LEGAL INSTRUMENTS FOR EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS

LEGAL INSTRUMENTS FOR EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS

Delivered at TOT course to NDRF on “Mobile Radiation Detection Systems MRDS and Response to Radiation Emergencies” at Arokkonam/ Jan.19, 2017

Dr.R.M.Nehru,Officer-in-Charge,

Southern Regional Regulatory Centre,Atomic Energy Regulatory Board

Anupuram, Kalpakkam-603127Tamil Nadu

[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

Outline…..

1. Introduction

2. Application of Nuclear Energy & Radiation

3. Role of AERB & Legal Instruments for Emergency Preparedness

4. Typical doses received by workers in medical, industrial and research institutions

5. Summary

Non-Ionizing ( cannot Ionize matter)

Radiation

Ionizing ( can Ionize matter)

Directly Ionizing Radiation (charged

particles)

Indirectly Ionizing Radiation

( Neutral Particles)

What are Radiation Detectors?

INTRODUCTION

21 operational NPPs // 5 are under construction

Atomic Energy Regulatory Board

Nuclear Reactor Consists Of-------

Fuel - Each fuel rod of Zircaloy contains stacks of uranium dioxide pellets. Zircaloy (2 or 4) is an alloy of zirconium used as fuel clad.

Moderator - Used to slow down the neutrons to thermal energies. Sometimes the same material is used as a coolant. Typical moderator includes water, heavy water, and graphite.

Coolant - Used to remove the heat from the fuel rodsdirectly if the moderator and coolant are the samematerial. In cases where a separate moderator isused, coolant tubes are routed through themoderator, removing heat from fuel rods.

Control Rods - Used to regulate the distribution of power in the reactor while the reactor is operating. The most important function is to insert to shutdown or stop the nuclear fission process when required.

Supporting Structure - Used to keep the fuel rigid either horizontally or vertically, depending on the specific design. Also is used to direct a uniform, or optimum, flow distribution through the reactor.

Vessel-either horizontal or vertical - Used to hold the fuel, moderator, coolant, and supporting structure.

BWR


BWR, PWR, PHWR & LMFBR – Major Design FeaturesReactor Types

Thermal Reactors Fast Reactors

Major systems/ components

BWR PWR PHWR LMFBR

Reactor Vessel

Pressure Vessel Pressure Vessel Pressure Tubes Pool type (Low Pressure)

Moderator H2O H2O D2O Not Applicable

Fuel Enriched-U Enriched-U Natural-U Plutonium-U

Coolant H20 H2O D2O Liquid.Sodium

Heat Transport System

Direct Cycle, Boiling occurs in Reactor Vessel

Primary (H2O) and Secondary (H2O) Circuit

Primary (D2O) and Secondary (H2O) Circuit

Primary(Na), Secondary (Na) & Tertiary (H2O)Circuit


How a NPP Works?How a NPP Works?

Application of Radiation

Radiography Nuclear Medicine

Diagnostic

Teletherapy Brachytherapy

Radiotherapy Nuclear Medicine

Therapy

Radiation in Medicine

IndustrialRadiography

Irradiators NucleonicGauges

ConsumerProducts

Radiation in Industry

Medical Industry Agriculture University

Radiation in Research

Radiology

Radiography & Fluoroscopy equipmentTypical doses of the order of 0.2 mGy to 10 mGy

Radiography Fluoroscopy

X-ray unit

C-Arm Used in Operation TheatersTypical dose

range : 1 mGy -20 mGy

Mammography Typical doses of the order of 3 mGy to 7 mGy

Computed TomographyTypical doses of the order of 7 mGy to 10 mGy

Interventional RadiologyTypical Effective dose range : 10 mSv-70 mSv

Typical Skin Doses of the order of 1 Gy to 20 Gy

Other Applications

• Dental X-ray (1 mGy-8 mGy)• Orthopantomography/CBCT• Bone Densitometry (~0.1 mGy)

Nuclear Medicine

POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY

Radiation Therapy

Tele = “distance”

Brachy = “Short”

•Co-60 /Cs-137 in needles/tubes•Ir-192 in Wires/ Pellet (commonly used)•Co-60 in pellet(s)/ I-125in Seeds

