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1

a persisting change in human

performance potential brought about

as a result of the

learner’s interaction with the

environment

occurs when experience causes a

relatively permanent change in an

individual’s knowledge or behavior

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2

a change in human performance or

performance potential

KnowledgeKnowledge BehaviorBehaviorPerformancePerformance

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3

Basic Research and Theory

Practical Problems

Technology

Basic LearningResearch and

Theory

Practical Teaching and

Learning Problems

Instructional Systems Technology

TEACHER INSTRUCTION

Learning

LEARNER

Instructional TechnologyBehavioralBehavioral ConstructivistConstructivistCognitiveCognitive

Beh

avio

ral

Beh

avio

ral

70’s

Cog

nit

ive

Cog

nit

ive

80’s

Con

stru

ctiv

ist

Con

stru

ctiv

ist

90’s

a change in the a change in the probability of a probability of a

behavior behavior occurringoccurring

a change in the a change in the probability of a probability of a

behavior behavior occurringoccurring

a change in a change in knowledge knowledge

stored in stored in memorymemory

a change in a change in knowledge knowledge

stored in stored in memorymemory

learning learning constructed constructed

from from experienceexperience

learning learning constructed constructed

from from experienceexperience

Focuses on behaviorbehavior and the externalexternalenvironment’s environment’s influence on it

Learning: Learning: change in the probability

of a behavior occurring

Learning occurs outsideoutside the mind

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4

Behavior, including learning, is governed by internal memory processesinternal memory processes

Learning: Learning: change in knowledge

stored in memory

Learnersprocessprocess and storestore

information

Memory is organizedorganized

Memory is activeactiveInformation is translated into meaningful formsmeaningful forms

Knowledge is actively constructed by working to solve realistic problems in collaborationcollaboration with others

Learning: Learning: create new meaning

based on experience

Learning is sharedsharedbetween teacher

and student

HIGH

LOW HIGH

Learners’

Task

Knowledge

Level of Cognitive Processing Required

Behavioral Cognitive Constructivist