Curriculum & Syllabus DesignCurriculum & Syllabus Design

LEARNING OUTCOMES & LEARNING OUTCOMES & LEARNING EXPERIENCES FOR LEARNING EXPERIENCES FOR

TECHNICALLY DEVELOPED TECHNICALLY DEVELOPED CURRICULUM PROJECTS CURRICULUM PROJECTS

Dr. Azade AsgariDr. Azade Asgari

The preparation of learning outcomes and learning experiences is the culmination of a technically developed curriculum project.Learning outcomes and learning experiences display how the curriculum fits the community and how teachers and school staff are expected to deliver curriculum content to students .It enable u an educator to evaluate description of learning outcomes and learning experiences in curriculum documents .

Intended Learning Outcomes and Intended Learning Outcomes and Planned Learning Experiences Planned Learning Experiences

Learning outcomes results from students experiences with the curriculum content selected by developers and noted in their content statement.

Curriculum developers plan intended learning outcomes –students achieve the actual learning outcomes.

Definitions Definitions

Intended Learning Outcomes: Intended Learning Outcomes: Represent what learners are expected to be able to do with curriculum

content . Formal knowledge or skills can be stated as intended learning outcomes. Learning domains (attitudes, interests, appreciations ,thinking skills and

other cognitive strategies) are not easily stated as intended learning outcomes.

Outcomes and learning experiences reveals developers' values about curricula delivery; revealing their priorities on respective –generative knowledge.

Verbs chosen to express actions on content are important measures of broadness – narrowness.

Learning outcomes include aims, goals and objectives –generality from broad to narrow.

What Are Learning Outcomes?What Are Learning Outcomes?Learning outcomes are goals that describe how a student will be different because of a learning experience.  More specifically, learning outcomes are the knowledge, skills, attitudes, and habits of mind that students take with them from a learning experience.Outcomes and learning experiences reveals developers' values about curricula delivery; revealing their priorities on respective –generative knowledge.Verbs chosen to express actions on content are important measures of broadness – narrowness. Learning outcomes include aims, goals and objectives –generality from broad to narrow.

Sample Learning OutcomesSample Learning Outcomes

Students will be able to locate, apply and cite Students will be able to locate, apply and cite effective secondary materials in their own texts.effective secondary materials in their own texts.

Students will be able to analyze and interpret texts Students will be able to analyze and interpret texts within the contexts they are written.within the contexts they are written.

Students will be able to demonstrate fluency with Students will be able to demonstrate fluency with formal vocabulary, artistic techniques and formal vocabulary, artistic techniques and procedures of two dimensional and three-procedures of two dimensional and three-dimensional art practice.dimensional art practice.

Why Learning OutcomesWhy Learning Outcomes

Student Learning Becomes Central When The Focus Is On What The Student Should Be Able To Achieve By The End.

Technical Approach to DevelopmentTechnical Approach to Development

The most appropriate approach to curriculum development, according to the traditional literature, is the technical approach, the goal of which is to teach more content more efficiently with the greatest possible amount of student achievement.

It Suggests :It Suggests :

A deductive approach developers create aims first.

Translate them into goals.Finally into objectives .Objectives are transformed into learning

experiences. Aims and goals should be devised before

objectives and learning experiences.

AIMS ,GOALS &OBJECTIVESAIMS ,GOALS &OBJECTIVES

AIMS AIMS

a. General, philosophical, and long term.

b.Serve as statements of purpose .

c. Are not measurable .

d.Exist to provide shape and direction for a curriculum.

e. Can be made operational as a set of goals.

AIMS ,GOALS &OBJECTIVESAIMS ,GOALS &OBJECTIVES Aims refer to general guidelines for the teachers that describe expected life outcomes based on some values. Aims are stated in broader terms. They can not be achieved completely. They are broadly phrased statements borrowed from philosophy. They can be applied to the educational system rather than an individual school and classroom. Aims are usually written in amorphous terms using words like: learn, know, understand, appreciate, and these are not directly measurable. Aims may serve as organizing principles of educational direction for more than one grade.

AIMS ,GOALS &OBJECTIVESAIMS ,GOALS &OBJECTIVES

GOALSGOALSa. Depending on content generality ,planning

requirements at various levels of curriculum decision making .

b.Can be measured to the extent of deciding.

c. Less long term than aims.

d.May be achievable within semester .

e. Too may encompass an entire program, subject area, or multiple grade levels.

AIMS ,GOALS &OBJECTIVESAIMS ,GOALS &OBJECTIVES OBJECTIVES OBJECTIVES a.Come from goals.b.Narrower statement of learning outcomes.c.Vary -depending on how planners conceive of

content and their preferences.d.Provide curriculum developers with opportunities e.To state operationally what the goal statements

mean.f. To provide direction to instructional planners.

AIMS ,GOALS &OBJECTIVESAIMS ,GOALS &OBJECTIVES

Objectives provide great assistance to the teachers in planning process of teaching.

A well planned teaching is based on well stated objectives.

Many teachers resist using objectives in their teaching and they think that it will make their teaching limited

AIMS ,GOALS &OBJECTIVESAIMS ,GOALS &OBJECTIVES

There Are Two Types Of Objectives:There Are Two Types Of Objectives:

1.1. Instructional Objectives .Instructional Objectives .

2.2. Behavioral Objectives.Behavioral Objectives.

AIMS ,GOALS &OBJECTIVESAIMS ,GOALS &OBJECTIVES

Instructional Objectives: Instructional Objectives: provide a road map to the teacher to select

appropriate content, strategies, resources and assessment.

