Kingdom Protista

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KINGDOM PROTISTA •Conglomerate of organisms which do not fit

into other 4 Kingdoms

•Moneran (bacteria), Animalia, Plantae, Fungi

•Much more complicated than Monerans

•They represent the intermediate step in the evolution of the other three kingdoms

•Contains about 65,000 species

•Protozoan is the Greek word for “first animal”

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•Made up of a complex eukaryotic cell (unicellular) or cells (multicellular)

•Eukaryotes have cellular organelles, and prokaryotes (bacteria) do not

KINGDOM PROTISTA

• Prefix uni One (single)

• Prefix multi More than one (many)•Kingdom has organisms that demonstrate both animal and plant-like characteristics

•Some members make their own food (________)autotrophs

•Some ingest food from outside (____________)heterotrophs

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KINGDOM PROTISTA

AutotrophsAutotrophs

green algaebrown algaered algaediatomsdinoflagellateseuglenoids

HeterotrophsHeterotrophs

amoeboidsciliateszooflagellatessporozoansplasmodial slime moldscellular slime moldswater molds

•Organisms separated based on feeding behaviors

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•All Protozoa can reproduce asexuallyasexually

•Called binary fissionbinary fission•During binary fission, one protozoan cell divides into two identical individuals.

•One “parent” for reproduction

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•Inhabit aquatic (______) areas and terrestrial (_____) areas

waterland

•Protists are classified into 13 Phyla which can be placed into 3 main groups

animal-like

plant-like

fung

us-li

ke

KINGDOM PROTISTA

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Kingdom Protista

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Animal-like protists

•classified by the structure used for movement:

1) CiliaCilia -

2) Flagellum(a)Flagellum(a) -

•Coordinated movement between individual cilia

•Back and forth wave motion

tiny beating hair-like structures

whip-like tail(s)

•All heterotrophs

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3) Pseudopodia -Pseudopodia -

Animal-like protists

projection of cytoplasm that sticks out like a foot (“false foot”)

4) Sessile Sessile - No locomotion (_________)movement

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1. Amoeba

moves by pseudopodia which give appearance of cell changing size and shape

comes from the Greek word amoibe which means “change”

Animal-like protists - Examples

unicellular

aquatic - lives in ponds, ditches or slowly moving streams can cause disease – amoebic dysentery ingests small organisms like bacteria and other protozoans

http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/moviegallery/pondscum/protozoa/amoeba/index.html

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1. AmoebaAnimal-like protists -

Examples feeding sequence psuedopodia surround and engulf food particle process called phagocytosis

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2. Paramecium


•Unicellular, slipper-shaped

•move by coordinated beating of many cilia

•aquatic - mostly found in ponds and streams•usually do not cause diseases in humans

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2. Paramecium - continued


•Feeding occurs in the funnel-shaped gullet (buccal cavity) where food is drawn in by external and internal cilia to form food vacuole

•ingests organic detritus and other small organisms like bacteria and other protozoans

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•Food to waste pathway

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•Reproduction

1. Binary fission (________)asexual

N =nucleus

F =Fission plane

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2. Conjugation (________)sexual



•Reproduction

•Form structure called conjugation tube to exchange genetic material

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•protist that reproduce by forming spores

•sporozoans named Plasmodium causes malaria•its caused by female mosquitos

•humans get malaria when bitten by an infected mosquito

•mostly common in tropical areas

•Sporozoa do not move on their own

•they are usually parasitic

Characteristics of Sporozoans (Animal-like)

Animal-like protists: The Sporozoan

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•Have chlorophyll•Make their own food•They can live in 4 main environments:

•salt water

•soil•tree bark

•freshwater

PLANT-LIKE PROTIST

•they produce large amounts of oxygen which are used by other living organisms

•they are grouped according to pigment & stucture•into 6 main groups:Green algae, red algae, brown algae, fire algae, golden Green algae, red algae, brown algae, fire algae, golden

algae, euglenaalgae, euglena

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•they are grouped according to color & stucture

PLANT-LIKE PROTIST Cont’d

A) Euglena

B) Diatom

C) Dinoflagellates

D) Red algae

E) Green Algae

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A) Euglena-•one celled alga that moves with one flagellum

•red eyespot near front end to find light…Why?

•lives in fresh water

•reproduces asexually

•have chlorophyll and can make their own food ( )autotro

ph

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•organelle is the site of photosynthesis and gets its name from the presence of the green pigments (the chlorophylls)

contains disk-shaped chloroplasts


A) Euglena Continued-

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B) Diatom•beautiful one celled protists

•come in many shapes

•EX: boats, rods, disks, triangles

•important food source for water dwelling animals•cell covering is made up of 2 overlapping parts

•made of the same material as glass

•Think of a box with a lid

•cell coverings do not decay (when dead)•used for toothpaste, scouring powders, & filters

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C) Dinoflagellates

•Algae that is usually found in oceans

•Have hidden chlorophyll due to dark pigments•Move by two flagella

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•produce large numbers which turns the ocean red•responsible for “red tides”•produce chemicals that kill thousands of fish•humans can become ill if they eat shell fish that have absorbed these chemicals

•common off the coast of Florida or other warmer areas

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Red Tide

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Red Tide Kills Fish

After encountering and absorbing a red tide..a stingray becomes disoriented. They have the appearance of not being able to see or control what they are doing. Eventually the ray will stay at the surface lying horizontally and die.

Absorbed red Absorbed red dinoflagellatesdinoflagellates

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E) Green Algae•Come in many different forms•can be unicellular or multicellular

•usually found in “colonies”•Colony – a group of cells that live together

•they produce O2 in H2O •serve as food for fish, snails, and crayfish

desmids

spirogyra

chlorella

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•EX: volvox colony•Arranged in a single layer with flagella facing outward•The flagella beat and the colony spins through the water

PLANT-LIKE PROTIST Cont’dAlgae Examples

•Brown Algae

•EX: Kelp (brown algae) …aka….“sea weed”•used by humans for food•also used to thicken food such as ice cream and jelly

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FUNGUS-LIKE PROTIST

Slime Molds:

•fungus-like protists that are consumers•live in cool, damp places EX: forest floor

•feed on bacteria growing on rotting logs and decaying leaves

•some are parasites (very few)

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FUNGUS-LIKE PROTIST

Life Cycle of Slime Molds:

Step 1 – slimy mass that moves like an amoeba

•beautiful colors of red, yellow, or violet

Step 2 – stops growing and moving

•produces spores inside a structure on a stalk

Step 3 – spores develop into little cells w/ flagella

•then each cell loses its flagella and grows into a slimy mass again

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1) List the three main (groups) types of protists?

2) Give two examples of animal-like protists.

3) What are sporozoans? Give one example.4) List the 3 structures protozoan use for locomotion.

5) List 5 plant-like protists?

6) Why are algae important?

7) Explain why red tides occur and what causes them.

Directions: Write out & highlight the following questions

Education

Kingdom Protista