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Dr. Paul Luimes, College Professor, University of Guelph Ridgetown Campus Dr. Paul Luimes will review the lamb nutrition projects that have been completed at the Ridgetown Campus over the past few years. Projects include feeding corn silage to lambs, feeding dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) to lambs and the latest project, which is to determine whether pelleting is cost effective for lamb production.
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Nutrition Research at Ridgetown
Paul H. Luimes, Ph.D.
Can Corn Silage be a Part of a Profitable Feeder Lamb Nutrition Program?
2010-2011
Can corn silage be profitable?Component Percentage Corn Silage in Ration (DM basis)
0% CS 25% CS 50% CS
Corn silage 0.0% ( 0.0%)
44.8% (25.0%)
71.0% (50.0%)
Corn grain 30.4% (30.0%)
15.4% (20.6%)
6.7% ( 11.3%)
Mixed grain 50.2% (50.0%)
25.4% (34.4%)
11.0% ( 18.8%)
Protein supplement A*
19.4% (20.0%)
7.2% (10.0%)
0.0% ( 0.0%)
Protein supplement B*
0.0% ( 0.0%)
7.2% (10.0%)
11.4% (20.0%)
Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Cost/tonne $311.81 $219.61 $165.72
Protein supplements supplied by Floradale Feed MillSupplement A – “off the shelf” product (34.25% CP, 61.72% TDN)Supplement B – “custom made” product (41.1% CP, 65.30% TDN)
Feeding
Average lamb weight (lbs).
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1065
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
0% CS 25% CS 50% CS
Week
Lam
b W
eig
ht,
lb
s
Performance from 70 to 105 lbs
Percentage Corn Silage in Ration (DM basis)
0% CS 25% CS 50% CS
average daily gain lb/d 0.71a 0.67a 0.46b
feed intake (dry matter) lb/d 3.11a 2.99a 2.54b
feed intake (as fed) lb/d 3.48a 4.55b 4.88c
days to market1 d 49.3 52.2 76.1feed (dry matter) to gain 4.43a 4.54a 6.08b
feed cost/lb gain2 $/lb $0.703a $0.689a $0.878b
a,bNumbers across rows with a different superscript are different (p < 0.10).1Values calculated based on other values presented in table2Feed cost was calculated based on corn silage costing $65/tonne, corn grain costing $260/tonne, mixed grain costing $255/tonne and the protein supplement costing on average $595/tonne
Ration Analysis (on DM basis)
Percentage Corn Silage in Ration (DM basis)
0% CS 25% CS 50% CS
Crude protein (CP) 16.4% 16.4% 16.4%Total digestible nutrients (TDN) 79.0% 77.1% 75.2%
Additional notes
•4 lambs on the 50% CS treatment died▫1 rectal prolapse▫3 listeriosis (Listeria monocytogenes)
•Management will require more attention with corn silage▫Harvesting▫Storage▫Bunk
So would I feed corn silage to lambs?•Maybe…if…
▫Around 25% inclusion A bit more if I wanted to slow lambs down for
a market (like a late Easter)▫I had they system already in place to do so
If I was already feeding it to my ewes Not worth decreasing automation over
▫I’d keep some beef cattle around for “clean up” Keep fresher feed in lamb/ewe bunks At least get some return for “wasted” feed
So would I feed corn silage to lambs?
• Say I brought in ▫ 70 lb lambs▫ on February 1,
2011 • And raised them
▫ on the 3 diets▫ to 105 lbs
• As long as death loss is kept under control!
Percentage Corn Silage in Ration (DM basis)
0% CS 25% CS 50% CS
End date Mar. 22 Mar. 25 Apr. 18
Total feed cost
$24.61 $24.12 $30.73
Diff - -$0.49 $6.13
Lamb value on end date*
$234.71 $234.71 $245.04
Diff - - $10.33
*calculated from OSMA market reports
Feeding Dried Distillers’ Grains with Solubles to Market Lambs2012
DDGSFirst of all…what is corn? Encyclopedia Britannica
• Starch 72.6%• Oil 4.3%• Protein 9.8%• NDF 9.0%• Minerals 1.6%
Basic ProcessCorn
GroundCooked
Fermentation
Digested(“Liquifaction”
)
Distillation
Centrifugation
Distillers’ Grains
Wet Condensed Solubles
CO2
DDGS
Ethanol
Modified ProcessCorn
GroundCooked
Fermentation
Digested(“Liquifaction”
)
Distillation
Centrifugation
Distillers’ Grains
Wet Condensed Solubles
CO2Ethano
l
De-oiled WCS
De-oiled DDGS
Corn Oil
Commodity $/tonne 0% DDGS 15% DDGS 30% DDGS
Corn $300 25.5% 25.5% 25.5%
Mixed grain1
$314 42.5% 42.5% 42.5%
Soybean meal
$450 16.7% 8.3% 0.0%
Oat hulls $240 13.3% 6.7% 0.0%
DDGS $235 0.0% 15.0% 30.0%
Premix2 $1,100 2.0% 2.0% 2.0%
Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Cost/tonne $339.01 $320.62 $302.44
How much DDGS can we feed profitably?
