Prepositions

#1 rule of prepositionsPrepositions are ALWAYS followed by a Noun Phrase.

at the store with my best friendfor swimming interested in my singing

Warning!There are approximately 150 different prepositions. While it is not currently possible to spend time on each. This presentation will provide a summary of common prepositions, including uses and some differences in each.

Uses1. prepositions of time and place2. prepositions of direction and manner3. adjectives using prepositions4. verbs using prepositions5. other phrasal prepositions

in

on

at

Time Location...the 1900’s...the 2013...December

...Africa

...Nepal

...Muncie

...May 5th

...Tuesday...the third floor...Main Street

...5pm

...7:32 am...the hospital...854 Main St

over/aboveonto

toward

to

into

under/below/beneath

through

ininside of

within

out of

from

away from

beside

General Concepts with some Prepositions

to = towardsfrom = awaywith = together; usingfor = purpose; reasonof = connected to

off/down = negative; not working

on/up = positive; working

Adjectives with PrepositionsSome adjectives will appear together with a preposition. These phrases are considered one idea.

● good/bad at● good/bad for● good/bad with● famous for● responsible for● capable of● fond of● angry with

Examples of Adjective with Prepositions

Are you good at English?

She’s famous for her singing.

I am very fond of coffee.

He is very angry with you right now.

Verbs with prepositionsVerbs with prepositions, also known as “phrasal verbs”, do not follow all of the same grammatical patterns. Sometimes, especially in many questions, the preposition will not appear with a noun afterwards.

*look up *turn up *shut down*cover up*turn on/off *give up *eat out

Examples of verbs with prepositions● The student began to nod off in class.

● You’re my friend! Drop over anytime.

● I hope to save up enough money for a new car.

● Can you please turn the T.V. off?

Other Phrasal Prepositions● according to→ who said it● in reference to→ what is it about● apart from→ not in the same group● in addition to→ also● prior to→ before● because of→ because with a noun instead

of a sentence

Relative ClausesLevel 3+ (A.K.A. Adjective Clauses)

Clauses: A ReviewA clause is a group of words that include a subject and a verb.

A sentence is also known as an independent clause. It is independent (=does not need anything), and it has a subject and verb.

What is a relative clause?A relative clause, also known as an adjective clause, is a clause that describes a noun.

The dancing girl is pretty.The girl who is dancing is pretty.

Both the adjective and the relative clause are describing the same thing.

Relative Clause: FormA relative clause is a combination of two sentences.

The book is about America.+ The book is on sale.= The book that is on sale is about America.

How does it work?The book is about America. + The book is on sale.

The book is on sale.The book

is about America.

The book = thatthat is on sale.The book

is about America.

= The book that is on sale is about America.

Verb TensesLevel 3+

What are “verb tenses”“Verb Tense” is a combination of “time” and “aspect” of an action.● “time” refers to past and present--some

would include future● “aspect” refers to simple, progressive, and

perfect

Time in Verb TenseThe time in verb tense is mainly present and past.

Future time is shown by using will (a modal) or be going to/be V+ing (progressive forms)

NOTE: The first word in the verb phrase will show time.

Present TimeMost present time verbs use the base form.● walk→ I walk everyday.● have→ We have seen it

He, she, and it subjects add an -s/-es to the verb.● walk→ She walks everyday.● be→ He is working right now.

Past TimePast time phrases are noted by adding -ed (or using an irregular form)

walk→ walkedrun→ ranhave→ hadbe→ was/were

Future TimeFuture is usually noted by using the modal will or the progressive be going to

walk→ will walk [be] going to walk

Future Time pt 2However, it is important to understand that future can be implied in a number of ways.

Other ModalsWe can go there tomorrow.

Present ProgressiveThey are meeting next Wednesday.

Aspects of VerbsThe three aspects of verbs include:● Simple● Progressive● Perfect

NOTE: Perfect and Progressive may be used together (i.e., “perfect progressive”).

Simple Aspect Simple aspect will not modify the main verb. Only the rules of time will apply.

walk→ walk/walks/walked

This is used to state basic information such as facts, beliefs, knowledge, opinions, etc.

Simple UsagePresent is used to talk about:● habits/routine

o She studies two hours a day.o They will meet on weekends.

● statements of fact/opiniono We lived in Hawaii.o The sun is a star.o I like pizza.

Progressive AspectProgressive aspect focus on the action in the verb. It refers to a state-of-being at the time of the action.

Form: [be] + main verb (present participle)walk→ am walking, is walking, are walking, were walking, was walking

Progressive UsageProgressive is used to talk about:● at the time:

o We are working on a project right now.o Last night, they were dancing at the party.

● state of being:o He is being so annoying!o I was feeling kind of tired.

Perfect AspectPerfect forms focus on possible completion of an action. Perfect verbs will have a start and end point.

Form: [have] + main verb (past participle)walk→ have walked, has walked, had walked

Perfect UsagePerfect aspect is used to talk about:● completion

o We have won!o They have built a new headquarters downtown.

● events in the pasto After I had eaten lunch, my friends invited me to join

them.

Perfect ProgressivePerfect Progressive combines focus on action with a sense of possible completion.

Form: [have] + been + main verb (present participle)walk→ have been walking, has been walking, had been walking

Perfect Progressive UsagePerfect Progressive is used to talk about:● recently completed

o I have been looking for you.● incomplete

o She has been preparing for her driving test.● new habits

o He has been running every morning.

Verb OrderVerbs will always follow the same pattern.

Any verbs that are used will have a specific effect on the verb that follows.

All variants are optional, except the main verb.

The first word will indicate the time frame.

Verb OrderModal (followed by the base form)

Perfect (followed by the past participle)Progressive (followed by the present

participle)

Passive* (followed by the past

participle)

Main Verb*Passive is not discussed in this

presentation.

Examples of Verb OrderI walk.I am walking.I have been walking.I could have been walking.

She jogs.She can jog.She might be jogging.She would have jogged.She may have been jogging.

Key Points to Remember● Tense = Time Frame + Aspect

● Verbs must be applied in a specific order.

● The first word in the Verb Phrase will indicate the Time Frame.