GandhiGandhiIB Higher Level HistoryIB Higher Level History

Learning ObjectiveLearning Objective

To assess the role Gandhi played in the To assess the role Gandhi played in the development of the Indian Nationalist development of the Indian Nationalist Movement up to 1922Movement up to 1922

Intro: Gandhi: OverviewIntro: Gandhi: Overview

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mVwCeGxTN-A v=mVwCeGxTN-A

Early Life: India to S. Early Life: India to S. AfricaAfrica

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SNmJqRV7LOA&feature=relatedv=SNmJqRV7LOA&feature=related

• Development of skills, philosophy, and tactics Development of skills, philosophy, and tactics

Return from IndiaReturn from India

• Supportive of Britain in WW1/Major theme of Supportive of Britain in WW1/Major theme of speechesspeeches

• Accepts the Kaiser I Hind medal for his services Accepts the Kaiser I Hind medal for his services to the Indian community in S.Africato the Indian community in S.Africa

• Turns against Britain complete due to the Turns against Britain complete due to the Rowlatt Act and Dyer’s actions at AmritsarRowlatt Act and Dyer’s actions at Amritsar

BeliefsBeliefs

satyagrahasatyagraha ('devotion to truth'), a non-violent ('devotion to truth'), a non-violent way to redress wrongsway to redress wrongs

transformed the Indian National Congress,

his programme of peaceful non-cooperation with the British included boycotts of British goods and institutions, leading to arrests of thousands

MethodsMethods

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5j_yi3iwpaI http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5j_yi3iwpaI

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TLHTC0EJt1M&feature=related v=TLHTC0EJt1M&feature=related

19221922

• Just before start of full campaign of civil Just before start of full campaign of civil disobedience disobedience

• Gandhi learns of 22 policemen being burned Gandhi learns of 22 policemen being burned alive in Gorakhpuralive in Gorakhpur

• Suspends entire movement.Suspends entire movement.

• Shortly afterwards he ends up in jail with a 6 Shortly afterwards he ends up in jail with a 6 year sentenceyear sentence

Results?-Did the tactics Results?-Did the tactics work? Coplandwork? Copland““Congress emerged from the experience of Non Congress emerged from the experience of Non

Cooperation greatly strengthened”Cooperation greatly strengthened”

““Before 1920 Congress had been an elite body, Before 1920 Congress had been an elite body, dominated by the professional middle classes dominated by the professional middle classes from the presidencies of Bengal and Bombay; from the presidencies of Bengal and Bombay;

after 1920 it became a mass organisation, after 1920 it became a mass organisation, preponderantly a vehicle of the urban commercial preponderantly a vehicle of the urban commercial

classes and the rich peasants of Gujarat, the classes and the rich peasants of Gujarat, the Andhra region of Madras, the United Provinces Andhra region of Madras, the United Provinces

(UP) and Bihar.”(UP) and Bihar.”

Why? (Copland)Why? (Copland)

• Strongest pillar of the Raj was that the majority Strongest pillar of the Raj was that the majority supported it (or at least assented)supported it (or at least assented)

• Gandhi saw that he didn’t yet have mass Gandhi saw that he didn’t yet have mass support and made a tactical withdrawalsupport and made a tactical withdrawal

““Accepting that he had badly miscalculated, in Accepting that he had badly miscalculated, in 1922 Gandhi mixed pragmatism with high-1922 Gandhi mixed pragmatism with high-

mindedness and called a halt while the mindedness and called a halt while the movement's structure and morale remained movement's structure and morale remained

intact.” -Coplandintact.” -Copland

Review Review Quiz/Use in Quiz/Use in DiagramDiagram

• 1. Early background1. Early background

• 2. S.Africa2. S.Africa

• 3. Swaraj definition?3. Swaraj definition?

• 4.Satyagraha definition?4.Satyagraha definition?

• 5.View of technology/Cities5.View of technology/Cities

• 6. Peasant Appeal?6. Peasant Appeal?

• 7. Political skills/Leadership by 1920?7. Political skills/Leadership by 1920?

• 8. Reaction to Amritsar Massacre and Rowlett act?8. Reaction to Amritsar Massacre and Rowlett act?

• 9. Civil disobedience campaign of 1920-229. Civil disobedience campaign of 1920-22

• 10. Conclusion: Impact up to 192210. Conclusion: Impact up to 1922

Now use the Learning Now use the Learning Objective to Plan an Objective to Plan an EssayEssay

• To assess the role Gandhi played in the To assess the role Gandhi played in the development of the Indian Nationalist development of the Indian Nationalist Movement up to 1922Movement up to 1922

Analyse this opening Analyse this opening paragraphparagraph

““Gandhi played a key role in the development of the Indian Gandhi played a key role in the development of the Indian nationalist movement through his role in creating a nationalist movement through his role in creating a groundswell of cross class support for swarj or self rule. His groundswell of cross class support for swarj or self rule. His early political training in S.Africa developed his personal early political training in S.Africa developed his personal skills and vision and after his return to India he was able to skills and vision and after his return to India he was able to use these to have a huge impact. These skills and his use these to have a huge impact. These skills and his personal charisma meant that Gandhi could appeal to personal charisma meant that Gandhi could appeal to Indians of all social classes equally and crucially to urban Indians of all social classes equally and crucially to urban dwellers and rural peasants. His commitment to dwellers and rural peasants. His commitment to nonviolence gave his beliefs moral weight and in turn nonviolence gave his beliefs moral weight and in turn meant that his impact extended far beyond India itself. By meant that his impact extended far beyond India itself. By 1922, despite some outbreaks of violence, he had built on 1922, despite some outbreaks of violence, he had built on the foundations laid by Tilak and Besant, to become the the foundations laid by Tilak and Besant, to become the recognized leader of the Indian national congress and also recognized leader of the Indian national congress and also of a truly mass national movement committed to swarj or of a truly mass national movement committed to swarj or self rule for India.” self rule for India.”

Look for the following:Look for the following:• A clear opening sentence which states the key A clear opening sentence which states the key

point of the paragraphpoint of the paragraph

• Facts supporting the opening sentenceFacts supporting the opening sentence

• Relevant names, statistics and datesRelevant names, statistics and dates

• Analytical links, e.g.: ‘Which in turn meant…..’, ‘this Analytical links, e.g.: ‘Which in turn meant…..’, ‘this situation created…’ and ‘that was lead to..’situation created…’ and ‘that was lead to..’

• A final linking sentence which builds on the A final linking sentence which builds on the opening sentence and leads us forward to the opening sentence and leads us forward to the next paragraphnext paragraph

• AVOID GENERALITIES AVOID GENERALITIES

• 5-7 paragraphs is about right for full exam essay5-7 paragraphs is about right for full exam essay