1 Mixed grain is barley and oats at 50%:50% mix2 Premix supplied by KenPal Farm Products Inc.
Average lamb weights, lb
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1065
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
0% DDGS 15% DDGS 30% DDGS
Week
Weig
ht,
lbs
Percentage DDGS in Ration
0% DDGS 15% DDGS 30% DDGS
Average daily gain
lb/d 0.78 0.80 0.71
Feed intake lb/d 3.60a 3.54a 3.13b
Days to market1 d 51.3 50.0 56.3
Feed to gain 4.79 4.56 4.62
Feed cost/lb gain2 $/lb $0.769a $0.693b $0.664b
Performance from 70 to 110 lbs
a,bNumbers across rows with a different superscript are different (p < 0.10).1Values calculated based on other values presented in table2Feed cost was calculated based on feed costing from previous slide
Percentage DDGS in Ration
0% DDGS 15% DDGS 30% DDGS
Dry Matter 88.9% 88.8% 89.5%
Crude Protein 18.8% 16.1% 15.6%
Total Digestible Nutrients
85.9% 84.4% 86.8%
Acid Detergent Fibre 11.0% 12.6% 9.9%
Neutral Detergent Fibre 20.1% 23.9% 23.9%
Calcium 1.00% 0.90% 0.82%
Phosphorus 0.46% 0.45% 0.44%
Ration Analysis
There is a fair amount of error associated with these numbers.
At the start…
At market…
At market…
•No death losses•Typical illnesses
▫Some pink-eye▫Some coughing
Challenges
•Feed was offered as textured feed▫Lambs consumed corn, barley and oats first▫Consumed ground feed (soybean
meal/DDGS/premix) later▫Sorting of soybean meal was not as
noticeable as sorting of DDGS•Most of the time the refusals were almost
exclusively ground feed▫Targeted around 5-10% refusals▫Actual was around 12.5%
Bunk Management
Sorting
At feeding Approx. 8 hrs after feeding
0% DDGS 15% DDGS 30% DDGS
Feed offered, lbs/d 4.13 4.13 3.65
Feed refused, lbs/d 0.53 0.58 0.52
Feed intake, lbs/d 3.60 3.55 3.13
Average daily gain, lbs/d 0.78 0.80 0.71
Estimated sorting None Some Considerable
CP offered, %1 17.0 17.0 17.0
CP refused, %2 17.0 22.0 27.0
CP offered, lbs/d 0.702 0.702 0.621
CP refused, lbs/d 0.090 0.128 0.140
CP intake, lbs/d 0.612 0.575 0.480
Some thoughts on refusals*…
1Calculated2Assuming estimated sorting *On a per lamb basis
• Absolutely▫ If I could do “tight” bunk management
I’d feed at least 30%▫ If I was feeding ad lib (like hog feeders)
I might drop it a bit to 15% Or pellet it
• At $4.20 savings per lamb (70-110 lbs), not feeding DDGS is a missed opportunity
• Since lambs are refusing expensive protein, could we improve gains or make it cheaper by pelleting?
So would I feed DDGS?
