LESSON 1TO-INFINITIVE AS A NOUN,

AN ADJECTIVE/ADVERB

TO-INFINITIVES

Infinitives are TO + THE BASE FORM OF VERB.

SubjectInfinitives can act like NOUNS

in a sentence.

Subject complement

Object complement

Object

TO-INFINITIVES AS SUBJECT

Infinitives can be the subject of a sentence. It is always singular.

To learn is very important.

To-infinitive

Subject(singular)

TO-INFINITIVES AS SUBJECT COMPLEMENT

The most important thing is to learn.

Subject complement

To-infinitive

TO-INFINITIVES AS OBJECT

He wants to learn.

Object

To-infinitive

TO-INFINITIVES AS OBJECT COMPLEMENT

Our teacher advised us to learn English

Object complement

To-infinitive

To-infinitive as a NounSubject To recruit good employees is

difficult.

Object She wants to quit her job.

Subject

complement

The goal is to increase sales.

Object

complement

He advised me to apply for the

job.

Which positions ?1. To succeed in finding a job is not easy.Position: Subject2. The manager encouraged the employees to work hard.Position: Object complement3. My dream is to work for the HD Corporation.Position: Subject complement

4. The manager wanted to interview three applicants.Position: Object5. They need to solve the problem now.Position: Object6. Jean helped me to complete the report.Position: Object complement

Which positions ?

4. The manager wanted to interview three applicants.Position: Object5. They need to solve the problem now.Position: Object6. Jean helped me to complete the report.Position: Object complement

Which positions ?

* Choose the correct option to complete each sentence.

1. The SM Company needs _________ more people.

A. to hire B. hire C. to hiring D. hired2. The purpose of the meeting is _______ the issue.

A. discussion B. discuss C. to discuss D. discussed

To-infinitive as an Adjective

He has a lot of work to do.

Ms. Smith has a business call to make.

To-infinitive as an Adverb

Expressing

purpose/reason

To pass the bar exam, Steve studied hard.

We were very pleased to hear the news.

Expressing a

judgment

The owner must be stupid to say such a

thing.

Expressing a result The boss advised her only to offend her.

Which functions?

1. They made a plan to visit the office in Chicago.Function: Adjective2. He exercises regularly to keep in shape.Function: Adverb3. The first thing to do is to have a meeting with the staff.Function: Adjective

4. I am so glad to hear the news.Function: Adverb 5. It is hard to find a place to park at this hour.Function: Adjective6. The company downsized the workforce only to decrease its productivity.

Function: Adverb

Which functions?

Choose the correct option to complete each sentence.

1. Mr. Kim worked hard ____ a promotion. A. to get B. getting C. got D. get2. All the staff members were surprised _____ the bad news. A. heard B. hear C. hearing D. to hear

PRACTICEPRACTICE

1. We hope (gain / to gain) a greater market share.2. Our goal is (to attract / attraction) more customers.3. Simon’s mistake was (to forget / forget) the date of the conference.4. I am writing (inquire / to inquire) whether my order was shipped.5. She is beginning (prepare / to prepare) the company’s anniversary celebration.

6. We will need (to enhance / enhancement) the security of our website.7. Many people prefer (invest / to invest) in the IT industry.8. (To update / Update) our website is my main responsibility.9. Our policy is (donation / to donate) money to charities every year.

PRACTICEPRACTICE

10. He has a presentation (to make / make) on sales strategies.11. (To protect / Protection) your skin, you should use UltraCare sunblock.12. She called (to reschedule / reschedule) her appointment with Mr. Lee.

PRACTICEPRACTICE

Choose the correct option for each of the following sentences.

1. The board members unanimously agreed _______ Mr. Weber’s suggestion.A. accept B. to accept C. accepted D. acceptance2. One way of boosting profits is________ the cost of production.A. reducedB. reduce C. to reduce D. reduction3. Some residents wish _______ their phone numbers after they move.A. to keep B. keep C. kept D keeper

4. The accounting department may request receipts ________ your expense.A. verifying B. verify C. be verified D. to verify5. _______ the facilities before the upcoming event, the firm required several staff members to work overtime.A. To inspect B. Inspected C. Inspection

D. Inspect6. Every company has an obligation _______ its workers with a safe and healthy work atmosphere.A. provide B. provides C. provision D. to provide7. The meeting’s purpose is ______ improvements in employee benefits.A. discuss B. will discuss C. discussion D. to discuss

Choose the correct option for each of the following sentences.

1. Fred didn’t have any money, so he decided _____ a job.

2. I was broke, so Jenny offered me _____ a little money.

3. Mrs. Allen promised _____ tomorrow. 4. All participants are required _____ an entrance

examination. 5. Our teacher encourages us _____ a dictionary

whenever we are uncertain of the spelling of a word. 6. Joan and David were arranging _____ married in June,

but they finally decided _____ until August. 7. Lucy pretended _____ the answer to my question. 8. Jack threatens _____ to my parents. 9. She agrees _____ your birthday party.

Use to-infinitive to complete each sentence:1

1. He said to me, “You may leave early” (permit)He permitted me to leave early.

2. The secretary said to me, “Please give this note to Sue” (ask)3. During the test, the teacher said to Greg, “Keep your eyes on

your paper”. (warn)4. During the test, the teacher said to Greg, “Don’t look at your

neighbor’s paper” (warn)5. The teacher said to the students, “Speak slowly and clearly”

(encourage)6. Mr. Lee said to the children, “Be quiet”. (tell)7. The hijacker said to the pilot, “You must land the plane” (force)8. When I went to traffic court, the judge said to me, “You must

pay a fine” (order)9. The doctor said to him, “Don’t stay up late” (ask)10. My parents said to me, “You may use a new car” (allow)

Use gerund or to-infinitive to complete each sentence:2

1. I was very glad ______ a letter from you.

2. I was relieved ______ that I had passed the exam.

3. Sue is lucky ______ alive after the accident.

4. Tom was hesitant ______ home alone on the dark street.

5. We were sorry ______ the bad news.

6. Be careful not ______ on the icy sidewalks.

7. Ann is proud ______ the top student in her class.

8. Dick didn’t feel like going anywhere. He was content ______ home and ______ a book.

9. The students are motivated ______ English.

10. Sally is afraid ______ home alone.

Complete the sentences with to-infinitives: 3