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This is the sample policy briefing I use in my International Studies capstone to show the students what their own should eventually look like.
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THE KASHMIR INSURGENCY
Briefing for the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on International Relations Subcommittee on International Terrorism, Nonproliferation, and Human Rights
Photo by Bhisham Pratap Prada. Used under Creative Commons license.
FlashpointEstimated Toll of “Limited” Nuclear War
Killed Severely Injured
INDIA
Bangalore 315000 175000
Bombay 478000 229000
Calcutta 357000 198000
Madras 364000 196000
New Delhi 177000 94000
India Total 1.7 m 0.9m
PAKISTAN
Faisalabad 336000 174000
Islamabad 154000 67000
Karachi 240000 127000
Lahore 258000 150000
Rawalpindi 184000 97000
Pakistan Total 1.2m 0.6 m
TOTAL 2.9 m 1.5 m
U.S. Interests
1. Avoidance of a nuclear exchange in South Asia
2. Use of Kashmir by Islamic extremists • to distract Pakistan from Al-Qaida• As a training and recruiting ground
3. Violations by both Islamic militants and Indian security forces of:
• Human rights• Democratic process• The right of self-determination
86,000 square miles
56,000 controlled by India
30,000 controlled by Pakistan
Bordered by Pakistan, Afghanistan and China
Demography
Indian-administered Kashmir
10.1 million
REGION Buddhist Hindu Muslim
Kashmir Valley
4% 95%
Jammu 66% 30%
Ladakh 50% - 46%
Pakistan-administered Kashmir Population unknown
REGION Buddhist Hindu Muslim
North Areas
99%
Azad Kashmir
99%
1846. Jammu and Kashmir created1947. Partition and “Document of
Accession”1949. First Indo-Pak War. 1957. Kashmiri constitution.1962. Sino-Indian War1965. 2nd Indo-Pak War1971. 3rd Indo-Pak War. “Line of
Control”1980. Kashmiri insurgency1998. India and Pakistan test nuclear
weapons1999. Kargill Conflict2001. Terrorist attack on Indian
parliament
1846. Jammu and Kashmir created1947. Partition and “Document of
Accession”1949. First Indo-Pak War. 1957. Kashmiri constitution.1962. Sino-Indian War1965. 2nd Indo-Pak War1971. 3rd Indo-Pak War. “Line of
Control”1980. Kashmiri insurgency1998. India and Pakistan test nuclear
weapons1999. Kargill Conflict2001. Terrorist attack on Indian
parliament
1846. Jammu and Kashmir created1947. Partition and “Document of
Accession”1949. First Indo-Pak War. 1957. Kashmiri constitution.1962. Sino-Indian War1965. 2nd Indo-Pak War1971. 3rd Indo-Pak War. “Line of
Control”1980. Kashmiri insurgency1998. India and Pakistan test nuclear
weapons1999. Kargill Conflict2001. Terrorist attack on Indian
parliament
1846. Jammu and Kashmir created1947. Partition and “Document of
Accession”1949. First Indo-Pak War. 1957. Kashmiri constitution.1962. Sino-Indian War1965. 2nd Indo-Pak War1971. 3rd Indo-Pak War. “Line of
Control”1980. Kashmiri insurgency1998. India and Pakistan test nuclear
weapons1999. Kargill Conflict2001. Terrorist attack on Indian
parliament
1846. Jammu and Kashmir created1947. Partition and “Document of
Accession”1949. First Indo-Pak War. 1957. Kashmiri constitution.1962. Sino-Indian War1965. 2nd Indo-Pak War1971. 3rd Indo-Pak War. “Line of
Control”1980. Kashmiri insurgency1998. India and Pakistan test nuclear
weapons1999. Kargill Conflict2001. Terrorist attack on Indian
parliament
1846. Jammu and Kashmir created1947. Partition and “Document of
Accession”1949. First Indo-Pak War. 1957. Kashmiri constitution.1962. Sino-Indian War1965. 2nd Indo-Pak War1971. 3rd Indo-Pak War. “Line of
Control”1980. Kashmiri insurgency1998. India and Pakistan test nuclear
weapons1999. Kargill Conflict2001. Terrorist attack on Indian
parliament
PLAYERS
1.India
2.Pakistan
3.China
4.Kashmiri
groups
Pakistan’s Role
Pakistan does not recognize the legitimacy of Kashmir’s accession to India.
Anti-India terrorist groups continue to operate from within Pakistan
Although in 2001 Pakistan rejected insurgency, it is believed to have offered support and training for several uprisings.
Kashmiri Separatist OrganizationsMain Armed Militant GroupsHizbul Mujahideen Pro-Pak/Islamic vision of Kashmir
Lashkar e-Taiba Ahle Hadith/wants Pan-Islamic state
Jaish e-Muhammad Deobandi/wants Pan-Islamic state
Harkat ul-Mujahideen Deobandi/wants Pan-Islamic state
J&K Liberation Front Kashmiriyat
Political Umbrella GroupsAll Parties Hurriyat Conf. Some pro-Pakistan, some Kashmiriyat
Muttahida Jihad Council Supports pro-Pakistan militants
Main Kashmiri PartiesJ&K People’s Conference Kashmiriyat
J&K Liberation Front Kashmiriyat
Jamaat e-Islami (K) Some pro-Pakistan, some Kashmiriyat
Jamaat e-Islami (P) Pro-Pakistan
India’s RolePolitical Position
1. Jammu and Kashmir are integral parts of India2. State would have been settled long ago but for
Pakistan’s “terrorist proxy war.”
Handling of Insurgency1. Massive security force in Kashmir2. Entice moderate political leaders to participate in
state government3. Prevent conflict from requiring international
intervention
No International Mediation is Permissible1. Risk of neo-Colonialism2. Foreign nations do not have India’s interests at heart3. Violation of national sovereignty
Policy Principles
1. Each stakeholder must be able to claim some benefit from the settlement
2. The insurgency must be recognized as a key player in the region.
3. Human rights, democratic process and the right to self-determination must be respected.
Scenario One:Formalize Status Quo
• Confirms Simla Agreement• India has supported• Rejected by Pakistan• Rejected by Independence
Movement
Scenario Two:Kashmir Joins Pakistan
• Supported by Pakistan• Rejected by India• Ignores Kashmiriyat
independence movement(s)
• Buddhist and Hindu populations forced into Pakistani citizenship
Scenario 3:Kashmir Joins India
• Supported by India• Rejected by Pakistan• Ignores Kashmiriyat independence movements
• Muslims of Azad regions forced into Indian citizenship
Scenario 4:Independent Kashmir
• Rejected by Pakistan• Rejected by India• Opposed by many
Buddhist and Hindu Kashmiris
• Supported by many independent “Kashmiriyat” groups
• Raises international concerns over• regional “Balkanization”• Economic instability
THE ANDORRA SOLUTION
Scenario 5:Smaller Independent Kashmir
Advantages• Leaves Pakistan and India in control of Chinese borders
• Creates an independent Kashmir• Leaves Pakistan in control of some Muslim regions
• Leaves India in control of Hindu and Buddhist regions
• Allows tourism from both states• Encourages investment by both states• Reduction of insurgent pressures
Disadvantages• Loss of control of some land by both Pakistan and India.• Reduces Indian control of potential terrorist threat.
Policy Recommendations
Members of the U.S. House should:
1.Pressure Pakistan on terrorism
2.Continue visits to Kashmir
3.Emphasize U.S. anti-terrorism commitment to India
4.Open dialogue with non-militant Kashmiri political groups
QUESTIONS