1. Introduction to Medical Terminologies Lecture 03 PREPARED BY
MUHAMMAD SALMAN BUTT 1SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY
2. Lecture: 3 2SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY What is a
cardio-vascular system What are the different types of circulatory
systems present in the human body What are the components of blood
What are the different types of blood vessels present in the body
What are the different types of immunity and its function in the
body What is a lymphatic system and importance of lymph in the body
What is an autonomic system and its importance in the body
3. Chapter 07: The Cardio-Vascular system SAUDI ELECTRONIC
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4. Introduction oThe cardiovascular system consists of three
interrelated components: blood, the heart, and blood vessels. oThe
branch of science concerned with the study of blood, blood-forming
tissues, and the disorders associated with them is hematology.
oFunctionally, the cardiovascular system transports substances to
and from body cells. To perform its functions, blood must circulate
throughout the body. oThe heart serves as the pump for circulation,
and blood vessels carry blood from the heart to body cells and from
body cells back to the heart. SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 4
5. Two Division of Circulatory System A- BLOOD-VASCULAR SYSTEM
Blood vascular system consists of 1. Heart (Pump-Like Organ) 2.
Blood vessels (Arteries-Capillaries-veins) Blood is a liquid
connective tissue that consists of cells surrounded by
extracellular matrix. Blood constitutes about 8 percent of the
total body weight. The blood volume is 5 to 6 liters (1.5 gal) in
an average-sized adult male and 4 to 5 liters (1.2 gal) in an
average-sized adult female. The difference in volume is due to
differences in body size. B- LYMPHATIC SYSTEM It consists of lymph
nodes and vessels in which the lymph circulates. SAUDI ELECTRONIC
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6. Composition of Blood Blood is composed of two portions 1-
BLOOD PLASMA oA liquid extracellular matrix that contains dissolved
substances. oPlasma is about 91.5 percent water, 7 percent
proteins, and 1.5 percent solutes other than proteins. oProteins in
the blood, the plasma proteins, are synthesized mainly by the
liver. oThe most plentiful plasma proteins are the albumins, which
account for about 54 percent of all plasma proteins. 2- FORMED
ELEMENTS These are cells and cell fragments. The formed elements of
the blood are the following. 1- Red blood cells (erythrocytes) 2-
White blood cells (leukocytes) 3- Platelets SAUDI ELECTRONIC
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7. SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 7 Composition of Blood
8. SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 8 Structure of Vessels
9. Classification of Blood Vessels 1. Arteries are the vessels
which carries blood away from the heart. 2. Division of Arties are
called arterioles which will be proximal to the capillary. The size
of arterioles varies from 100 micro meter to 12 micro meters. 3.
Capillaries are the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and
venules forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. 4. Any
of the small vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses
and join to form veins are called venules. 5. Veins are the vessels
through which blood passes from various tissues and organs towards
heart. SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 9
10. SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 10 Anterior view of frontal
section showing internal anatomy of heart
11. Classification of Circulation Two main types of
circulations are as follow. 1. Systemic circulation: In this
circulation the blood flows from left ventricle through the whole
body and generally returns to the right side of the heart. 2.
Pulmonary Circulation: In this circulation the blood flows from the
right ventricle, through the lungs and returns to the left side of
the heart. 3. Hepatic Portal Circulation: In this circulation blood
has to pass through two sets of capillaries before reaching
inferior vena cava. SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 11
12. SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 12 Circulatory routes. Red
arrows indicate hepatic portal circulation. The details of the
pulmonary circulation are shown here, and the details of the
hepatic portal circulation are shown in Figure
13. SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 13 Circulation of blood
14. Anastomosis It is a connection between two vessels by
collateral channels Types of Anastomosis: There are three types of
anastomoses; 1. Arterial Anastomosis. (Connection between arteries)
2. Venous Anastomosis. (Connection between Veins) 3. Arterio-
Venous Anastomosis. (Connection between arteries and veins). SAUDI
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15. Chapter 08: Lymphatic System SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY
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16. What is an Immunity Immunity or resistance is the ability
to use our bodys defenses to ward off damage or disease. Types of
Immunity: There are two types of Immunity 1. Innate Immunity 2.