Research applications

Industrial applications

Radiographic Testing is widely used in the;1. Aerospace industries2. Military defence3. Offshore industries4. Marine industries5. Power-gen industries6. Petrochem industries7. Waste Management8. Automotive industries9. Manufacturing industries10.Transport industries

Radiographic testing is a non-destructive testing of components and assemblies that is based on differential absorption of penetrating radiation-either electromagnetic radiation of very short wave-lengths or particulate radiation by the part or test piece being tested

Reference: http://www.twggroup.in/radiographic-testing.html

http://slideplayer.com/slide/4865849/

http://www.twggroup.in/radiographic-testing.html

http://slideplayer.com/slide/4865849/

Reference:http://www.slideshare.net/ravrak/intro-to-radiography-12ndt

Reference: http://www.twggroup.in/radiographic-testing.html

http://www.slideshare.net/ravrak/intro-to-radiography-12ndt

http://www.twggroup.in/radiographic-testing.html

Courtesy: IAEA

Typical maximum source activities:5.5 TBq (150 Ci) of 192Ir; 2.9 TBq (80 Ci) of 75Se; 740 GBq (20 Ci) of 169Yb;370 GBq (10 Ci) of 60Co; 370 GBq (10 Ci) of 137Cs.

Typical GAMMA RADIOGRAPHY PROJECTORS /CAMERAS

Research- Gamma Irradiation Chamber

Radiation Symbol

Safety codes and standards are formulated on the basis of nationally and internationally accepted safety criteria for design, construction and operation of specific equipment, structures, systems and components of nuclear and radiation facilities.

Safety codes establish the objectives and set minimum requirements that shall be fulfilled to provide adequate assurance for safety.

Safety guides elaborate various requirements and furnish approaches for their implementation.

Safety manuals deal with specific topics and contain detailed scientific, technical information on the subject.

These documents are prepared by experts in the relevant fields and are extensively reviewed by advisory committees of the Board before they are published. The documents are revised when necessary, in the light of experience and feedback from users as well as new developments in the field.

Regulatory Documents

ATOMIC ENERGY ACT 1962 NO. 33 OF 1962 [15th September, 1962] AFTER AMENDMENTS NO. 59 of 1986 [23rd December, 1986] NO. 29 OF 1987 [8th September, 1987]

Section 14. Control over production anduse of atomic energy

Section 16. Control over radioactivesubstances

Section 17. Special Provisions as tosafety

Section 23. Administration of factoriesAct, 1948

Section 24. Offences and Penalties

Section 27. Delegation of Powers

3. Section 3General Powers of the Central GovernmentSubject to the provisions of this Act, the Central Government shall have power -

(a) to produce, develop, use and disposeof atomic energy either by itself orthrough any authority or Corporationestablished by it or a Governmentcompany and carry out research intoany matters connected therewith;

(b) to manufacture or otherwise produceany prescribed or radioactivesubstance and any articles which inits opinion are, or are likely to be,required for, or in connection with, theproduction, development or use ofatomic energy or such research asaforesaid and to dispose of suchdescribed or radioactive substance orany articles manufactured orotherwise produced;

ATOMIC ENERGY ACT 1962 NO. 33 OF 1962 [15th September, 1962]

Section 30. Power to make rules

Atomic Energy (Radiation Protection) Rules, 2004…..






http://www.aerb.gov.in

http://www.aerb.gov.in

ROLE OF THE REGULATORY BODY WITH RESPECT TO EMERGENCY RESPONSE AND PREPAREDNESS AT NUCLEAR AND RADIATION FACILITIES

AERB SAFETY GUIDE NO. AERB/SG/G-5

2. TYPES OF EMERGENCIES AND BASIC RESPONSIBILITIES


3. ORGANISATIONAL ASPECTS - INTERFACESAERB SAFETY GUIDE NO. AERB/SG/G-5


AERB/NPP/SC/O (Rev. 1)

NUCLEAR POWER PLANT OPERATION

AERB/NPP/SC/O (Rev. 1)

AERB SAFETY GUIDE NO.AERB/SG/O-6

PREPAREDNESS OF THE OPERATING ORGANISATION FOR HANDLING EMERGENCIES AT NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

AERB SAFETY GUIDE NO.AERB/SG/O-6 PREPAREDNESS OF THE OPERATING ORGANISATION FOR HANDLING EMERGENCIES AT NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

