MUSCULOSKELETAL(JOINTS)

Definition of jointsA joint is the location in which two or more bones articulate or makes contacts. Some joints likes those of the skull are fixed and have no movements, some are like vertebrae can move slightly and some are freely moveable like the joints of the limbs.

Classification of joints1.Fibrous joints2.Synovial joints

3.Cartilaginous joints

Fibrous jointsFibrous joints connect bones without allowing any movement. The bones of the skull and pelvis are held together by fibrous joints. The union of spinous process and vertebrae, joints between teeth, maxilla and mandible are the example of fibrous joints.

Synovial jointsThe capsule joints is enclosed and surrounded by fibrous joints. This keeps the bones together. The capsules protects the bones and joints from injury and allow free movement.

Cartilaginous joints

Cartilaginous joints are joints in which the bones are attached by cartilage. In this type of joints, there is a pad of fibro cartilage between the end of the bones which form joints, where some movement are required. Cartilaginous joints are divide into primary cartilage joints and secondary cartilage joints.

The main movement of the synaviol jointFlexion: bending forwardExtension: straighting or bending backwordsAbduction: moving away from the midline of the

bodyAdduction: moving towards the midline of the bodyRotation: moving round the axis of bonePronation: turning the palm of the hand downSupination: turning the palm of the hand upCircumulation: combination of

flexion,extension,abduction,adduction

Main synovial joint of the upper limbShoulder joint it’s a ball and socket type of joints. The head

of the humerus rotated within the glenoid cavity of the scapula.

Elbow jointThis joint is formed the lower end of the

humerus with the upper end of the ulna and radius. It’s type of hinge joint

Wrist jointThis joint is formed by the distal end of

the radius an d the proximal end of the carpals bones .its the condyloid joint

Joints of the lower limbs

•Hip jointsThe head of the femur bone fits into a cup shaped acetabulum of the hip bone.

•Knee jointIt is formed by two condyles of the femur with the condyles of the tibia and that posteria surface of the patella.