Adaptive Immunity 1. Innate Immunity: It refers to defenses that
are present at birth. They are always present and available to
provide rapid responses to protect us against disease. Innate
immunity does not involve specific recognition of a microbe and
acts against all microbes in the same way. 2. Adaptive Immunity: It
refers to defenses that involve specific recognition of a microbe
once it has breached the innate immunity defenses. Adaptive
immunity is based on a specific response to a specific microbe;
that is, it adapts or adjusts to handle a specific microbe. SAUDI
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17. What is a lymphatic System The body system responsible for
adaptive immunity (and some aspects of innate immunity) is the
lymphatic system. The lymphatic system consists of lymph, lymphatic
vessels, a number of structures and organs containing lymphatic
tissue, and red bone marrow. Interstitial fluid: Most components of
blood plasma filter out of blood capillary walls to form
interstitial fluid, the fluid that surrounds the cells of body
tissues. Lymph: After interstitial fluid passes into lymphatic
vessels, it is called lymph. SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 17
18. Function of Lymphatic System All the tissues of the body
are bathed with lymphatic fluid and it perform three important
functions; 1. Drains excess interstitial fluid. Lymphatic vessels
drain excess interstitial fluid and leaked proteins from tissue
spaces and return them to the blood. This activity helps maintain
fluid balance in the body and prevents depletion of vital plasma
proteins. 2. Transports dietary lipids. Lymphatic vessels transport
the lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) absorbed by
the gastrointestinal tract into the blood. 3. Carries out immune
responses. Lymphatic tissue initiates highly specific responses
directed against particular microbes or abnormal cells. SAUDI
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19. Circulation of Lymph The sequence of fluid flow is: Blood
capillaries (blood plasma) Interstitial spaces (interstitial fluid)
lymphatic capillaries (lymph) lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes
(lymph) lymphatic ducts (lymph) junction of jugular and subclavian
veins (blood plasma). SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 19
20. Factors which regulate the flow of lymph Lymph flow is
influenced by following factors: 1. Rhythmical contraction of blood
vessel. 2. Pumping action of contracting muscles. 3. Negative
pressure (suction force) in the thoracic cavity. 4. Positive
pressure in the abdominal cavity during inspiration. SAUDI
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21. Lecture links SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 21
22. Chapter 09: The Nervous System SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY
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23. Cells of nervous system and their functions The two types
of cells found in the nervous system are called neurons or nerve
cells and neuroglia, which are specialized connective tissue cells.
Neurons conduct impulses, whereas neuroglia supports neurons.
Neurons: Each neuron consists of three parts: a main part called
the neuron cell body, one or more branching projections called
dendrites, and one elongated projection known as an axon.
Dendrites: Dendrites are the processes or projections that transmit
impulses to the neuron cell bodies. Axon: axons are the processes
that transmit impulses away from the neuron cell bodies. SAUDI
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24. SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 24 Neurons Structures
25. Types of Neuron Neurons can be classified structurally and
functionally. The three types of functional classification of
neurons are according to the direction in which they transmit
impulses. 1. Sensory Neuron: Sensory neurons transmit impulses to
the spinal cord and brain from all parts of the body. Sensory
neurons are also called afferent neurons. 2. Motor Neuron: Motor
neurons transmit impulses in the opposite direction-away from the
brain and spinal cord. motor neurons are called efferent neurons.
3. Interneurons: Interneurons conduct impulses from sensory neurons
to motor neurons. Interneurons are called central or connecting
neurons. Neuroglia: Neuroglia does not specialize in transmitting
impulses. Instead, they are special types of connective tissue
cells. Their name is appropriate because it is derived from Greek
word glia meaning "glue." One function of neuroglia cells is to
hold the functioning neurons together and protect them. SAUDI
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26. Classification of Nervous system Anatomically the nervous
system is classified as follow; 1. Central Nervous System ( C.N.S):
It is that portion of the nervous system which contains the main
centers for correlation and integration of neural information. This
portion of the nervous system is well protected by the meninges,
Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF), Skull and Vertebrae. It includes;
Brain and Spinal Cord. 2. Peripheral Nervous System: It is the
portion of the nervous system which lies outside the cranial cavity
and vertebral canal. It includes; Peripheral nerves and cranial
nerves Nervous System Central Nervous system Brain Spinal Cord
Peripheral nervous system Peripheral Nerves Cranial Nerves SAUDI
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27. Division of the Brain The brain, one of our largest organs,
consists of the following major division, named in ascending order
beginning with the most inferior part: 1. Brain Stem: a. Medulla
Oblongata, b. Pons, c. Midbrain. 2. Cerebellum 3. Diencephalon: a.
