One Diploid
Zygote23+23 Shuffled ChromosomesConsenting Adults13 ~5 10 (50
trillion!) cells, 2*23 Chromosomes each Mitosis (body cell
multiplication)Cell Growth, Differentiation Local Entropy?
(subtraction!) 50. Some Really Close Relatives Homo sapiens
sapiens0 1 Pan troglodyte (Chimp) 2 3 Gorilla gorilla 4
Sivapithecus5 Ramapithecus 6 7 Pongo pygmaeus (Orang) Earlier
8Ancestors Hylobates lar (Gibbon)9 Old World Monkeys103025 2015 10
5 0 % DNAMillion years agodifferences 51. Text,Concept,
Artwork,Graphics, Animations:Henry NormanMicroTech
ConsultingTagaytay City Philippine
Islandsgoogleplus/henry.ko.normanCopyright 2011 Henry Norman