Does Pelleting Lamb Feed Improve Efficiency Cost Effectively?2013
To “requirements” High CP
0% DDGS 0% DDGS 30% DDGS
not pelleted
pelleted not pelleted
pelleted not pelleted
pelleted
Corn 32.2% 22.2% 25.5% 15.5% 25.5% 15.5%
Barley 28.0% 28.0% 21.35% 21.35% 21.35% 21.35%
Oats 28.0% 28.0% 21.35 21.35 21.35% 21.35%
Wheat 10.0% 10.0% 10.0%
Soybean meal
3.0% 3.0% 10.0% 10.0%
DDGS 30.0% 30.0%
Wheat shorts
7.0% 7.0% 20.0 20.0
Premix 1.0% 1.0% 1.0% 1.0% 1.0% 1.0%
Limestone
0.8% 0.8% 0.8% 0.8% 0.8% 0.8%
Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
$/tonne $373.00 $383.00 $386.50 $396.50 $378.00 $388.00Premixes, feeds and pelleting supplied by B-W Feed and Seed, New Hamburg, ON
The treatments
•Form▫Pellet vs. Non-Pellet
•Content▫Low CP (SBM)▫High CP (SBM)▫High CP (DDGS)
PerformanceForm Content
Non-Pellet Pellet Low CP (SBM)
High CP (SBM)
High CP (DDGS)
Average daily feed intake (lb/d)
3.36x 3.46y 3.31a 3.49b 3.42ab
Average daily gain (lb/d)
0.75x 0.76x 0.70a 0.76ab 0.82b
Days to market* 60 59 64 60 55
Feed to gain ratio 5.07x 5.03x 5.32a 5.15a 4.67b
Feed $/lb of gain $0.81x $0.82x $0.84a $0.85a $0.75b
*Calculated based on 45 lb gain
Ration Analysis
Form Content
Non-Pellet Pellet Low CP (SBM)
High CP (SBM)
High CP (DDGS)
Dry matter 86.7%x 86.9%x 87.1%a 86.3%b 87.0%a
Crude protein
13.1%x 13.8%x 11.3%a 14.1%b 14.9%b
TDN 81.9%x 82.7%x 83.4%a 82.5%a 81.1%a
NDF 18.0%x 19.2%y 16.9%a 17.6%a 21.2%b
ADF 8.5%x 8.3%x 8.1%a 7.5%a 9.5%b
Calcium 0.56%x 0.55%x 0.50%a 0.58%a 0.59%a
Phosphorus
0.41%x 0.45%y 0.37%a 0.45%a 0.48%b
Ca:P 1.36%x 1.22%x 1.35%a 1.29%a 1.24%a
Feed bunks…
Issues
•Completed in two groups▫Group 1
No major issues One lamb was euthanized after a physical
injury▫Group 2
Many lambs suffered from chronic lung infection
Early struggle with coccidiosis Some deworming failure
Detected by FAMACHA
A few points of consideration
•Assumed all feeds were purchased (non-pelleted as well as pelleted)▫This artificially raised cost of non-pelleted
ration•Used fixed number of feeds (other feeds
could be available especially for pelleted ration)▫This artificially raised cost of pelleted
ration
So would I pellet feed?
•I would formulate my concentrate ▫Assuming not pelleting
Limiting available ingredients Use home grown grains
▫Assuming pelleting Using full number of available ingredients Both using and not using home grown grains
•Is pelleted ration is within $10 more per tonne of non-pelleted ration ▫Yes? Then “yes” I’d pellet▫No? Depends on labour savings potential
Protein level
•It appears the NRC targeted levels for growing lambs may be too low for protein▫0.70 vs. 0.79 lb/d (low vs. avg. high)
•But higher levels (of same ingredient) were no cheaper per lb of gain▫0.84 vs. $0.85 per lb of gain
•Is optimal in the middle somewhere?▫I don’t know
Cost of disease
•I cannot determine this statistically so it is only an estimate to illustrate▫$0.23/lb▫For 65 to 110 lb this means $10.35/lamb
•Not including▫Medicine▫Dead lambs▫Frustration
BUY/KEEP THEM HEALTHY
DDGS
•Once again feeding DDGS is profitable▫$0.10/lb ~ $4.50 per lamb▫Very close to same savings as last time
DDGS value $/tonne = (0.5417 x corn $/tonne) + (0.4344 x soybean $/tonne)
Corn $ 125
$ 150
$ 175
$ 200
$ 225
$ 250
$ 275
Soybean
Meal
$ 525
$ 296
$ 309
$ 323
$ 336
$ 350
$ 364
$ 377
$ 550
$ 307
$ 320
$ 334
$ 347
$ 361
$ 374
$ 388
$ 575
$ 318
$ 331
$ 345
$ 358
$ 372
$ 385
$ 399
$ 600
$ 328
$ 342
$ 355
$ 369
$ 383
$ 396
$ 410
$ 625
$ 339
$ 353
$ 366
$ 380
$ 393
$ 407
$ 420
$ 650
$ 350
$ 364
$ 377
$ 391
$ 404
$ 418
$ 431
$ 675
$ 361
$ 375
$ 388
$ 402
$ 415
$ 429
$ 442
•Funding▫OSMA and FIP
•Lambs▫Wicketthorn Livestock
•Feed▫Agribrands Purina Ltd.▫Floradale Feed Mill Ltd.▫KenPal Farm Products Inc.▫B-W Feed and Seed Ltd.▫Greenfield Ethanol
•Collaboration▫Ridgetown Campus Sheep Advisory Group▫Shepherds
Acknowledgements
Future Directions
•OSMA (FIP) - funded▫Ewe feed efficiency (preliminary trial)
Breeding, gestation, lactation feed vs. lb of weaned lamb
•OMAF - applied▫Lamb feed trials▫Ewe feed efficiency▫Pasture efficiency
Questions?
Paul Luimes519-674-1500 [email protected]