Hypothalamus, b. Thalamus 4. Cerebrum SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY
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28. SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 28 Functions of the principal
parts of the brain PART FUNCTION Brain Stem Medulla oblongata:
Contains sensory (ascending) tracts and motor (descending) tracts.
Reticular formation (also in pons, midbrain, and diencephalon)
functions in consciousness and arousal. Vital centers regulate
heartbeat, breathing (together with pons), and blood vessel
diameter. Other centers coordinate swallowing, vomiting, coughing,
sneezing, and hiccupping. Contains nuclei of origin for cranial
nerves VIII, IX, X, XI, and XII. Pons: Contains sensory tracts and
motor tracts. Together with the medulla, helps control breathing.
Contains nuclei of origin for cranial nerves V, VI, VII, and VIII.
Midbrain Midbrain: Contains sensory tracts and motor tracts.
Superior colliculi coordinate movements of head, eyes, and trunk in
response to visual stimuli. Inferior colliculi coordinate movements
of head, eyes, and trunk in response to auditory stimuli. The
substantia nigra and red nucleus contribute to control of movement.
Contains nuclei of origin for cranial nerves III and IV.
Diencephalon Thalamus: Relays almost all sensory input to the
cerebral cortex. Contributes to motor functions by transmitting
information from the cerebellum and basal nuclei to motor areas of
the cerebral cortex. Also plays a role in maintaining
consciousness. Hypothalamus: Controls and integrates activities of
the autonomic nervous system and pituitary gland. Regulates
emotional and behavioral patterns and circadian rhythms. Controls
body temperature and regulates eating and drinking behavior. Helps
maintain waking state and establishes patterns of sleep.
29. SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 29 PART FUNCTION Cerebellum:
Smoothens and coordinates contractions of skeletal muscles.
Regulates posture and balance. May have role in cognition and
language processing. Cerebrum: Sensory areas of cerebral cortex are
involved in perception of sensory information; motor areas control
execution of voluntary movements; association areas deal with more
complex integrative functions such as memory, personality traits,
and intelligence. Basal nuclei help initiate and terminate
movements, suppress unwanted movements, and regulate muscle tone.
Limbic system promotes range of emotions, including pleasure, pain,
docility, affection, fear, and anger.
30. Reflex Arc The structural unit of the nervous system is a
neuron and functional unit is the reflex circuit or reflex arc. The
simplest reflex circuit is composed of following parts. 1.
Receptor: It responds to a stimulus of some kind and generates the
action potential e.g. sensory nerve endings in the skin. 2.
Afferent neuron or sensory neuron: It carries the sensory impulse
from the receptors towards the central nervous system. 3. Reflex
center: It is located in the central nervous system and is composed
of different types of neurons which analyze the sensory impulse. 4.
Efferent neuron or motor neuron: It carries the orders from the
motor neuron of the central nervous system towards the effectors.
5. Effector: It may be a muscle or a gland which starts functioning
in response to orders received from central nervous system e.g. the
muscle will contract and the gland will secrete. This functional
activity is known as reflex response. SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY
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31. SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 31 Reflex Arc
32. The Autonomic Nervous System It is that part of the central
and peripheral nervous system which is concerned with the
involuntary activities of the body like respiration, circulation,
sweating, Salivation peristalsis etc. Division: The autonomic
Nervous system is divided into two parts which contain both the
afferent (Sensory) and efferent (motor) nerve fibers. A-
Sympathetic: It is concerned with the preparation of the body for
an acute emergency in the following ways: 1. It accelerates the
heart rate. 2. It causes peripheral vasoconstriction. 3. It raises
the blood pressure. 4. It facilitates the redistribution of the
blood 5. It inhibits the peristalsis of gastrointestinal tract. 6.
It closes the various sphincters. SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY
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33. Autonomic Nervous System. B- Parasympathetic: It is
concerned with the preparation of the body for long term emergency
in the following way. 1. It decreases the heart rate. 2. It causes
peripheral vasodilation. 3. It decreases blood pressure. 4. It
increases the peristalsis of gastrointestinal tract and its
glandular activities. 5. It relaxes the various sphincters. 6. Its
activity is aimed at conserving and restoring the energy. SAUDI
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