Behavioral Objectives:Behavioral Objectives:classroom objectives based on the observable

behavior. They can be observed by the teachers while the learners perform.

What Is The Differences Between What Is The Differences Between Aims, Goals & Objectives: Aims, Goals & Objectives:

Without aims, goals and objectives education is just like a ship in the sea which has no specified direction to move.

Aims and objectives are always linked, but often confused.  Aims are the changes you hope to achieve as a result of

your workObjectives are the activities you undertake and the services

you offer to bring these changes about.The main difference between goals and objectives is the

level of specificity. Objectives are short but clear statements about the specific

outcomes we expect from students.The relationship between aims, goals and objectives can be

shown through the continuum.

Summery Information about Learning Summery Information about Learning Outcomes Outcomes

Outcome Question

Answered Function

Measurability

Degree of Generality

AIM AIM Why is this curriculum being taught?

Gives shape and direction to curriculum

None Very general

GOAL GOAL

What destination do you have in mind?

Provides scope for curriculum

Some general

OBJECTIVE OBJECTIVE

What specific destination do you mind

Provides direction for instruction

much Less general

Learning ExperiencesLearning Experiences

Learning ExperiencesLearning Experiences

There are few steps to develop the learning experiences in order to achieve the desired objectives, and here they are: 1.Determine Purpose2.Determine Outcomes To Realize Purpose3.Determine Assessment Criteria4.Determine Learning Content5.Select And Develop Learning Experiences6. Select Resources

Into Adolescence: Into Adolescence: Caring for Our Planet & Our HealthCaring for Our Planet & Our Health

Helping people live in a rapidly changing , unstable society. Usually this purpose develop through nontechnical

approach. The outcomes emerge as students emerge in learning

experiences. The obj. are mainly lower level cognitive outcomes. objectives are mainly lower level cognitive that focus on

content and appear to be unrelated to course outcomes. Usually curricula with the purpose preparing people for living

in an unstable, changing world” develop through nontechnical approaches in which outcomes are not predetermined.

Alternative Approaches to Local Alternative Approaches to Local Curriculum Decision MakingCurriculum Decision Making

A. School-based committees-involve most or all the teachers in a school working together.

B. District groups-distribute curriculum guidelines to teachers in district or school following governing board approval.

C. School-based groups work with district committees, the tasks diverge at the stage of developing outcomes and learning experiences.

D. Where school-based groups exist, they work cooperatively with district groups or independently, on the governance structure .

E. The district views statements and learning outcomes may be modified by the school committee for the context where they are implemented.

Creation of Plans for Learning Creation of Plans for Learning Outcomes & Learning Experiences Outcomes & Learning Experiences

Is Usually Considered The Major Thrust Is Usually Considered The Major Thrust Of Technical Curriculum Development. Of Technical Curriculum Development.

Provide Foundations On Which Provide Foundations On Which Developers Build Well-chosen Learning Developers Build Well-chosen Learning Outcomes And Experiences. Outcomes And Experiences.

Health CurriculumHealth CurriculumThe health education curriculum provides all students with the skills and knowledge to promote responsible lifetime decision making and contribute to a healthy and safe society.

District LevelDistrict Level

District committees have specific roles and responsibilities, carrying out functions that contribute to a wide variety of goals.

Health CurriculumHealth Curriculum

School Level:School Level:The principle must work with teachers and staff in the

school to develop and implement a revised curriculum.

What the principle does know is that children in the school and their parents/guardians need the information in this curriculum.

Because the purpose of education is unchanged, teachers and community members don’t question the aim of the curriculum.

Some teachers and community members contribute ideas centering on the needs of students and their family for practical health information.

Reconsideration of Content Reconsideration of Content OrganizationOrganization

Because this is a subject-based curriculum, the developers should also check on sequence to see that the repeated ideas and skills require greater depths than those that preceded.

Curriculum developers should strive for integration, making sure that affective and cognitive learning work together.

ConclusionConclusion Intended Learning Outcomes –Occupying Intended Learning Outcomes –Occupying

A Continuum Of Broadness –Narrowness A Continuum Of Broadness –Narrowness ---Aims –Goals---objectives.---Aims –Goals---objectives.

Learning Experiences Provide The Means Learning Experiences Provide The Means To Satisfy The Objectives.To Satisfy The Objectives.

Indicate How Ts And Ss Are To Interact Indicate How Ts And Ss Are To Interact With The Content.With The Content.

References References Inductive approach and Deductive approach in TESOL (Inductive approach and Deductive approach in TESOL ( By International By International

Teacher Training Organization.13-Teacher Training Organization.13-Wilson's Curriculum Pages, Wilson's Curriculum Pages, Writing Aims, Goals and Objective.Writing Aims, Goals and Objective.

http://www.rotary.org/RIdocuments/en_pdf/249en.pdf

http://www.teachandlearn.ca/blog/2007/08/16/creating-learning-http://www.teachandlearn.ca/blog/2007/08/16/creating-learning-experiencesexperiences

http://www.polyu.edu.hk/obe/GuideOBE/DefiningIntendedLearningOutcomes.pdf

http://www1.harenet.ne.jp/~waring/er/aims.htmhttp://www1.harenet.ne.jp/~waring/er/aims.htm

http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0002083

http://www.nes.scot.nhs.uk/Courses/ti/AimsObjectives.pdfhttp://www.nes.scot.nhs.uk/Courses/ti/AimsObjectives.pdf

http://bashirsono.blogspot.com/2009/08/aims-goals-and-objectives.html