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SITE EMERGENCY




OFF-SITE EMERGENCY


Action Flow Diagram for Site / Off-site Emergencies

Abnormal Plant Conditions

SED Activates Emergency Control Centre

Shift Charge Engineer Alerts Site Emergency Director

SED Reviews Radiation Levels at the Site

Site Emergency Committee members Informed of Plant / Radiation Status & SEC Convened by SED

Site Emergency Declaration by SED

Survey of Off-site Radiation Levels

Increase in Off –Site Radiation

Levels

SED Informs Off-site Authorities (OED)

Off-site Emergency Declaration by OED

Off-site Emergencies Actions Continued

Fall in Off-site Radiation Level

Below ERL

Termination of Off-site Emergency by OED

Site Emergency Actions Continued

Recovery of Normal plant Status &

Normal Radiation

Termination of Site Emergency by SED

Increase in Radiation Levels Within the Site

Atomic Energy Regulatory Board, India

Incident siteDeclaration of Emergency by SED /

OED of site

Incident siteDeclaration of Emergency by SED /

OED of site

State LevelState Emergency Response

Committee

State LevelState Emergency Response

Committee

Incident site/ERCCEmergency Response

Co-ordination Committee

Incident site/ERCCEmergency Response

Co-ordination Committee

DAE LevelDAE-Emergency control Room/Crisis Management

Group remains Activated till emergency is terminated.

DAE LevelDAE-Emergency control Room/Crisis Management

Group remains Activated till emergency is terminated.

National LevelNational Crisis Management Committee (NCMC) /

NCMC Control room at Delhi is activated and convened

National LevelNational Crisis Management Committee (NCMC) /

NCMC Control room at Delhi is activated and convened

Communication during Off Site Emergency


AERB SAFETY GUIDE NO.AERB/SG/O-6 PREPAREDNESS OF THE OPERATING ORGANISATION FOR HANDLING EMERGENCIES AT NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

CRITERIA FOR PLANNING, PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSEFOR NUCLEAR OR RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCY

AERB SAFETY GUIDELINES NO. AERB/NRF/SG/EP-5 (Rev. 1)











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CRITERIA FOR PLANNING, PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSEFOR NUCLEAR OR RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCYAERB SAFETY GUIDELINES NO. AERB/NRF/SG/EP-5 (Rev. 1)

SUGGESTED RADIUS OF THE INNER CORDONED AREA (SAFETYPERIMETER) IN A RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCY

Situation Initial inner cordoned area (safety perimeter)

Initial determination — OutsideUnshielded or damaged potentially dangerous source 30 m radius around the source

Major spill from a potentially dangerous source 100 m radius around the source

Fire, explosion or fumes involving a dangerous source 300 m radius

Suspected bomb (possible radiological dispersaldevice), exploded or unexploded

400 m radius or more to protectagainst an explosion

Conventional (non-nuclear) explosion or a fireinvolving a nuclear weapon (no nuclear yield)

1000 m radius

Initial determination — Inside a buildingDamage, loss of shielding or spill involving apotentially dangerous source

Affected and adjacent areas (including floorsabove and below)

Fire or other event involving a potentially dangeroussource that can spread radioactive materialthroughout the building (e.g. through the ventilationsystem)

Entire building and appropriate outside distance as indicated above

Data extracted from AERB SAFETY GUIDELINES NO. AERB/NRF/SG/EP-5 (Rev. 1)

OPERATIONAL INTERVENTION LEVELS (OILs) IN RADIOLOGICALEMERGENCIES BASED ON AMBIENT DOSE RATE MEASUREMENTSFROM GAMMA-EMITTING RADIONUCLIDES

Major exposure conditions OIL Main actions

External radiation from a point source

100 μSv/h Isolate the areaRecommend evacuation of cordoned areaControl access and egress

External radiation from ground contaminationover a small area

100 μSv/h Isolate the areaRecommend evacuation of cordoned areaControl access and egress

External radiation from ground contamination over a wide area

1 mSv/h Recommend evacuation or substantial shelter

External radiation from air contamination with an unknown radionuclide(s)

1 μSv/h Isolate the area (if possible)Recommend evacuation of cordoned area ordownwind in case of open area

Data extracted from IAEA-TECDOC-1162

International Obligations

India is a signatory to

• The Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency (‘Assistance Convention’).

• Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident

• The Crisis Management Group (CMG) is the nodal agency under both these conventions for keeping contact with the Incident and Emergency Centre (IEC) of IAEA.

Response to Radiological Emergency

Radiological Incident : Information From Public / Media / Police/ Hospitals etc.

Mobilize Resources :• NDMA• CMG• AERB• DAE ERCs (28)• SDMA / DDMA• MHA/NEC

Coordinate Actions Through :• District authorities• NDRF• SDRF / DDRF• Other Resources


After Information DC/DM to take Full Charge of the situation

Initiate actions

DC /DM AERB CMG NDMA

NDRF

Arrival of DC/DM(IC)

Technical Support

Police, SDRF, Transport etc

NDMA MHA/NECCMG (DAE) AERB

• Inform NCMC

•Coordinate at national Levelin Consultation with AERB,DAE & MHA

•Move NDRF

Activate ERC/ Installation and NDRF Bn for Monitoring

• Monitoring

• Supervision

• Advice

•Activate state Govt.-Police Support- Transport Facility• Arrange for Medical

Support, Air Lifting (ifrequired)

• Inform NCMC

AFFECTED SITEMonitor the Area & cordoning-off

Start Rescue and Relief Operation

Provide Technical Support from BARC/NPCIL/BRIT


DC/DM to Co-ordinate (under guidance)• Recovery & Disposal of Source• Rescue & Relief• Large Scale DC and Rehabilitation

Emergency Planning and Preparedness Lay down the Criteria for Emergency Response. Review Off-site Emergency Preparedness Plan. Ensure emergency facilities, equipments and resources are available with response

organisations by periodic RI. Ensure periodic emergency exercises are conducted Post observers during the emergency exercises. Ensure conduct of off-site emergency exercise prior to first criticality Approve any modification of emergency plan or procedure. Review and update emergency preparedness plans during the PSR


Nuclear and Radiological Emergencies – Role of AERB

During Actual Emergency Situation

Obtain information of actions taken by the District Authorities and the operatingorganisation.

Review and assess the emergency situation Inform public concerning the emergency situations. If required, intervene and issue directions to mitigate the consequences of the

accident.


Post Emergency Situation

Review and advise follow up actions to minimize exposures from radioactivecontamination.

Lay down criteria for re-entry into plant areas and affected places. Review and authorise actions as necessary for recovery, resumption of operations

or decommissioning of the concerned plant. Conduct an overall assessment of the events that led to the emergency, response

actions taken during the emergency and post-emergency consequences and actionplans.


During Emergency Situation in Other Country

Obtain information regarding progression of events and radiological releases. Get inputs on environmental monitoring in India from responsible organisations

(BARC, CMG, NDMA) Review and assess the impact of emergency in India ( environment, imports, arrival

of air crafts and passengers etc ). Inform public regarding accident progression and impact if any on environment in

India. Advise Indian citizen though appropriate channel.


Ref: http://www.slideshare.net/Tunoo/rad-safety-at-hospitals-v-07-25jun2010-peternyan

RADIATION ACCIDENTS

http://www.slideshare.net/Tunoo/rad-safety-at-hospitals-v-07-25jun2010-peternyan

Avoidable radiation exposure arising from, for example:

Accidents or incidents to be reported

REPORT x-ray equipmentcomponent failure

during interventional radiology, inappropriateor improper monitoring

of fluoroscopy and other imaging

poorly maintained x-ray equipment

non-compliant x-ray equipment

ACCIDENT

Failure to use survey meter

Equipment failure

Safety procedures not followed

Regulatory control lacking or inadequate

Lack of safety program

Inadequate or lack of training

Typical Causes of

Radiological Accidents...

Reference: AERB Annual Report 2014/2015

Typical doses received by workers in medical, industrial and research institutions

SUMMARY

1. The use of ionizing radiation and nuclear energy continue to benefitthe society in several ways.

2. Safety systems in Radiation and industrial and research facilities arewell-maintained and regulated.

3. Radiation hazards to environment is negligible when compared toother sources.

4. Relevant Legal and Regulatory instruments are in place toaddress the radiological emergency situations.

THANKING……..THANKING……..Organizers of this Course (Dr.S.Murali &

NDRF Team members), and

AERB

&

YOU !!

Also to….

Education

LEGAL INSTRUMENTS FOR EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS