John A Chapman opportunities minerals space 20120131

TECHNOLOGY OPPORTUNITIES RELATED TO MINERAL EXPLORATION & MINE OPERATIONS

ON THE MOON AND MARS

John Chapman, B.Sc., P.Eng., FCIM Principal, J.A. Chapman Mining Services

White Rock, British Columbia, Canada, Earth, Milky Way Galaxy, Universe One

Presented to

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department San Jose State University San Jose, California, USA

February 7, 2012

&

American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Carnegie Melon University, Silicon Valley Campus

Moffett Field, California, USA February 8, 2012

ABSTRACT

We earthbound humans cannot survive as a single planet species as there is a clear and present danger from super-volcanos and large near-earth-objects. The dinosaurs did not survive – they had no space program. We do have a space program which can be directed to saving humans by detecting, tracking and deflecting near-earth-objects that are potential earth-impactors, as well as creating a moon base as a precursor to populating mars. Great challenges and opportunities lay ahead in achieving these space development objectives; they are essential to ensure our survival. The wealth from mines, from the dawn of recorded human history, is the epic march of mankind along the path of progress. It was the mines that made ancient civilizations such as Egypt, Greece and Rome great and in more recent times have created immense wealth to the benefit of the people of Europe, North America, Australia and now China, India, Brazil and Russia. Today, we are part of the “space generation”, crawling off the surface of the earth into the “oceans of space”; mining will continue to provide the capability for humankind to advance to the moon, mars and on to the stars. This paper proposes the application of proven methods on earth for successful mineral exploration, mineral deposit development and mine/process operations on the moon and mars.

TECHNICAL CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES February 16, 2012

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 1JOHN A. CHAPMAN 1

TECHNOLOGY OPPORTUNITIES RELATED TOMINERAL EXPLORATION & MINE OPERATIONS


John A. Chapman, B.Sc., P.Eng., FCIMPrincipal, J.A. Chapman Mining Services


Presentation toMechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department

San Jose State UniversitySan Jose, California, USA

February 7, 2012


JOHN A. CHAPMAN 2

February 16, 2012

JOHN A. CHAPMAN

TECHNOLOGY OPPORTUNITIES RELATED TOMINERAL EXPLORATION & MINE OPERATIONS


John A. Chapman, B.Sc., P.Eng., FCIMPrincipal, J.A. Chapman Mining Services


Presentation toAmerican Institute of Aeronautics and AstronauticsCarnegie Melon University, Silicon Valley Campus

Moffett Field, California, USAFebruary 8, 2012

• GOOD EVENING LADIES AND GENTLEMEN. • I AM MAKING THIS PRESENTATION BASED UPON MY EXPERIENCE AS A MECHANIC, WELDER AND

MINING ENGINEER, HAVING WORKED INTERNATIONALLY IN LARGE AND SMALL MINES, MANY IN REMOTE LOCATIONS IN TROPICAL JUNGLES AND THE CANADIAN FAR NORTH. WELDED ON DEW LINE NORTH OF ARCTIC CIRCLE AND ON PIPELINES IN SOUTHERN ALBERTA AND LOGGING EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA.

• FROM THE TIME I WAS IN GRADE 6 I WORKED FOR MY FATHER AT HIS GAS STATION, LIGHT VEHICLE SERVICE/REPAIR SHOP AND MOTEL. MY FATHER WAS ALSO PART OF A SMALL MINERAL EXPLORATION SYNDICATE THAT PROSPECTED AND DRILLED MINERAL SHOWINGS (OWNED THEIR OWN SMALL CORE DRILL). HENCE, I LEARNED A LOT ABOUT WORKING ON AND AROUND MACHINERY FROM A VERY EARLY AGE.

• WORKED AS A MECHANIC AND WELDER BEFORE ENTERING UNIVERSITY AS A MATURE STUDENT.• CAN PROFICIENTLY OPERATE SCRAPERS, DOZERS, TRUCKS, GRADERS (MAINLY CATERPILLAR

EQUIPMENT).• AS VICE‐PRESIDENT AND GENERAL MANAGER OF CANADA’S LARGEST COAL MINING COMPANY WAS

CANADA’S LARGEST PURCHASER OF CATERPILLAR EQUIPMENT AND LARGEST CANADIAN PURCHASER OF ONE OF THE WORLD’S BIGGEST LAND MACHINES – DRAGLINES.

• AS A PRIVATE BUSINESS OWNER, I AM PRESENTLY ONE OF THE LARGEST MINERAL LAND OWNERS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA.

• I AM ALSO MAKING THIS PRESENTATION BECAUSE OF MY LONG TIME INTEREST IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, AND IN THE LAST TWELVE YEARS, SPACE DEVELOPMENT.


JOHN A. CHAPMAN 3

February 16, 2012

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 3

MINES ON EARTH SOME OF MY EXPERIENCE


JOHN A. CHAPMAN 4

February 16, 2012

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 4

• IN 1999, AS I ENTERED MY TWILIGHT YEARS, I DECIDED TO CHANGE MY WORK BY WINDING‐DOWN MY MINING CONSULTING SERVICES, RESIGNING FROM MINING COMPANY BOARDS OF DIRECTORS AND BEGAN MAKING SMALL INVESTMENTS IN JUNIOR SPACE VENTURES (SPACEDEV, ODYSSEY MOON AND MOON EXPRESS). IN ADDITION, I STARTED A PRIVATE MINERAL PROPERTY BUSINESS WITH GERRY CARLSON A LONG‐TIME FRIEND AND BUSINESS ASSOCIATE.

• THE CARLSON AND CHAPMAN FAMILIES (50/50) OWN 265,000 ACRES OF MINERAL LANDS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA. THE PRINCIPAL OF KGE MANAGEMENT LTD. IS GERRY CARLSON, PHD GEOLOGIST AND PROFESSIONAL ENGINEER. I AM A PROFESSIONAL MINING ENGINEER.

• WE OWN 17 MINERAL PROPERTIES THAT AVERAGE 15,600 ACRES EACH.• ELEVEN OF THESE PROPERTIES ARE UNDER OPTION TO MINING COMPANIES AND ARE IN VARIOUS

STAGES OF MINERAL EXPLORATION AND DEVELOPMENT.


JOHN A. CHAPMAN 5

February 16, 2012

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 5

• I WAS VICE‐PRESIDENT AND GENERAL MANAGER OF MANALTA COAL LTD. FOR 5 YEARS (1978 TO 1983) AND VICE‐CHAIRMAN OF GREGG RIVER RESOURCES LTD – THE WORLD’S LARGEST JOINT VENTURE COAL DEVELOPMENT AND OPERATION WITH JAPANESE INDUSTRY (6 STEEL COMPANIES AND ONE TRADING COMPANY). MANALTA WAS CANADA’S LARGEST COAL MINING COMPANY AT THAT TIME PRODUCING MORE COAL THAN ALL OTHER CANADIAN COAL MINES COMBINED.


JOHN A. CHAPMAN 6

February 16, 2012

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 6

• THE 60 AND 90 CUBIC YARD DRAGLINES SHOWN ARE AMONG THE WORLD’S LARGEST LAND MACHINES, IN THE 1970s THEY COST ~US$90 MILLION EACH. MANALTA OPERATED MORE OF THESE LARGE DRAGLINES THAN ANY OTHER COMPANY IN CANADA. ALSO, MANALTA WAS CANADA’S LARGEST PURCHASER OF CATERPILLER MINING EQUIPMENT AND WIRE ROPES.


JOHN A. CHAPMAN 7

February 16, 2012

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 7

GIBRALTAR MINE PROCESSING PLANT, BC, CANADA

• I WAS CHIEF ENGINEER AND ACTING MANAGER AT GIBRALTAR MINE IN 1977 AND 1978. AT THE TIME GIBRALTAR WAS OPERATED BY AND MAJORITY OWNED BY PLACER DEVELOPMENT LTD.

• GIBRALTAR CONTINUES TO BE BRITISH COLUMBIA’S SECOND LARGEST MINING OPERATION. THE OPERATION PRODUCES COPPER CONCENTRATE AND COPPER METAL (SX‐EW) WITH A MOLYBDENUM CONCENTRATE CO‐PRODUCT.


JOHN A. CHAPMAN 8

February 16, 2012

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 8

MARCOPPER MINE, PHILIPPINES, 1976

• I WAS MINE CONSULTANT AND THEN MINE DIVISION MANAGER AT MARCOPPER MINE DURING THE PERIOD 1974 TO 1977. AT THAT TIME MARCOPPER WAS THE SECOND LARGEST MINE IN THE PHILIPPINES. THE OPERATION PRODUCED COPPER CONCENTRATE WITH CONTAINED GOLD AND SILVER THAT WAS SHIPPED TO JAPAN FOR SMELTING AND REFINING.

• AT THE TIME MARCOPPER WAS OPERATED BY AND MAJORITY OWNED BY PLACER DEVELOPMENT LTD.


JOHN A. CHAPMAN 9

February 16, 2012

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 9

• PORT OPERATIONS INCLUDED COPPER (PLUS SILVER AND GOLD) CONCENTRATE STORAGE AND SHIPPING TO JAPANESE SMELTERS. DE‐TINNED SCRAP METAL WAS BACK‐HAULED TO THE MINE FOR THE COPPER CEMENTATION OPERATION (SULPHURIC ACID LEACH OF COPPER OXIDES). THE “CEMENT”COPPER WAS ADDED TO THE SULPHIDE COPPER CONCENTRATE.

• PRIOR TO MARCOPPER I WORKED AT ENDAKO MINES (ALSO MAJORITY OWNED BY PLACER DEVELOPMENT LTD.) IN BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA IN THE LATE 1960S AND EARLY 1970S. I HELD THE FOLLOWING POSITIONS: SHIFTBOSS, FOREMAN, SENIOR ENGINEER, ASSISTANT MINE SUPERINTENDENT. AT THAT TIME ENDAKO WAS A LARGE OPEN‐PIT MINE WITH A FLOTATION PLANT, PRODUCING 25% OF THE WORLD’S MOLYDENUM, IN THE FORM OF MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE AND MOLYBDENUM TRIOXIDE.

• I GRADUATED WITH HIGH‐HONOURS FROM BOTH THE BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (1967, MINING TECHNOLOGY) AND THE COLORADO SCHOOL OF MINES (1971, MINING ENGINEERING).


JOHN A. CHAPMAN 10

February 16, 2012

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 10

SOUTH POLARREGION OF THEMOON

MINE THE MOON!HOW HAS ITCOME TO THAT?

0

90

180

850 S LAT

2700 LONG

NEAR SIDE

FAR SIDE

• MY TRANSITION TO SPACE WAS A RESULT OF: 1) LIFELONG INTEREST IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 2) CONTACT WITH NASA AND MANY PARTICLE PHYSICISTS AT LYNN LAKE, MANITOBA, CANADA IN 1993, 3) WATCHING SHOEMAKER‐LEVY COMET FRAGMENTS STRIKING JUPITER (ON INTERNET IN 1994), 4) INVESTING IN SPACEDEV AND JIM BENSON’S ENCOURAGEMENT TO ATTEND SPACE CONFERENCES, 5) LISTENING TO JOHN YOUNG’S KEYNOTE ADDRESS AT ILEWG IN 2003, 6) JOHN YOUNG’S UNSOLICITED ENCOURAGEMENT, AT ILEWG 2003, FOR ME TO JOIN THE DISCUSSION ABOUT MINING METHODS (AND MACHINERY) ON THE MOON AND MARS, AND 7) RICH CLIFFORD’S SIMILAR UNSOLICITED ENCOURAGEMENT TO ME AT ILEWG 2005.

• RICH CLIFFORD REVIEWED AND COMMENTED ON MY FIRST SPACE PAPER BEFORE SUBMISSION TO THE ILEWG 2006 REVIEW COMMITTEE. THE PAPER WAS PRESENTED IN BEIJING IN 2006; IT WAS TITLED, “THE DEVELOPMENT AND OPERATION OF A SURFACE MINE IN A REMOTE LOCATION – THE SOUTH POLAR REGION OF THE MOON”. THE CO‐AUTHOR WAS MARC SCHULTE AN ENGINEER‐IN‐TRAINING AND A TECHNICAL SALES REPRESENTATIVE WITH FINNING INTERNATIONAL INC., THE WORLD’S LARGEST CATERPILLAR DEALER, HEADQUARTERED IN WESTERN CANADA.

• BOTH JOHN YOUNG AND RICH CLIFFORD TOLD ME THAT THE SPACE INDUSTRY NEEDED MORE INPUT FROM MINING INDUSTRY VETERANS THAT HAD DEVELOPED AND OPERATED MINES IN REMOTE LOCATIONS SUCH AS DESERTS, JUNGLES AND THE FAR NORTH. THEY INDICATED THAT MANY UNIVERSITY BASED ACADEMICS THAT WERE THEN DOMINATING THE SPACE DISCUSSIONS HAD LITTLE OR NO PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE IN MINING AND NEEDED TO BE “SHAKEN‐UP” IN ORDER TO SHARPEN FOCUS UPON COMMON SENSE DEVELOPMENT PROPOSALS FOR THE MOON AND MARS.


JOHN A. CHAPMAN 11

February 16, 2012

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 11

NASA BALLOON LAUNCH FACILITY, LYNN LAKE, MANITOBA, CANADA

AUGUST 25, 2002 THE LARGESTBALLOON EVER LAUNCHED: 1.7 MILLION CUBIC METERS, 49 KILOMETERS ALTITUDE WITH A LOW-ENERGY ELECTRON DETECTION EXPERIMENT -PAYLOAD OF 690KG

COMMISSIONING OF THE KEYSTONE GOLD PROJECTLYNN LAKE, MANITOBA, 1993CAZADOR EXPLORATIONS LIMITED & GRANDUC MINES LIMITED

• AS CEO OF GRANDUC MINING CORPORATION I WAS AT LYNN LAKE, MANITOBA IN 1993 FOR THE DEVELOPMENT AND COMMISSIONING OF THE KEYSTONE GOLD PROJECT. THIS FORTUITOUS ASSIGNMENT PUT ME IN CLOSE CONTACT WITH NASA’S BALLOON LAUNCHING OPERATIONS FOR ATMOSPHERIC PARTICLE PHYSICS RESEARCH AND THE MANY SCIENTISTS CONDUCTING THEIR LEADING‐EDGE RESEARCH. I HAD NEVER SEEN SO MANY PHYSICISTS (FROM ALL OVER THE WORLD) IN ONE PLACE AT ONE TIME!

• AT THE TIME, LYNN LAKE HAD ONE OF THE LARGEST BALLOON LAUNCH FACILITIES IN THE WORLD ADJACENT TO ITS REGIONAL AIRPORT.

• LYNN LAKE, MANITOBA ‐‐ IT ALMOST SOUNDS LIKE A SCIENCE‐FICTION MOVIE: NASA LAUNCHED A 60‐STORY‐HIGH BALLOON TO THE UPPER FRINGES OF EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE TO COLLECT PRECIOUS PARTICLES OF SOME OF THE RAREST STUFF IN THE UNIVERSE ‐‐ ANTIMATTER ‐‐ AND, JUST POSSIBLY, EVIDENCE THAT ENTIRE ANTI‐GALAXIES EXIST. IT WASN'T SCIENCE FICTION, BUT CUTTING‐EDGE SCIENCE. CARRYING A JAPANESE‐BUILT INSTRUMENT, NASA'S LARGEST BALLOON ‐‐ 39 MILLION CUBIC FEET IN VOLUME ‐‐ LIFTED OFF FROM LYNN LAKE, MANITOBA, CANADA, AT 9:22 A.M. EDT AUG. 11 FOR A 38‐HOUR FLIGHT MORE THAN 20 MILES ABOVE EARTH. THE 5,000‐POUND INSTRUMENT WAS RECOVERED AUG. 12 AND WILL BE PREPARED FOR ANOTHER FLIGHT NEXT YEAR. THE BESS PROJECT (BALLOON‐BORNE EXPERIMENT WITH A SUPERCONDUCTING SOLENOIDAL MAGNET), LED BY PROF. SHUJI ORITO OF THE UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO, IS SPONSORED IN THE U.S. BY NASA AND BY MONBUSHO IN JAPAN. "WE HAVE COLLECTED EXCELLENT DATA, WHICH SHOULD CONTAIN SEVERAL HUNDRED ANTIPROTONS AMONG A HUNDRED MILLION COSMIC‐RAY PARTICLES THAT PASSED THROUGH OUR DETECTOR," SAID DR. ORITO, WHO WAS AT LYNN LAKE FOR THE LAUNCH WITH RESEARCHERS FROM JAPAN AND THE UNITED STATES.

• THE BESS COLLABORATION COMPRISES UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO, HIGH ENERGY ACCELERATOR RESEARCH ORGANIZATION, KOBE UNIVERSITY AND INSTITUTE OF SPACE AND ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCE, ALL IN TOKYO; NASA GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER, GREENBELT, MD; AND THE UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND. THE MAGNET AND THE DETECTORS ON BESS WERE DESIGNED AND CONSTRUCTED IN JAPAN. NASA PROVIDES THE BALLOON FLIGHTS. ASIDE FROM ANTIPROTONS, BESS ALSO MEASURES PRECISE ENERGY SPECTRA OF VARIOUS COSMIC RAYS, SUCH AS PROTONS, HELIUM AND LIGHT ISOTOPES, THUS PROVIDING IMPORTANT BASIC DATA FOR COSMIC‐RAY PHYSICS. DR. EUN‐SUK SEO OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND LEADS THIS EFFORT.


JOHN A. CHAPMAN 12

February 16, 2012

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 12

COMET SHOEMAKER - LEVY IMPACTING JUPITER JULY 16, 1994

(JUPITER’S DIAMETER IS 11.2 X EARTH’S)

KNOWN MASS EXTINCTIONS OF SPECIES ON EARTH

1) END OF CRETACEOUS, ~65 Ma, ~75%

2) END OF TRIASSIC, ~205 Ma, ~75%

3) END OF PERMIAN ~250 Ma, ~90%

4) END OF DEVONIAN ~370 Ma, ~70%

5) END OF ORDOVICIAN ~450 Ma, ~85%

WE NOW HAVESPACE SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS WORKING ON THE PROBLEM OF DETECTING, TRACKING

AND DEFLECTING ASTEROIDS AND COMETS

• 2012: ALL NEOs DETECTED = 8,670, NEOs >1KM IN DIAMETER = 840.• THE DINOSAURS NEVER HAD A SPACE PROGRAM – THEY DID NOT SURVIVE!• JUPITER’S DIAMETER IS 143,000 KM, EARTH’S IS 12,800 KM, THE MOON IS 3,480 KM.• THERE WERE AT LEAST 20 SEPARATE FRAGMENTS OF THE COMET SHOEMAKER‐LEVY THAT HIT JUPITER

– ONE OF THE LARGEST “G” (JULY 18, 1994) CREATED A DARK SPOT MEASURING 12,000 KM ACROSS AND WAS ESTIMATED TO HAVE RELEASED AN ENERGY EQUIVALENT TO 6 TRILLION TONS OF TNT (~750 TIMES THE WORLDS NUCLEAR ARSENAL). TWO IMPACTS 12 HOURS APART ON JULY 19TH CREATED IMPACT MARKS OF SIMILAR SIZE TO THAT CAUSED BY FRAGMENT G. SEVERAL OF THESE IMPACTORS, IF THEY WERE HITTING EARTH, WOULD HAVE EXTINQUISHED ALL OR MOST LIFE ON THE PLANET.

• IMPACTORS: ASTERIODS (PROGRADE ~19KM/SEC), COMETS (RETROGRADE ~55KM/SEC) – IF SAME SIZE OBJECTS THEN COMET HAS ~8 TIMES MORE ENERGY (KINETIC) THAN THE ASTERIOD (KINETIC ENERGY = ½M x V*2). OBJECTS TRAVELING AT ~3 KM/SEC HAVE KINETIC ENERGY EQUIVALENT TO THEIR MASS IN TNT.

• EARLY MORNING ON EARTH IS LIKE FACING FORWARD IN AN AUTOMOBILE TRAVELING AT 30KM PER SECOND – A RETROGRADE IMPACTOR WOULD HIT AT ~55KM/SEC.

• IMPACTORS NORMALLY CREATE CRATORS 10 TO 20 TIMES THE DIAMETER OF THE IMPACTOR.• EARTH ROTATION VELOCITY AT EQUATOR SEA LEVEL = 1,650 KM/HR, MEAN EARTH ORBITAL VELOCITY

= 30KM/SEC, THE SOLAR SYSTEM IS ORBITING WITHIN THE MILKY WAY AT A VELOCITY OF ~220 KM/SEC AND IN RELATION TO THE COSMOS BACKGROUND AT ~600 KM/SEC.

• THE TRICK IN TRACKING NEO ORBITS LIES IN A STRANGE NATURAL PHENOMENON: SOLAR‐POWERED ORBITAL MECHANICS. THE IDEA GOES BACK TO A SCIENTIFIC PAPER WRITTEN BY RUSSIAN ENGINEER I.O. YARKOVSKY A CENTURY AGO AND SINCE LOST. YARKOVSKY IS SAID TO HAVE PROPOSED THAT THE SUN WARMS AN ASTEROID MORE ON THE "DAY" SIDE THAN ON THE "NIGHT" SIDE. THE WARMER SIDE OF THE ROCK EMITS MORE THERMAL RADIATION, CREATING A SLIGHT DIFFERENCE IN MOMENTUM THAT GENTLY NUDGES THE OBJECT IN A MANNER SIMILAR TO HOW A ROCKET IS PROPELLED. OVER HUNDREDS OF YEARS, THE MOVEMENT CAN BE SIGNIFICANT, SCIENTISTS SAY.

• NOTE THAT THE EXTINCTIONS ARE SHOWN AT THE END OF GEOLOGICAL “PERIODS” – THAT IS BECAUSE EXTINCTIONS ARE ONE OF THE MARKERS GEOLOGISTS USED IN PREPARING THE SCALE.


JOHN A. CHAPMAN 13

February 16, 2012

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 13

"...he truly is a fascinating manwhose modesty is matched onlyby the scale of his own achievements."

- Michael Wright

JOHN YOUNG, AEROSPACE ENGINEER

18th person in space 5th person to make two spaceflights 3rd person to make three spaceflights 2nd person to make four spaceflights 1st person to make five and six spaceflights

“Mankind cannot survive as a single planet species”

John Young Keynote AddressILEWG 5 Conference, 2003

Apollo 10 1969: Command Module PilotApollo 16, 1972: CommanderSTS-1 (Columbia) 1981: Commander

• JOHN WAS A MAJOR INSPIRATION TO ME – ENCOURAGING ME IN 2003 TO JOIN INTO THE DISCUSSION REGARDING ALL ASPECTS OF MINE OPERATIONS AS PART OF MANKINDS DEVELOPMENT OF THE MOON AND MARS. HE FELT THE SPACE INDUSTRY NEEDED MORE PEOPLE ACTUALLY INVOLVED IN MINING ON EARTH TO BE ABLE TO SUCCESSFULLY DEVELOP THE MOON AND MARS.

• JOHN IS A HERO, HE HAS DEVOTED HIS LIFE TO VERY HIGH RISK SPACE VENTURES THAT HAVE YIELDED GREAT SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL BENEFITS TO MANKIND.

• IN MY OPINION THE DEVELOPMENT OF A LUNAR BASE WILL NOT BE FOR EXTRACTION OF RESOURCES TO SEND BACK TO EARTH (WE ALREADY HAVE EVERYTHING WE NEED HERE ON EARTH) BUT INSTEAD TO DEVELOP A ROCKET BASE (IN LOW LUNAR GRAVITY) TO FACILITATE THE “DEFLECTION” OF DANGEROUS NEAR EARTH OBJECTS (NEOs) THAT ARE CURRENTLY BEING “DETECTED” AND “TRACKED” FROM EARTH. WE CANNOT SURVIVE AS A SINGLE PLANET SPECIES BECAUSE OF THE SERIOUS DANGER FROM NEOs AND SUPER VOLCANOES.

• IN MY OPINION THERE ARE BASICALLY THREE TYPES OF PEOPLE: THOSE THAT DO THINGS, THOSE THAT WATCH PEOPLE DO THINGS, AND THOSE THAT WONDER WHAT HAPPENED.

• "FAR BETTER IT IS TO DARE MIGHTY THINGS, TO WIN GLORIOUS TRIUMPHS, EVEN THOUGH CHECKERED BY FAILURE, THAN TO TAKE RANK WITH THOSE POOR SPIRITS WHO NEITHER ENJOY NOR SUFFER MUCH, BECAUSE THEY LIVE IN THAT GRAY TWILIGHT THAT KNOWS NO VICTORY NOR DEFEAT." THEODORE ROOSEVELT.

• A MESSAGE TO THE FUTURE GENERATIONS FROM ASTRONAUT, ELLISON S. ONIZUKA, 1980 COMMENCEMENT, KONAWAENA HIGH SCHOOL, “IF I CAN IMPRESS UPON YOU ONLY ONE IDEA…LET IT BE THAT THE PEOPLE WHO MAKE THIS WORLD RUN, WHOSE LIVES CAN BE TERMED SUCCESSFUL, WHOSE NAMES WILL GO DOWN IN THE HISTORY BOOKS, ARE NOT THE CYNICS, OR THE ARMCHAIR QUATERBACKS. THEY ARE THE ADVENTURISTS , THE EXPLORERS, AND DOERS OF THIS WORLD. WHEN THEY SEE A WRONG OR PROBLEM, THEY DO SOMETHING ABOUT IT. WHEN THEY SEE A VACANT PLACE IN OUR KNOWLEDGE, THEY WORK TO FILL THAT VOID. RATHER THAN LEANING BACK AND CRITICIZING HOW THINGS ARE, THEY WORK TO MAKE THINGS THE WAY THEY SHOULD BE. THEY ARE THE AGGRESSIVE, THE SELF‐STARTERS, THE INNOVATIVE, AND THE IMAGINATIVE OF THIS WORLD. EVERY GENERATION HAS THE OBLIGATION TO FREE MEN’S MINDS FOR A LOOK AT NEW WORLDS…TO LOOK OUT FROM A HIGHER PLATEAU THAN THE LAST GENERATION. YOUR VISION IS NOT LIMITED BY WHAT YOUR EYE CAN SEE, BUT BY WHAT YOUR MIND CAN IMAGINE. MANY THINGS THAT YOU TAKE FOR GRANTED WERE CONSIDERED UNREALISTIC DREAMS BY PREVIOUS GENERATIONS. IF YOU ACCEPT THESE PAST ACCOMPLISHMENTS AS COMMONPLACE THEN THINK OF THE NEW HORIZONS THAT YOU CAN EXPLORE. FROM YOUR VANTAGE POINT, YOUR EDUCATION AND IMAGINATION WILL CARRY YOU TO PLACES WHICH WEWON’T BELIEVE POSSIBLE. MAKE YOUR LIFE COUNT – AND THE WORLD WILL BE A BETTER PLACE BECAUSE YOU TRIED.”


JOHN A. CHAPMAN 14

February 16, 2012

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 14

THE LATE JIM BENSONGEOLOGIST

FOUNDER & CHAIRMANSPACEDEV, INC.

RICH CLIFFORDAEROSPACE ENGINEER

ASTRONAUTRETIRED

• JIM WAS THE PERSON THAT ENCOURAGED ME, AN EARLY SHAREHOLDER OF SPACEDEV, INC., TO ATTEND THE 2003 ILEWG MEETING IN HAWAII WHERE I MET JOHN YOUNG, ASTRONAUT.

• SPACEDEV ACHIEVEMENTS: FIRST TO USE INTERNET FOR SATELLITE MISSION CONTROL, HELPED NEAR‐SHOEMAKER SPACECRAFT LAND ON EROS, BUILT ROCKET ENGINE FOR BURT RUTAN’S SPACESHIPONE –WINNING THE XPRIZE FOR “FIRST NON‐GOVERNMENT ASTRONAUT”.

• I MET RICH CLIFFORD IN 2005 AT THE ILEWG TORONTO, CANADA CONFERENCE. HE IS A GRADUATE OF WEST POINT (BSc) AND GEORGIA TECH (MSc)., SENIOR TEST PILOT BELL HELICOPTERS, TWO SHUTTLE FLIGHTS & A SPACE WALK (EVA), MANAGER BOEING DEFENCE & SPACE GROUP, NOW RETIRED. RICH ENCOURAGED ME, LIKE JOHN YOUNG DID EARLIER, TO GET INVOLVED IN PLANNING FOR SPACE DEVELOPMENT BECAUSE OF MY PRACTICAL MINING BACKGROUND. THIS MOTIVATED ME TO PREPARE AND PRESENT A PAPER, “DEVELOPMENT AND OPERATION OF SURFACE MINE IN A REMOTE LOCATION – THE SOUTH POLAR REGION OF THE MOON”, AT THE BEIJING, CHINA 2006 ILEWG CONFERENCE. RICH REVIEWED MY PAPER AND MADE COMMENTS PRIOR TO ITS SUBMISSION TO THE ILEWG CONFERENCE COMMITTEE. I SELECTED MY CO‐AUTHOR, MARC SHULTE, AN ENGINEER‐IN‐TRAINING THAT WORKED FOR FINNING INTERNATIONAL INC., BASED IN WESTERN CANADA. MARC HAD VALUABLE INPUT TO THE PAPER. FINNING IS THE WORLD’S LARGEST CATERPILLAR EQUIPMENT DEALER.


JOHN A. CHAPMAN 15

February 16, 2012

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 15

SOLAR SYSTEM RESOURCES

• BEST TO STAY IN THE GOLDILOCKS ZONE:• EARTH• MOON• MARS AND ITS MOONS (2)• MOONS OF JUPITER (63) AND SATURN (62)• ASTEROIDS AND NEAR EARTH COMETS

• EXPLORING FOR:• WATER-ICE • HYDROCARBONS• NUCLEAR FUELS (URANIUM & THORIUM)• ALL OTHER MINERALS AND ELEMENTS

• REFER TO “MINING THE SKY” AND “SPACE RESOURCES, BREAKING THE BONDS OF EARTH” BY JOHN S. LEWIS FOR A GOOD SUMMARY OF SOLAR SYSTEM RESOURCES.

• LUNAR RESOURCE EXTRACTION IS FOCUSED UPON THE ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN. THESE ELEMENTS (H AND O) OR MOLECULES (H2 AND O2) ARE REQUIRED FOR SUPPORT OF HUMAN LIFE ("AIR" AND WATER), ROCKET PROPELLANTS, FUEL CELLS (MOBILE AND STATIONARY), AGRICULTURE AND AQUACULTURE. THE NEXT MOST IMPORTANT ELEMENTS ARE URANIUM AND THORIUM AS FUEL FOR: 1) SURFACE LUNAR NUCLEAR FISSION REACTORS TO PROVIDE ELECTRIC AND HEAT ENERGY, AND 2) HEATING PROPELLANTS IN NUCLEAR POWERED SPACE TUGS.

• SEE: 21ST CENTURY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MAGAZINE, SUMMER 1999 ISSUE, “BACK TO THE MOON WITH NUCLEAR ROCKETS”, BY MARSHA FREEMAN. THIS ARTICLE GIVES A GOOD SUMMARY OF THE CURRENT STATE OF NUCLEAR ROCKET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INCLUDING PRIOR WORK BY THE USA AND USSR.


JOHN A. CHAPMAN 16

February 16, 2012

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 16

SPACE LAWFROM HISTORICAL REMOTE

MINING CAMPS

• POSSESSION IS 9/10 OF THE LAW

• USE IT OR LOSE IT

• KEEPING LAW AND ORDER, GOLD MINING IN WASHINGTON STATE, KEN AND VIDA MARTIN, 1995, “WHEN NEWS OF NEW DISCOVERIES WERE MADE KNOWN, HUNGRY AND EAGER PROSPECTORS RUSHED TO THE NEW ELDORADOS TO COMPETE FOR THE BEST DIGGINGS. GIVEN THE PRIMITIVE CONDITIONS AND LIMITED RESOURCES WITH WHICH MINERS HAD TO WORK, IT IS UNDERSTANDABLE THAT TOLERANCE WAS NOT ONE OF THEIR LEADING VIRTUES. TO PROTECT ONE’S PROPERTY WAS CONSIDERED OF GREAT IMPORTANCE AND SOMETIMES EVEN A MATTER OF SURVIVAL. THEN, THERE WERE THOSE WITHIN THE CAMPS WHO REALLY BELIEVED THEY HAD TRAVELED BEYOND THE REACH OF THE LAW AND THAT JUSTICE WAS A MATTER OF THEIR OWN PREFERENCE. THESE FACTORS, COMBINED WITH THE PROBLEM OF EXCESSIVE DRINKING CREATED A VOLATILE ENVIRONMENT. BOUNDARY DISPUTES AND ACCUSATIONS OF HIGH GRADING WERE ALL TO OFTEN SETTLED FROM THE SMOKING BARREL OF A SIX‐SHOOTER. HOWEVER, TO MAINTAIN A SEMBLANCE OF LAW AND ORDER, MINERS IN MOST DISTRICTS ORGANIZED THEMSELVES INTO CONFEDERATIONS [OR MINERS’COMMITTEE] TO LEGISLATE RULES AND REGULATIONS IN THE CAMP.”

• IT IS MY OPINION THAT THE “DOERS” THAT WILL BE THE EARLY HUMAN SETTLERS OF SPACE WILL SET THEIR OWN RULES AND REGULATIONS IN EACH SITUATION, AS WAS DONE BY THE EARLY MINERS IN REMOTE MINING CAMPS. NO DISTANT “GOVERNMENT” ON EARTH WILL BE ABLE TO APPLY OR MAINTAIN THEIR RULES AND REGULATIONS ON THESE SPACE PIONEERS DURING THE EARLY FORMATIVE YEARS OF COLONIZATION OF THE MOON AND MARS.


JOHN A. CHAPMAN 17

February 16, 2012

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 17

TECHNOLOGY OPPORTUNITIES

• MANY OPPORTUNITIES EXIST IN MODIFYING SUCCESSFUL EARTHBOUND SYSTEMS FOR USE ON THE MOON AND MARS.

• MANY OF THESE OPPORTUNITIES WILL BE SHOWN IN THIS SLIDE PRESENTATION. AT THIS TIME, IN MY OPINION, THERE SHOULD BE MUCH MORE WORK ON: 1) SHIELDING AGAINST COSMIC AND SOLAR RADIATION, 2) DESIGN AND TESTING OF SMALL NUCLEAR FISSION REACTORS FOR USE IN MOBILE VEHICLES AND EQUIPMENT, 3) HIGH‐TEMPERATURE (VAPOUR AND PLASMA) MINERAL AND ELEMENT PROCESSING METHODS IN LOW GRAVITY AND UNDER VACCUUM, 4) MITIGATION METHODS AGAINST POTENTIALLY DAMAGING LUNAR DUST (VERY SMALL DIAMETER PARTICLES THAT ARE SHARP AND ABRASIVE) THAT MAY AFFECT HUMANS AND EQUIPMENT, 5) BIOSPHERE TYPE STUDIES RELATING TO CLOSED‐SYSTEM INTERACTION OF AQUACULTURE, AGRICULTURE AND HUMANS (WATER, OXYGEN, CARBON DIOXIDE, ETC.), 6) EQUIPMENT DESIGN FOR OPERATING NEAR POLAR REGIONS IN COLD TRAPS (‐233 DEGREES C) OR DURING LUNAR NIGHTS (‐63 DEGREES C), AND 7) DETECTION AND PROTECTION FROM METEROIDS (SMALL BUT DANGEROUS AS NO ATMOSPHERE TO SLOW OR BURN‐UP THESE BODIES ARRIVING AT ~15 KM/S).


JOHN A. CHAPMAN 18

February 16, 2012

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 18

HEAVY LIFT TO THE MOON OF EQUIPMENTSUPPLIES AND HUMANS (>2,000 TONNES)

ONCE LUNAR BASE SITE LOCATION DETERMINED BY ROBOTIC MISSIONS

MASS ASSEMBLY-LINE PRODUCTION OF SPACEX HEAVY-LIFT ROCKETS TO FACILITATE RELIABLE AND LOW COST LAUNCHES TO THE MOON AND MARS

SPACE EXPLORATION TECHNOLOGIES CORP (SPACEX) BECOMES WORLD’S LARGEST MARKET CAP PUBLIC LISTED COMPANY

NUCLEAR SPACE TUG DEVELOPED FORDEFLECTION OF LARGE NEOs AND FOR TRANSPORT BETWEEN EARTH-MOON-MARS

• TO BE SUCCESSFUL THE ROCKETS MUST BE MASS PRODUCED (ECONOMY OF SCALE) WITH MULTLIPLE DAILY LAUNCHES.• ASTROBOTIC TECHNOLOGY, INC. AND MOON EXPRESS, INC., LEADERS IN THE 26 GROUP COMPETITION TO WIN THE GOOGLE

LUNAR X PRIZE, WILL BECOME SPACE EXPEDITORS SIMILAR TO UPS AND FEDEX ON EARTH.• IT IS MY OPINION THAT THERE IS ONE OVERARCHING REASON FOR DEVELOPMENT OF SPACE – THAT IS TO ENSURE THE SURVIVAL

OF THE HUMAN SPECIES. HENCE, ONLY EARLY PRECURSOR MISSIONS SHOULD BE ROBOTIC. THEREAFTER IT MUST BE HUMAN WITH SOME SUPPORT FROM ROBOTICS (REMOTE CONTROL AND AUTONOMOUS). I ALSO, FROM EXPERIENCE BUILDING REMOTE MINE OPERATIONS ON EARTH, KNOW THAT THE FIRST HUMAN LANDING ON THE LUNAR SURFACE TO DEVELOP A PERMANENT HABITAT WILL REQUIRE LANDING ~2,000 METRIC TONS OF EQUIPMENT, MATERIALS AND SUPPLIES TO ENSURE A HIGH DEGREE OF SUCCESS. THIS IS A MASSIVE PROGRAM THAT WILL NEED MULTI‐GOVERNMENT AND INDUSTRY SUPPORT TO WORK PROPERLY. IN MY OPINION, SCIENCE PALLS IN COMPARISON TO LONG‐TERM HUMAN SURVIVAL WHEN FUNDING SPACE EXPLORATION AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS. THE MOON WOULD BE THE LOW GRAVITY BASE FOR FUELING NUCLEAR SPACE TUGS IN LUNAR ORBIT USING PROPELLANTS SUCH AS HYDROGEN (HIGH EXHAUST VELOCITY LOW THRUST), OXYGEN (AUGMENTATION TO INCREASE THRUST) OR WATER (LOWER EXHAUST VELOCITY BUT HIGHER THRUST). THESE SPACE TUGS WOULD BE USED FOR DANGEROUS NEO DEFLECTION AND FOR MOVING BETWEEN ORBITS AT EARTH, MOON AND MARS. THE NUCLEAR FISSION REACTORS IN THE SPACE TUGS WOULD “BURN” HIGHLY ENRICHED URANIUM (SIMILAR TO REACTORS IN USA SUBMARINES) SO THAT THE REFUELING INTERVAL WOULD BE GREATER THAN TEN YEARS (MAY BE ABLE TO INCLUDE A THORIUM “BLANKET” IN REACTOR FOR ADDITIONAL ENERGY). A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT SHOULD BE BUILT NEAR THE EARTH LAUNCH SITE TO PRODUCE HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN TO MINIMIZE FUEL TRANSPORT TO THE LAUNCH SITE. IT WOULD BE A CO‐GENERATION FACILITY WITH HYDROGEN BEING REFORMED FROM NATURAL GAS (AND CARBON MONOXIDE BURNED FOR ELECTRIC POWER AND HEAT) WITH OXYGEN BEING PRODUCED BY FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION OF LIQUEFIED AIR. AN ALTERNATIVE, BUT MORE EXPENSIVE, METHOD OF PRODUCING HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN IS DIRECT ELECTROLYSIS OF WATER.

• PLAN INITIALLY FOR LAUNCHING AT LEAST ONE ROCKET PER DAY SO THAT THE FIRST 2,000 TONS OF EQUIPMENT, SUPPLIES AND WORKFORCE IS ON THE MOON IN 60 DAYS. COST ~15 TO 20 BILLION US DOLLARS.

• I STRONGLY RECOMMEND THAT YOU VISIT SOME EARTHLY MINING/PROCESSING OPERATIONS (MINING, MINERAL PROCESSING, SMELTING AND REFINING). YOU WILL FIND THAT MINING AND PROCESSING HETEROGENEOUS MATERIALS IS COMPLEX AND THE SYSTEMS ARE PHYSICALLY AND CHEMICALLY CHALLENGING. TRYING TO RECOVER MINERALS AND ELEMENTS FROM HETEROGENEOUS SOURCES ON ASTEROIDS OR COMETS ON A SUSTAINED BASIS WILL BE VERY DIFFICULT INDEED COMPARED TO OPERATING AT A LUNAR BASE. THE ASTEROIDS AND COMETS IN NEAR EARTH ORBIT OFFER A LOW GRAVITY WELL OPPORTUNITY (REWARD) AND A BIG MATERIALS CHALLENGE (RISK). THEY ARE EITHER CARBONACEOUS WITH WATER ICE, OR SILICATES (STONY), OR METALLIC (NOTE THE “OR” AND NO “AND”). IN OTHER WORDS YOU CANNOT LAND ON ANY ONE AND EXPECT TO GET WATER ICE, SILICATES AND METALS – THIS PRESENTS AN ALMOST IMPOSSIBLE CHALLENGE IN CREATING AN OPERATING BASE THAT IS SUSTAINABLE. I WAS THE ONE THAT STOOD UP AND RECOMMENDED JOHN LEWIS’S “MINING THE SKY” BOOK AT THE SPACE FRONTIER 2009 CONFERENCE. HOWEVER, WHAT I DID NOT SAY IS THAT I DISAGREE WITH JOHN AS TO THE IMPORTANCE OF ASTEROID OR COMET MATERIALS ON EARTH, AS THEY HAVE IN MY OPINION NO VALUE TO EARTH. WE HAVE A NEVER ENDING SUPPLY OF ELEMENTS ON EARTH, INCLUDING THOSE IN HYDROCARBONS (C AND H) THAT CAN BE EXTRACTED MUCH SAFER AND CHEAPER IN‐SITU ON EARTH THAN EXPLOITING THEM ON ASTEROIDS OR COMETS. IN OTHER WORDS, ELEMENTS ON ASTEROIDS AND COMETS, AND THE MOON AND MARS WILL HAVE USE IN SPACE BUT NOT ON EARTH.


JOHN A. CHAPMAN 19

February 16, 2012

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 19

HEAVY-LIFT ANALOGWORLD’S LARGEST CIVILIAN AIRLIFT

LEA TO BULOLO, PAPUA NEW GUINEA, 1931VISION & COURAGE - PHYSICAL & FINANCIAL

• THREE TRI‐MOTOR JUNKERS G‐31 AIRCRAFT (PAYLOAD OF ~7,100 POUNDS)• WORLD RECORD AIRLIFT IN FIRST 12 MONTHS OF 4,342 TONS ‐ IN SAME PERIOD UK,

FRANCE & USA COMBINED TRANSPORTED ONLY 2,670 TONS BY AIR• FROM 1931 TO 1942 THE BULOLO AIRLIFT TOTALLED 73,480 TONS WITH NO ACCIDENTS

PLACER DEVELOPMENT LTDVANCOUVER, BC, CANADA

• THE BULOLO GOLDFIELDS WERE TOTALLY DEVELOPED AND OPERATIONS SUSTAINED BY AIRLIFT OF MACHINERY, MOBILE EQUIPMENT, SUPPLIES FOR DAMS, POWERLINES, DREDGES, SAWMILL, AND TOWNSITE (HOSPITAL AND SCHOOL).

• THE G‐31 HAD 525 X 3 HORSEPOWER RADIAL ENGINES AND COULD CLIMB AT 200 FEET PER MINUTE FULLY LOADED ON TWO ENGINES (AT AVERAGE 3,000 FT ASL), 75 MINUTE FLYING TIME LEA (AT SEA LEVEL) TO BULOLO (2,250 FEET) WITH INTERVENING MOUNTAINS AT 6,000 FEET ELEVATION.

• THE MANAGEMENT OF PLACER DEVELOPMENT LTD RECEIVED AWARDS FROM THE MINING INDUSTRY AND THE AVIATION INDUSTRY FOR THIS SUCCESSFUL MASSIVE BULOLO AIRLIFT.

• MENTION MASS PRODUCTION OF LIBERTY SHIPS (42 DAYS PER LIBERTY SHIP, WITH A TOTAL ~2,700 BUILT DURING WWII), THE ALASKA HIGHWAY/NORMAN WELLS OIL OPERATIONS, THE DEW LINE, BERLIN AIRLIFT AND WWII AS THESE WERE ALL MASSIVE UNDERTAKINGS THAT WERE SUCCESSFULLY ACCOMPLISHED IN RECORD TIME.

• IN 2011 THE BROAD GROUP IN HUNAN PROVINCE, CHINA BUILT A 30 STOREY LUXURY HOTEL IN 15 DAYS. IT IS BUILT TO WITHSTAND MAGNITUDE 9 RICHTER SCALE EARTHQUAKES AND IS ~4 TIMES MORE ENERGY EFFICIENT THAN CONVENTIONAL HIGH‐RISE BUILDINGS. ALL COMPONENTS ARE MANUFACTURED IN A LARGE FACTORY AND DELIVERED TO THE BUILDING SITE FOR ASSEMBLY. THERE WERE NO INJURIES DURING THE WORK. SEE: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hdpf‐MQM9vY.


JOHN A. CHAPMAN 20

February 16, 2012

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 20

BABCOCK AND WILCOX ADVANCED LIGHT WATER REACTOR

• http://www.pbmr.com • http://www.babcock.com/products/modular_nuclear/generation_mpower.html• http://www.world‐nuclear.org/info/inf34.html• THE RELIABILITY OF BOBCOCK AND WILCOX NUCLEAR REACTORS ON USA SUBMARINES AND AIRCRAFT

CARRIERS IS WELL ESTABLISHED. SINCE 1955 THE USA NAVY HAS ACCUMULATED OVER 6,200 NAUTICAL REACTOR‐YEARS OF ACCIDENT FREE EXPERIENCE OVER THE COURSE OF 230 MILLION KILOMETERS.

• ROLLS‐ROYCE HAS BEEN THE NUCLEAR SYSTEMS SUPPLIER AND TECHNICAL AUTHORITY FOR THE ROYAL NAVY SUBMARINE FLEET FOR OVER 50 YEARS.

• NEXT GENERATION NUCLEAR REACTORS SUCH AS THE PBMR HIGH‐TEMPERATURE GAS COOLED (HELIUM) REACTOR ARE SHOWING THE WAY TOWARD MORE EFFICIENT AND SAFER REACTORS.

• IT IS INTERESTING TO NOTE THE RECENT US$20 BILLION AWARD TO KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CO., FOR DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION (60 YEAR JV WITH UAE) OF FOUR NEW REACTORS (1,400MW EACH) IN THE UAE. KOREA ELECTRIC IS THE SPONSOR WITH WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC COMPANY PART OF THE JV – WESTINGHOUSE IS CONTROLLED (MAJOR SHAREHOLDER) BY JAPAN’S TOSHIBA CORP. SEVERAL MAJOR INTERNATIONAL NUCLEAR COMPANIES HAD SUBMITTED PROPOSALS.

• IN EARLY OCTOBER 2010 THE WORLD NUCLEAR ASSOCIATION REPORTED THAT OVER 45 COUNTRIES ARE ACTIVELY CONSIDERING EMBARKING UPON NUCLEAR POWER PROGRAMS.

• DURING THE COLD WAR THERE WERE MORE NUCLEAR REACTORS AT SEA THAN THERE WERE ON LAND.


JOHN A. CHAPMAN 21

February 16, 2012

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 21

NUCLEAR ENERGY USE IN SPACE(importance of energy density)

A URANIUM DIOXIDE FUEL PELLET - SHADOW IS ~3 SQUARE CENTIMETERS. HOW MANY DAYS OR YEARS WOULD THE SUN NEED TO SHINE ON THE SHADOW AREA, AT ARIZONA USA SOLAR INTENSITY, 12 HOURS PER DAY, TO EQUAL THE FISSILE ENERGY IN THE FUEL PELLET?

THE ANSWER IS 951,000 YEARS.(from Chuck Edwards, Cameco Corporation, 2003)

THE USE OF NUCLEAR HIGH-TEMPERATURE GAS REACTORS IN SPACE FOR HEAT AND ELECTRICITY IS ESSENTIAL IF SPACE DEVELOPMENT IS TO BE SUCCESSFUL (RELIABLE CONTINUOUS HIGH DENSITY ENERGY)

• THE MOST SUCCESSFUL NASA SPACECRAFTS HAVE BEEN THOSE THAT USED RADIOISOTOPE THERMOELECTRIC GENERATORS (RTGs) POWERED WITH PU‐238 (NOW IN CRITICAL SHORT SUPPLY).

• "NUCLEAR POWER IS ESSENTIAL TO A LONG‐RANGE, COMMITTED SPACE PROGRAM," SAID DR. LOUIS FRIEDMAN, EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR OF THE PLANETARY SOCIETY. "YOU CAN'T DO A THOROUGH EXAMINATION OF THE OUTER PLANETS WITHOUT IT“. MANY OF NASA'S EARLIER SPACECRAFT HAVE RELIED ON SOLAR POWER. BUT AT THE SOLAR SYSTEM'S EXTREMITIES THE SUN ISN'T A PRACTICAL ENERGY SOURCE, SAID PROMETHEUS DIRECTOR ALAN NEWHOUSE. THERE'S ONLY 1/25 THE SUNLIGHT AROUND JUPITER THAT THERE IS ON EARTH, FOR EXAMPLE. SO A SPACESHIP'S SOLAR PANELS WOULD HAVE TO BE GARGANTUAN TO GENERATE ENOUGH POWER TO PULL A CRAFT INTO ORBIT AROUND ONE OF JUPITER'S MOONS. EVEN ON MARS, SOLAR POWER HASN'T BEEN PARTICULARLY USEFUL. IN 1997, THE SUN‐RELIANT PATHFINDER CRAFT LASTED ONLY THREE MONTHS ON THE RED PLANET (ALSO RECENT PHOENIX MARS LANDER HAD A VERY SHORT LIFE). BUT IN 1976, MARS VIKING LANDERS, WHICH RELIED ON NUCLEAR ISOTOPES FOR POWER, STAYED ACTIVE FOR NEARLY SIX YEARS.

• THE YONGGYANG NUCLEAR POWER PLANT IN SOUTH KOREA IS RATED AT 6,000MEe AND THE PLANT’S FOOTPRINT IS 115 HECTARES (284 ACRES). HOW MANY GENERAL ELECTRIC 1.5MWe WIND TURBINES WOULD BE NEEDED TO DELIVER THE SAME POWER AS THE NUCLEAR PLANT? THE ANSWER IS 16,000 TURBINES (CAPACITY FACTOR OF WIND IS 25%). ACCORDING TO GE SPACING DESIGN REQUIRMENTS EACH 1.5MWe TURBINE REQUIRES 8.9 HECTARES OF AREA, WHICH MEANS THE 16,000 TURBINES REQUIRE 142,500 HECTARES (352,000 ACRES). HENCE THE LAND USE EFFICIENCY FOR NUCLEAR (AND ENERGY DENSITY ADVANTAGE) IS 1,240 TIMES BETTER THAN WIND!

• BOTH WIND AND SOLAR ARE INTERMITTANT AND NEED TO BE BACKED‐UP WITH CONVENTIONAL HYDRO, COAL, GAS OR NUCLEAR PLANTS.

• THE SOLAR AND WIND POWER INDUSTRIES HAVE POOR SAFETY RECORDS COMPARED WITH NUCLEAR – THIS INCLUDES DAMAGE OR INJURY TO HUMANS, FAUNA, FLORA AND PROPERTY.

• NATURAL URANIUM ORE CONTAINS U‐238 (99.3%) AND U‐235 (0.7%). U‐238 HAS A 1/2 LIFE OF 4.47 BILLION YEARS, U‐235 HAS A 1/2 LIFE OF 0.704 BILLION YEARS.

• U‐235 IS READILY FISSIONABLE AND IS USED IN POWER PLANTS TODAY. THE MUCH MORE ABUNDANT U‐238 IS ONLY FERTILE AND MUST BE BRED IN A FAST NEUTRON REACTOR (FAST BREEDER) TO BE TRANSMUTED TO FISSIONABLE PU‐239.

• “BURNING” (IN FAST BREEDER REACTORS) ALL OF THE PARTIALLY SPENT NUCLEAR FUEL STORED AT NUCLEAR FACILITIES AROUND THE USA WOULD POWER THE COUNTRY FOR ~200 YEARS WITHOUT HAVING TO USE ANY NEWLY MINED URANIUM! THE FIRST ELECTRIC POWER PRODUCED FROM A NUCLEAR REACTOR WAS A SMALL SODIUM COOLED BREEDER IN IDAHO (CIRCA 1949)

• THORIUM IS ~4 TIMES MORE ABUNDANT IN THE EARTH’S CRUST THAN URANIUM AND IT IS A BETTER NUCLEAR FUEL THAN URANIUM (GREATER “BURNUP” ON FIRST PASS).


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February 16, 2012

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 22

MINERAL EXPLORATIONEARTH VS MOON AND MARS

• EARTH’S MINERAL DEPOSITS (ANOMALOUS ELEMENTS) FORM BY PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROCESSES DRIVEN BY SOLAR HEAT, INTERNAL RADIONUCLIDE HEAT AND GRAVITY. FORMATION IS RELATED TO PLATE TECTONICS, EROSION AND DEPOSITION BY WATER AND WIND AND BY EVAPORATION. MANY HIGH-GRADE DEPOSITS EXIST.

• THE MOON BEING SMALLER THAN EARTH HAS LOW INTERNAL HEAT (RADIONUCLIDES), HAS LOW GRAVITY AND NO ATMOSPHERE SO MANY OF THE MINERAL DEPOSIT FORMATION METHODS ON EARTH DO NOT EXIST ON THE MOON. WORSE STILL IS THE CONSTANT CHURNING OF THE LUNAR SURFACE BY ASTERIOD, COMET AND METERIOD IMPACTS –TENDING TO CREATE A HETEROGENIOUS MIXTURE WITH ONLY MODEST ELEMENTAL ANOMALIES. WILL NEED TO DEVELOP AND PROCESS LOW-GRADE DEPOSITS.

• MARS DOES SEEM TO HAVE HAD SOME GEOLOGICAL SYSTEMS SIMILAR TO EARTH IN THE PAST – IN MY OPINION THERE WILL BE GREATER OPPORTUNITY TO FIND ENRICHED MINERAL DEPOSITS ON MARS THAN ON THE MOON, BUT STILL MUCH FEWER THAN ON EARTH.

• MENTION: MAGMATIC DIFFERENTIATION, PARTIAL MELTING OF CRUST, VMS, SEDEX, HYDROTHERMAL, PLACER (BEACH AND RIVER) AND EVAPORITES.

• ON EARTH PLATE TECTONICS “LIFTS” SUBAQUEOUS DEPOSITS ONTO LAND (THEN ERODED) FOR EASY DISCOVERY AND EXTRACTION.

• THE CANADIAN FLOW‐THROUGH TAX‐CREDIT PROGRAM HAS FACILITATED THE RAISING OF BILLIONS OF DOLLARS YEARLY BY THE EXPLORING COMPANIES; THIS HAS KEPT CANADA IN THE FOREFRONT OF WORLD MINERAL EXPLORATION AND MINE DEVELOPMENT. IN ADDITION, CANADA HAS “GROWN” A LARGE BASE OF EXPERTS IN SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, LEGAL, ACCOUNTING, FINANCE, ETC. FOR MINERAL EXPLORATION AND MINE DEVELOPMENT WORLD‐WIDE.

• STATISTICS FROM THE 2005 CANADIAN INTERGOVERNMENTAL WORKING GROUP ON THE MINERAL INDUSTRY REPORTED: 1) GLOBALLY, CANADA CONTINUES TO BE THE FOREMOST DESTINATION FOR EXPLORATION CAPITAL. IN 2004 SOME 20% OF THE MINERAL EXPLORATION PROGRAMS PLANNED BY THE WORLD’S MINING COMPANIES WERE EXPECTED TO BE CONDUCTED IN CANADA. AS FOR CANADIAN COMPANIES THEY WERE EXPECTED TO UNDERTAKE 43% OF ALL THE EXPLORATION PROGRAMS IN THE WORLD IN 2004, A SHARE THAT IS BY FAR THE LARGEST OF THE GLOBAL MINERAL EXPLORATION MARKET, AND 2) IN 2003 C$12.7 BILLION IN EQUITY FINANCING WAS RAISED FOR MINERAL EXPLORATION AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS AROUND THE WORLD DURING THAT YEAR. MORE THAN 45% OF THE NEW FUNDS RAISED WAS FOR COMPANIES LISTED ON THE CANADIAN STOCK EXCHANGES.

• THE FLOW‐THROUGH TAX INCENTIVE NEEDS TO OPERATE IN A SECURITIES REGULATORY REGIME THAT IS NOT OVERBEARING AND IS UNDERSTANDING OF RISK/REWARD INVESTING, ESPECIALLY WITH START‐UP VENTURES.

• VANCOUVER AND TORONTO HAVE THE LARGEST POPULATION OF GEOSCIENTISTS IN THE WORLD.• ALL THIS FROM A COUNTRY THAT ONLY REPRESENTS, 1) 7% OF THE LAND AREA ON EARTH AND, 2) ONLY 0.5% OF

THE WORLD’S POPULATION.• IT IS TIME THE SPACE INDUSTRY IN SEVERAL COUNTRIES BEGAN TO EMBRACE FLOW‐THROUGH SHARE FINANCING.• REMEMBER THE BASIC RULE FOR SOPHISTICATED INVESTORS: THE TEAM, THE PROJECT, THE FINANCING.• IMMEDIATE 100% WRITE‐OFF AND ZERO COST BASE ON SHARES, IN ADDITION SOME PROVINCES OFFER AN

INVESTMENT TAX CREDIT TO THE COMPANY (BC: UP TO 30%). HENCE AN INVESTOR IN THE 50% TAX BRACKET HAS AN AFTER‐TAX COST OF 50 CENTS ON THE DOLLAR INVESTED AND THE COMPANY GETS ~$1.25 TO SPEND ON MINERAL EXPLORATION FOR EACH DOLLAR INVESTED.


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February 16, 2012

JOHN A. CHAPMAN

HOW TO DISCOVER AN OREBODY EFFICIENTLY WITHSUCCESS CONTINGENT STEPS

FROM A LARGE AREA VECTORING INTO A SMALL TARGET AREA TO STUDY IN DETAIL

• SELECT EXPLORATION AREA (GEOLOGY AND HISTORICAL RECORDS)• REMOTE SENSING (SATELITTE, FIXED-WING, HELICOPTER SURVEYS)• GROUND TRUTH ANOMALIES FROM REMOTE SENSING• RECONNAISSANCE GEOCHEMISTRY (STREAM SILTS, LAKE SEDIMENTS)• PROSPECTING AND GEOLOGICAL MAPPING AND SAMPLING• GRIDDED SOIL SAMPLING• GROUND GEOPHYSICS (MAGNETIC, HORIZONTAL LOOP EM, 3D-IP)• TRENCHING /DRILLING (DEPOSIT DEFINITION & CHARACTERIZATION)• SCOPING STUDY (GENERAL ECONOMIC REVIEW , +/- 50%)• PRE-FEASIBILITY (ECONOMIC REVIEW, +/- 25%)• FEASIBILITY (DETAILED ECONOMIC REVIEW, +/- 15%)• PRODUCTION DECISION BY MANAGEMENT• FINANCING• DEVELOPMENT• OPERATIONS

• THE EXPLORATION AND DEVELOPMENT SUCCESS CONTINGENT PROCEDURES SHOWN HERE ARE THE STANDARD MINERAL INDUSTRY STEPS USED ON EARTH.

• AS A MINERAL DISCOVERY ADVANCES THROUGH INCREASINGLY COMPLEX ANDMORE EXPENSIVE EVALUATION STAGES THE RISK IS DIMINISHED AND THE REWARD, OR LACK THEREOF, IS MORE CLEARLY DEFINED.

• ON THE MOON AND MARS THE MOST IMPORTANT RESOURCE IS WATER: LIFE SUPPORT (OXYGEN AND WATER), ROCKET PROPELLANTS (HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN), FUEL FOR FUEL CELLS (HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN) AS WELL AS WATER FOR AGRICULTURE AND AQUACULTURE. EXPLORATION WILL BE CONCENTRATED ON FINDING WATER ICE BURIED IN REGOLITH AND/OR COLD TRAPS LOCATED IN THE PERMANENTLY SHADOWED HIGH LATITUDE POLAR CRATER BOTTOMS.

• THE TARGET AREA LOCATED BY ROBOTIC SAMPLING WILL NEED TO BE AUGER DRILLED TO ~2 METERS DEPTH ON A GRID PATTERN TO DEFINE A LARGE ENOUGH HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN RESERVE (PROVEN ECONOMIC RESOURCE) TO SATISFY THE HUMAN (AIR AND WATER) AND EQUIPMENT (ROCKET PROPELLANTS, AND FUEL CELL FUEL) NEEDS FOR AT LEAST 15 YEARS.

• NEUTRON ACTIVATION PROBE WOULD ANALYZE FOR HYDROGEN AT THE BOREHOLE AND REPORT RESULTS IN REAL TIME.

• THE USE OF HAMMER SEISMIC MAY ASSIST IN DEFINING THE LUNAR BEDROCK PROFILE AND ANY REGOLITH SUBSURFACE VARIATIONS (PERHAPS LAYERS OF WATER ICE) WITHIN THE DEVELOPMENT AREA PRIOR TO DRILLING.

• IF WATER ICE HAPPENS TO BE PRESENT IN THE HIGHLAND REGOLITH THAT WILL CREATE EXCITEMENT (HIGH‐GRADE ORE) BUT IT COULD CREATE SIGNIFICANT MINING CHALLENGES IF IT IS MASSIVE AND CEMENTS THE REGOLITH PARTICLES (“PERMAFROST”) – AS THIS HARD (FROZEN) AND ABRASIVE (SHARP ANGULAR SILICA) MATERIAL WILL BE DIFFICULT TO DRILL AND TO EXCAVATE, LIKE FROZEN ALBERTA OIL SANDS WHICH ARE TOUGH (NOT BRITTLE) AND HIGHLY ABRASIVE – THESE CONDITIONS REDUCE MINING EFFICIENCY AND RAPIDLY WEARS CONTACT TOOLS.


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February 16, 2012

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 24

MULTISPECTRALPHOTOGRAPHICSYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR

REMOTE SENSINGBY SATELLITES

MINERAL EXPLORATION

ASTER IMAGING

WORLDVIEW 2 RADARSAT 2

IKONOS

• ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM: RADIO = 10*6 Hz, INFRARED = 10*13Hz, VISIBLE LIGHT = 10*15 Hz, ULTRA VIOLET = 10*16Hz, GAMMA RAYS = 10*18 Hz.

• ONLY RADIO WAVES AND VISIBLE LIGHT MAKE IT THROUGH EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE, ALL OTHER WAVELENGTHS ARE BLOCKED AT VARYING DISTANCES BEFORE REACHING THE GROUND.

• IT IS INTERESTING TO NOTE THAT RECENT ADVANCES IN THE DETECTION AND BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF NEUTRINOS HAS RESULTED IN GEOPHYSICISTS STARTING TO USE NUETRINO OBSERVATIONS TO DETERMINE THE DISTRIBUTION OF RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES ON EARTH. REFER TO SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, MAY 2010, FOR A STATUS OF THE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RELATED TO NEUTRINOS.

• MDA GEOSPATIAL SERVICES, BASED IN RICHMOND BC, PROVIDES RADARSAT (1 AND 2) REMOTE SYNTHETIC APERATURE IMAGE DATA TO THE MINING INDUSTRY (SEE: www.gs.mdacorporation.com).

• WORLDVIEW‐2, LAUNCHED OCTOBER 2009, IS THE FIRST HIGH‐RESOLUTION 8‐BAND MULTISPECTRAL COMMERCIAL SATELLITE. OPERATING AT AN ALTITUDE OF 770 KILOMETERS, WORLDVIEW‐2 PROVIDES 46 CM PANCHROMATIC RESOLUTION AND 1.85 METER* MULTISPECTRAL RESOLUTION. WORLDVIEW‐2 HAS AN AVERAGE REVISIT TIME OF 1.1 DAYS AND IS CAPABLE OF COLLECTING UP TO 785,000 SQUARE KILOMETERS (303,000 SQUARE MILES) OF 8‐BAND IMAGERY PER DAY, GREATLY ENHANCING THE DIGITALGLOBE MULTISPECTRAL COLLECTION CAPACITY FOR MORE RAPID AND RELIABLE COLLECTION.

• GEOEYE FIRST MADE HISTORY WITH THE IKONOS SATELLITE LAUNCH ON SEPT. 24, 1999. IKONOS, DERIVED FROM THE GREEK WORD FOR IMAGE, IS THE WORLD'S FIRST COMMERCIAL SATELLITE ABLE TO COLLECT BLACK‐AND‐WHITE (PANCHROMATIC) IMAGES WITH 82‐CENTIMETER RESOLUTION AND MULTISPECTRAL IMAGERY WITH 4‐METER RESOLUTION. IMAGERY FROM BOTH SENSORS CAN BE MERGED TO CREATE 1‐METER COLOR IMAGERY (PAN‐SHARPENED).

• ASTER IS ONE OF THE FIVE STATE‐OF‐THE‐ART INSTRUMENT SENSOR SYSTEMS ON‐BOARD TERRA A SATELLITE LAUNCHED IN DECEMBER 1999. IT WAS BUILT BY A CONSORTIUM OF JAPANESE GOVERNMENT, INDUSTRY, AND RESEARCH GROUPS. ASTER MONITORS CLOUD COVER, GLACIERS, LAND TEMPERATURE, LAND USE, NATURAL DISASTERS, SEA ICE, SNOW COVER AND VEGETATION PATTERNS AT A SPATIAL RESOLUTION OF 90 TO 15 METERS. THE MULTISPECTRAL IMAGES OBTAINED FROM THIS SENSOR HAVE 14 DIFFERENT COLORS, WHICH ALLOW SCIENTISTS TO INTERPRET WAVELENGTHS THAT CANNOT BE SEEN BY THE HUMAN EYE, SUCH AS NEAR INFRARED, SHORT WAVE INFRARED AND THERMAL INFRARED THAT ARE USED BY THE MINING INDUSTRY LOOKING FOR ALTERATION MINERALS RELATED TO OREBODIES (CLAYS AND IRON OXIDE).


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February 16, 2012

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 25

VISIBLE COLOR ANOMALYPHOTOGRAPHIC

• PROSPECTORS HAVE ALWAYS USED COLOR OF ROCKS AND SOILS TO ASSIST IN EXPLORATION FOR MINERAL OREBODIES.

• THIS PHOTOGRAPH SHOWS IRON OXIDE STAINING AT THE “COPPER ZONE” ON THE TASCO MINERAL PROPERTY NEAR TASEKO LAKES, BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA. THE PRESENCE OF STRONG IRON OXIDE STAINING OFTEN MEANS THERE MAY BE OTHER ASSOCIATED BASE AND PRECIOUS METALS PRESENT, THAT COULD BE IN ECONOMIC ABUNDANCE.


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February 16, 2012

JOHN A. CHAPMAN

KAOLINITE ASTER MULTISPECTRAL

• THIS IMAGE COVERS THE IRON OXIDE VISUAL IMAGE ON THE PRIOR SLIDE (COPPER ZONE ON TASCO PROPERTY) NEAR CENTER OF IMAGE – AT “M” IN MINERAL).

• REMOTE SENSING, BY SATELLITES, OF THE ABSORPTION SPECTRUM FROM REFLECTED SUNLIGHT PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN VECTORING TOWARD MINERAL DEPOSIT DISCOVERY.

• THIS MULTISPECTRAL ASTER IMAGE (SOLAR REFLECTANCE FROM EARTH’S SURFACE) IN THIS EXAMPLE WAS PURCHASED FROM THE PROCESSES DISTRIBUTED ACTIVE ARCHIVE CENTER OPERATED BY THE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (USGS) AND NASA. THE ASTER IMAGERY CONTAINS 14 SPECTRAL BANDS THAT CAN BE USED FOR SPECTRAL ANALYSIS IN THE IDENTIFICATION OF MINERALS ON THE EARTH’S SURFACE. THE PIXEL SIZE IN THIS IMAGE IS 15 METERS.

• A GROUND FOLLOW‐UP TO CHECK THESE RESULTS IS NORMALLY DONE USING A HAND‐HELD REFLECTANCE SPECTROMETER SUPPORTED, WHERE WARRANTED, BY ROCK AND SOIL SAMPLING AND CHEMICAL ANALYSIS.

• IT IS IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND THAT THE PIXELS IN THIS IMAGE ARE PRECISELY INDEXED TO THE GPS LOCATION AND CAN BE READILY LOCATED ON SURFACE BY A GEOLOGIST OR PROSPECTOR USING A HAND‐HELD GPS UNIT TO PROVIDE GROUND‐TRUTHING.

• NOTE THE USE OF GOOGLE EARTH AS THE “PLATFORM” IN PRESENTING THE REMOTE SENSING DATA .


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IRON OXIDE ASTER MULTISPECTRAL

• NOTE THAT THE IRON OXIDE ANOMALY SHOWN TO THE LOWER RIGHT IS THE SAME LOCATION SHOWN ON A PREVIOUS SLIDE (VISIBLE COLOUR ANOMALY) THAT IS A PHOTOGRAPH OF A RUSTY GROUND SURFACE. IT IS ALSO THE SAME AREA SHOWING A KAOLINITE ANOMALY ON THE PREVIOUS SLIDE. THESE ASSOCIATIONS ARE A STRONG INDICATOR OF A POSSIBLE PORPHYRY COPPER DEPOSIT BEING PRESENT BECAUSE THERE ARE KNOWN LARGE PORPHYRY ORE DEPOSITS IN THE GENERAL AREA.


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EFFECTIVE HIGH RESOLUTION AIRBORNE GEOPHYSICAL METHODS USED ON EARTH THAT NEED A SURVEY TRANSPORT PLATFORM IN ZERO

OR LOW DENSITY ATMOSPHERE

• ELECTROMAGNETIC (CONDUCTORS)• GRAVIMETRIC• MAGNETIC (MAGNETITE)• PHOTOGRAPHIC• RADIOMETRIC (U, Th, K)• SPECTROGRAPHIC (SUNLIGHT)• SYNTHETIC APERATURE RADAR

ALL OF THESE EARTH SYSTEMS PRESENTLY DEPEND ON DIFFERENTIAL GPS LINKED TO GIS PROGRAMS - SO HAVING LUNAR AND MARS GPS SYSTEMS WILL BE NECESSARY TO SUPPORT EFFICIENT HIGH PRECISION MINERAL EXLORATION SURVEYS AND FUTURE MINING OPERATIONS

• WITH NO ATMOSPHERE TO FACILITATE FIXED‐WING OR HELICOPTER TRANSPORT ON THE MOON AND MARS SOME OTHER TRANSPORT MECHANISM WILL NEED TO BEDEVELOPED IN ORDER TO “FLY” THESE GEOPHYSICAL INSTRUMENTS AT LOW ALTITUDES. ELECTROMAGNETIC (EM), MAGNETIC, GRAVIMETRIC AND RADIOMETRIC REQUIRE HIGH RESOLUTION AND ARE BEST CONDUCTED WITH SENSORS NOT MORE THAN 100 METERS ABOVE THE GROUND SURFACE.

• GIVEN THE SMALL DIAMETER OF THE MOON, PERHAPS A SINGLE LAUNCH TO LUNAR ORBIT WOULD FACILITATE A CONSTELLATION OF SATELLITES TO PROVIDE A GPS SYSTEM. MINOR PROPULSION SYSTEMS WOULD NEED TO BE ON EACH SATELLITE TO MOVE THEM INTO A PROPERLY SPACED GPS SATELLITE CONSTELLATION. THE MAJOR CHALLENGE IS TO SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCE THE SIZE OF EARTH’S GPS SATELLITES.


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ZTEM(AFMAG)

VTEM

AEROTEM II

AS350B2 ASTAR SURVEY PLATFORM

GEOTECHZTEM

AFMAG

GEOTECHVTEM

AEROQUESTAeroTEM II

• THESE SYSTEMS REQUIRE A SURVEY PLATFORM IN ZERO OR LOW DENSITY ATMOSPHERE IF THEY ARE TO BE USED ON THE MOON AND MARS RESPECTIVELY.

• ZTEM (AFMAG AT 30HZ TO 700HZ) IS ABLE TO DETECT LARGE MINERAL BODIES (PORPHYRY COPPER) THROUGH THIN COVER SUCH AS GLACIAL OVERBURDEN OR YOUNG VOLCANIC CAPPING. IT DOES DEPEND UPON LIGHTENING TO GENERATE THE LOW FREQUENCY EM WAVES – SO PROBABLY HAS NO CHANCE ON THE MOON.

• THE ZTEM OR Z AXIS TIPPER ELECTROMAGNETIC SYSTEM IS AN INNOVATIVE AIRBORNE EM SYSTEM WHICH USES THE NATURAL OR PASSIVE FIELDS OF THE EARTH AS THE SOURCE OF TRANSMITTED ENERGY. THE EARTH AND IONOSPHERE, BOTH CONDUCTIVE, ACT AS A WAVEGUIDE TO “TRANSMIT”THE SOURCE ENERGY GREAT DISTANCES. DUE TO THE MANNER IN WHICH THEY PROPAGATE, THESE NATURAL FIELDS ARE PLANAR AND HORIZONTAL. ANY VERTICAL FIELD IS CAUSED BY CONDUCTIVITY CONTRASTS IN THE EARTH. THE VERTICAL EM FIELD IS REFERENCED TO THE HORIZONTAL EM FIELD AS MEASURED BY A SET OF HORIZONTAL BASE STATION COILS. THE PROPRIETARY RECEIVER DESIGN USING THE ADVANTAGES OF MODERN DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND SIGNAL PROCESSING DELIVERS EXCEPTIONALLY LOW‐NOISE LEVELS.

• GEOTECH’S VTEM HAS BEEN DESIGNED TO DETECT AND DISCRIMINATE BETWEEN MODERATE TO EXCELLENT CONDUCTORS USING A LOW BASE FREQUENCY, LONG PULSE WIDTH, AND DERIVED B‐FIELD. THE B‐FIELD IS DERIVED FROM INTEGRATING DATA COLLECTED AT 96 KHZ OVER THE ENTIRE WAVEFORM.

• AEROTEM IS AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH TO GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYING WITH ITS ORIGINAL CONCEPT OF A CONCENTRIC COIL HELICOPTER‐BORNE TIME DOMAIN EM SYSTEM.

• AEROQUEST HAS DEVELOPED 3 GENERATIONS OF AEROTEM SYSTEMS AND HAS BEEN CONTINUOUSLY REFINING THE DESIGNS AS AN EXPLORATION TOOL THAT IS OPTIMIZED TO PROVIDE THE MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF INFORMATION ON THE TARGET APPLICATION. THE COMBINATION OF RESOLUTION, CONDUCTANCE DISCRIMINATION, AND GEOMETRIC INFORMATION RESULTS IN A SYSTEM WITH A WIDE APPLICABILITY.

• GEOTECH USES A GEOMETRICS/SCINTREX SPLIT‐BEAM TOTAL‐FIELD MAGNETIC SENSOR, WITH A SAMPLING INTERVAL OF 0.1 SECONDS AND AN IN‐FLIGHT SENSITIVITY OF 0.02 NT IS UTILIZED. THE MAGNETOMETER WILL PERFORM CONTINUOUSLY IN AREAS OF HIGH MAGNETIC GRADIENT WITH THE AMBIENT RANGE OF THE SENSOR APPROXIMATELY 20K‐100K NT.


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AIRBORNE MAGNETICS(HELICOPTER PLATFORM)

COPPER ZONE X

• THIS IMAGE OF TOTAL FIELD MAGNETIC RESPONSE IS BASED UPON AN AIRBORNE AEROTEM II SURVEY AT THE TASCO PROPERTY IN 2008, USING A HELICOPTER PLATFORM, BY AEROQUEST LIMITED, MISSISSAUGA, ONTARIO. THIS IS THE SAME AREA THAT SHOWED KAOLINITE, IRON OXIDE (ASTER) AND VISIBLE RUST IN A PHOTOGRAPH ON PREVIOUS SLIDES. THE MAGNETOMETER WAS FLOWN AT ~50 METERS ABOVE THE GROUND SURFACE.

• THE COMBINATION OF ASTER MULTISPECTRAL SATELLITE IMAGING ALONG WITH HELICOPTER BORNE EM AND MAGNETIC SURVEYS, BOTH BY REMOTE SENSING, MAKES FOR A POWERFUL AND SUCCESSFUL COMBINATION OF PROSPECTING TOOLS WHEN SEARCHING FOR MINERAL OREBODIES.

• AGAIN NOTICE THE GOOGLE EARTH PRESENTATION PLATFORM.


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GEOTECH ZTEM HELICOPTER BORNE SURVEY30HZ IP DTOVER ONE BILLION MTPORPHRY COPPER OREBODY

• THE LARGE OREBODY IN THIS IMAGE IS LOCATED AT THE TWO RED OVALS IN THE CENTER OF THE IMAGE. THESE REPRESENT THE HIGH RESISTIVITY CORES (POTASSIC ZONE) OF TWO FELSIC IGNEOUS STOCKS SURROUNDED BY LOWER RESISTIVITY PHYLLIC ZONE AND PROPYLITIC ZONE ALERATION (YELLOW TO BLUE). NOTE THE DRILL ROADS AND PADS IN AND AROUND THE POTASSIC ZONES. THIS 2010 ZTEM SURVEY WAS CONDUCTED BY GEOTECH IN SOUTH WESTERN BRITISH COLUMBIA, NEAR THE TOWN OF LILLOOET.


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EXCEL GEOPHYSICS INCLONGLINE GRAVITY

• 3D GRAVITY GRADIENT EQUIPMENT (ROTATING ACCELEROMETER GRAVITY‐GRADIOMETER) DESIGNED AND BUILT BY BELL AEROSPACE (NOW LOCKHEED MARTIN) HAS REVOLUTIONIZED THE USE OF GRAVITY AS A REMOTE SENSING TOOL FOR MINERAL EXPLORATION.

• THIS HIGH RESOLUTION GRAVITY GRADIENT SYSTEM IS FROM THE USA NAVY WHERE IT WAS USED FOR SILENT UNDERWATER NAVIGATION BY SUBMARINES.

• THE GROUND STATION GRAVITY SURVEYS SHOWN ARE TO ESTABLISH SURFACE QUALITY CONTROL POINTS FOR THE WIDE‐AREA AIRBORNE GRADIENT GRAVITY SYSTEM.


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EFFECTIVE HIGH RESOLUTION GEOPHYSICAL, GEOCHEMICAL AND GEOLOGIC METHODS USED ON

EARTH TO DISCOVER AND DELINEATE MINERAL DEPOSITS

• DRILLING, SAMPLING & ANALYSES• ELECTROMAGNETIC (IP, EM, VLF-EM)• GEOCHEMICAL SAMPLING & ANALYSES (BIO, MMI, ETC.)• GRAVIMETRIC• GROUND PENETRATING RADAR• MAGNETIC (MAGNETITE)• RADIOMETRIC (U, Th, K)• SEISMIC• SPECTRAL GAMMA LOGGING OF BOREHOLES• SPECTROGRAPHIC (SUNLIGHT)• TRENCHING, MAPPING, SAMPLING & ANALYSES• X-RAY FLOURESCENCE (XRF)• X-RAY DIFFRACTION (XRD)

• RECENT ADVANCES IN ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTATIONAL POWER (HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE) HAVE FACILITATED MANY HIGH RESOLUTION GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY METHODS INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO: 3D INDUCED POLARIZATION (3D‐IP), 3D SEISMIC AND ZTEM (SEE: www.geotech.ca).

• THESE METHODS ARE NOW AIDING IN DISCOVERY OF NEW OREBODIES THAT WERE NOT DETECTABLE BY OLDER GEOPHYSICAL METHODS.


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SURFACE EXPLORATION

• REMOTE SENSING CAN LEAD EXPLORATION TEAMS TO A POSSIBLE MINERAL OREBODY BUT NOW THE WORK MUST TURN TO ON‐THE‐GROUND METHODS TO FURTHER DEFINE THE POTENTIAL OF THE REMOTE SENSED ANOMALIES.

• INITIAL STAGES NORMALLY INCLUDE CLAIM STAKING, RECONNAISANCE GEOCHEMICAL SURVEYS OF SILTS IN STREAMS AND IN LAKE BOTTOM SEDIMENTS, PROSPECTING, GEOLOGICAL MAPPING AND SAMPLING, GRID GEOCHEMICAL SOIL SAMPLING AND GRID BIOGEOCHEMICAL (TREE BARK AND TREE BRANCH TIPS) SAMPLING.


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CALGARY INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT 2001

ANALOG FOR SEARCHING FOR WATER ICE UNDER LUNAR OR

MARS REGOLITH

NOGGIN 250 MHz SMART CART GROUND PENETRATING

RADAR (GPR) SURVEY(SENSORS & SOFTWARE, INC.)

&6-C HAMMER SEISMIC SURVEY

USING 60 CHANNEL EG&G SEISMIC RECORDER AND 20 3-

C GEOPHONESUSING A SMALL SLEDGE HAMMER TO STRIKE A

CLEATED BASE PLATE ON TOP (P-WAVE) EAST TO WEST

(SH-WAVE) THEN WEST TO EAST (OPPOSITELY

POLARIZED SH-WAVE)

• GROUND PENETRATING RADAR AND SEISMIC SURVEYS WOULD BE USEFUL IN DETECTING AND DELINEATING WATER‐ICE LAYERS THAT MAY BE IN SHALLOW LAYERS BELOW/IN THE LUNAR AND MARS REGOLITHS.


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3D INDUCED POLARIZATION (3D-IP) SURVEYS

SJ GEOPHYSICS LTD.SEARCHING FOR METALLIC

DEPOSITS (MASSIVE AND DISSEMINATED)

• 3D‐IP IS A COMPLEX BUT VERY EFFECTIVE ELECTRICAL METHOD DEFINING POTENTIAL DRILL TARGETS TO AT LEAST 400 METERS DEPTH.

• TITAN 24 IS INDUSTRY RENOWN FOR IMAGING THE SUBSURFACE AT DEPTHS GREATER THAN TRADITIONAL TECHNOLOGIES. BY EXPLOITING THE BENEFITS OF DISTRIBUTED AND MULTI‐PARAMETER DATA, QUANTEC GEOSCIENCE CLIENTS OBTAIN DETAILED INFORMATION ON RESOURCES, ALTERATION, STRUCTURE AND GEOLOGY LEADING TO MORE COST‐EFFECTIVE DRILL TARGETING NEAR SURFACE AND UP TO DEPTHS OF 1.5KM. THE SHEER SIZE OF THE TITAN 24 SURVEY WAS COMPREHENSIVE ENOUGH TO ESTABLISH QUANTEC AS LEADERS OF GEOPHYSICAL SERVICES. THE NUMBER 24 IS EMBLEMATIC OF THE SURVEY’S CUTTING‐EDGE FEATURES: A LONGER LINE LENGTH FOR GREATER DATA COLLECTION;INCREASED EQUIPMENT FOR A LARGE NETWORK OF SIMULTANEOUS SENSORS; BETTER QUALITY OF EQUIPMENT WITH 24‐BIT TECHNOLOGY; SENSITIVITY ADJUSTMENT FOR LOCAL CONDITIONS; AND TIME SERIES COLLECTION.


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VLF-EM RECEIVER

LOOP-EM TRANSMITTER-RECEIVER

REQUIRES VLF TRANSMITTERS ON MOON

AND MARS – SIMILAR TO SUBMARINE RADIO

FREQUENCIES ON EARTH

• VLF‐EM UNIT RECEIVES STRONGEST SIGNAL WHEN TRANSMITTING STATION IS ALIGNED WITH AXIS OF CONDUCTOR BEING EXPLORED. CROSS‐OVERS IN RADIO EM WAVES INDICATES A BURIED CONDUCTOR.

• NOTE THAT USA AND RUSSIAN NAVIES USE A VLF‐EM SIGNAL FROM LAND OF ~30,000HZ (WAVES PER SECOND) THAT CAN BE PICKED UP BY SUBMARINES TO DEPTHS OF 20 METERS. THESE VLF‐EM SIGNALS ARE USED EXTENSIVELY BY THE MINING INDUSTRY FOR VLF‐EM SURVEYS. NOTE THAT AT THIS FREQUENCY THE WAVELENGTH IS ~10 KM (VELOCITY (SPEED OF LIGHT) = FREQUENCY X WAVELENGTH).

• THE VLF‐EM UNIT SHOWN IS SMALL (3x9x6 INCHES) AND VERY PORTABLE AND REQUIRES LOW POWER AS IT IS RECEIVING THE RADIO SIGNAL GENERATED FOR SUBMARINE COMMUNICATIONS (NOT TRANSMITTING). THE UNIT IS MEASURING THE “BENDING” OF RADIO WAVES AS THEY PASS THROUGH AND AROUND ELECTROMAGNETIC CONDUCTIVE SOURCES IN THE GROUND.

• THE HAND‐HELD LOOP‐EM METHOD WOULD HAVE DIRECT APPLICATION ON THE MOON AND MARS (INTERNAL TRANSMITTED EM POWER SOURCE) WHILE THE VLF‐EM METHOD WOULD REQUIRE AN INDEPENDENT STRONG RADIO SOURCE (IN THE 14 TO 30 kHz RANGE) LOCATED ON THE MOON AND MARS.

THE BEEP MAT(EM AND MAGNETICS)

INSTRUMENTATION GDD INC.

• THE BEEP MAT IS A POWERFUL MINIATURIZED ELECTROMAGNETIC SURVEY INSTRUMENT THAT EFFICIENTLY AND INEXPENSIVELY DETECTS CONDUCTIVE AND MAGNETIC OUTCROPS, SUBCROPS OR BOULDERS HIDDEN UNDER UP TO 10 FEET (3 METERS) OF OVERBURDEN. THIS UNIT WOULD HAVE DIRECT APPLICATION ON THE MOON AND MARS.

• WITH ITS INCREASED MEMORY AND ITS NEW SOFTWARE, THE BEEP MAT, MODEL BM8, ENABLES THE STORAGE OF UP TO 100 HOURS OF FIELD SURVEY. THE BM8 READING MODULE RECORDS THE MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY AND THE CONDUCTIVITY 10 TIMES PER SECOND WHILE THE GPS POSITION IS RECORDED ONCE PER SECOND.


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OLYMPUS CORPORATIONINNOV-X SYSTEMS

XRF AND XRD INSTRUMENTS

INSPECTOR EXP GEIGER –MUELLER TUBE RADIATION DETECTOR

ASD INC.MULTISPECTRAL &

HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGINGABSORPTION SPECTRA

(HAND-HELD PDA WITH GPS & GIS)

• THESE HAND‐HELD DEVICES FACILITATE RAPID FIELD ANALYSIS TO DETERMINE MINERAL AND ELEMENT CONCENTRATION (MUCH HIGHER TECHNOLOGY THAN THE PROSPECTOR’S GOLDPAN).

• ALL OF THESE METHODS WOULD HAVE GOOD APPLICATION ON THE MOON ANDMARS.• MORE WORK NEEDS TO BE DONE ON PERFECTING A MOBILE COMPACT AND RUGGED LASER

ABLATION/MASS SPECTROMETER INSTRUMENT FOR DETECTING AND PRECISELY MEASURING LOW CONCENTRATIONS OF GOLD, SILVER, RATE EARTHS AND PGEs.


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DELINEATING AN OREBODY

• IF INITIAL STAGE EXPLORATION IS SUCCESSFUL, IN FURTHER DEFINITION OF AN INTERESTING POTENTIAL MINERAL DEPOSIT, THEN THE MORE EXPENSIVE GROUND METHODS, INCLUDING TRENCHING AND DRILLING ARE WARRANTED.

• THESE METHODS OF EXPLORATION, DISCOVERY AND RESOURCE DEFINITION, AS CONDUCTED ON EARTH TODAY, WILL NEED TO BE APPLIED IN A SIMILAR FASHION ON THE MOON, MARS, ASTERIODS, COMETS AND THE MOONS OF JUPITER AND SATURN – WITH DUE CONSIDERATION FOR THE EXTREMES OF TEMPERATURE, ATMOSPHERE (OR LACK THEREOF), AVAILABILITY OF WATER AND COSMIC RAY BOMBARDMENT.

• PLANETARY BODIES THAT ARE MINERAL RICH AND ARE IMPORTANT FOR HUMAN ADVANCEMENT INTO THE COSMOS WILL NEED TO BE EQUIPPED WITH NUCLEAR POWER, GPS AND SUITABLE HUMAN HABITATS, AND HAVE A READILY AVAILABLE AND ABUNDANT WATER RESERVE.


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EXAMPLE OF GRID DRILLING TO DEFINE A MINERAL DEPOSITFEASIBILITY STUDYCROSS SECTIONCORE DRILLING

• AS A MINERAL DISCOVERY ADVANCES THROUGH INCREASINGLY COMPLEX ANDMORE EXPENSIVE EVALUATION STAGES THE RISK IS DIMINISHED AND THE REWARD, OR LACK THEREOF, IS MORE CLEARLY DEFINED.

• NORMAL STAGES OF REVIEW AND REPORTING INCLUDE: ORDER‐OF‐MAGNITUDE, SCOPING, PRE‐FEASIBILITY AND FEASIBILITY. THE OBJECTIVE IS TO MAXIMIZE THE DCF‐NPV OF THE DEPOSIT BY REVIEWING VARIOUS COMBINATIONS OF MINING AND PROCESSING AND THEREBY DETERMINE ITS TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY AND ECONOMIC VIABILITY.

• EACH STAGE REQUIRES INCREASING AMOUNTS OF MONEY FOR DRILLING, SAMPLING AND METALLURGICAL TESTING. THE CROSS SECTION OF AN OREBODY ABOVE SHOWS A STEP TOWARD THE 3D SPATIAL DEFINITION (OREBODY MODEL) OF THE TARGET MINERAL IN RELATION TO THE STRIP RATIO, TONNAGE, GRADE, RECOVERY AND WORK INDEX. THEN USING COMPUTER HOSTED ALGORITHIMS (INCLUDING “BLOCK MODELLING”) THE VARIOUS EXTRACTION AND PROCESSING METHODS CAN BE EVALUATED/OPTIMIZED AND THE ECONOMICS OF THE VENTURE DEFINED.

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MOBILE EQUIPMENT ON THE MOON

MUST BE RELIABLE, FLEXIBLE AND REDUNDANT TO MINIMIZE COSTS

RELATED TO TRAINING, PARTS INVENTORY, OPERATING AND TO

OPTIMIZE SAFETY

• MENTION PROBLEMS ON EARTH WITH MINES IN REMOTE LOCATIONS USING PROTOTYPE AND/OR MIXED EQUIPMENT FLEETS THAT CAN RESULT IN BUSINESS FAILURE.

• RADIATION: COSMIC AND SOLAR – COSMIC RAYS ARE PRINCIPALLY IONS – MOSTLY PROTONS AND A FEW HEAVY NUCLEI TRAVELING AT NEAR THE SPEED OF LIGHT. PROTECTION FROM SOLAR RADIATION ~20 CENTIMETERS OF REGOLITH, FROM COSMIC RADIATION ~1.5 METERS OF REGOLITH. THERE SHOULD BE A LOT OF RESEARCH GOING ON NOW TO FIND SHIELD AGAINST THIS SPACE RADIATION DANGER.

• LUNAR EQUITORIAL SURFACE GRAVITY: 1.6 METERS/SEC2 (EARTH: 9.8 METERS/SEC2).• TILT OF LUNAR AXIS IS 1.53 DEGREES RELATIVE TO THE MOON’S ORBITAL PLANE AROUND THE SUN.

THIS NEAR PERPENDICULAR ANGLE ALLOWS POLAR REGION HIGH TOPOGRAPHIC AREAS TO BE IN ALMOST CONSTANT SUNLIGHT WHILE TOPOGRAPHIC LOWS, SUCH AS MANY CRATER BOTTOMS, ARE IN PERPETUAL SHADE.

• 50% OF DUST PARTICLES ON MOON BETWEEN 20 AND 100 MICRONS, AND THE PARTICLES ARE ANGULAR AND SHARP AND HIGHLY ABRASIVE (HIGH SILICA CONTENT).

• DUST LEVITATES AT THE TERMINATOR BECAUSE OF CHARGE CHANGE (DAY + AND NIGHT ‐). NOT SURE WHAT HAPPENS AT POLES. MORE REMOTE SENSING NEEDED ON THIS PHENOMENON. THE LARGE ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY CHANGE WITH VISIBLE AND UV IRRADIATION, COMBINED WITH THE VERY LOW ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY AND DIELECTRIC LOSSES OF LUNAR MATERIALS, CAN PRODUCE AN EXTREMELY EFFICIENT ELECTROSTATIC CHARGING MECHANISM BETWEEN OPPOSITE SIDES OF THE LUNAR TERMINATOR. LUNAR DUST MITIGATION IS AN AREA OF RESEARCH THAT NEEDS MORE ATTENTION.

• NOTE THAT WHILE LUNAR GRAVITY IS ~1/6 EARTH GRAVITY, F=MA STILL APPLIES SO EQUIPMENT DESIGN IS THE SAME AS ON EARTH TO WITHSTAND THE SAME ACCELERATION AND DECELERATION FORCES. IN ADDITION, EQUIPMENT SHOULD BE DESIGNED LATERALLY WIDE AND VERTICALLY LOW TO MITIGATE AGAINST TIPPING. ALSO, SWING HYDRAULICS SHOULD BE SLOWED TO LOWER ACCELERATION AND DECELERATON FORCES THAT COULD RESULT IN TIPPING OF EQUIPMENT.

• THE MAINTENANCE OF PROPER OPERATING TEMPERATURES THROUGHOUT THE EQUIPMENT AT ALL TIMES WILL BE IMPORTANT AS ISOLATED HEAT BUILDUP DURING OPERATION COULD CAUSE FAILURES (NO ATMOSPHERIC CONVECTION IN LUNAR VACCUUM), AS COULD DEEP COLD AT IDLE TIME DURING LUNAR NIGHT OR AT ALL TIMES IN DARK COLD TRAPS.


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• NOTE THAT ON EARTH, AT MINING AND CONSTRUCTION SITES, THE MOST FLEXIBLE PIECE OF MOBILE EQUIPMENT IS THE TRACKED EXCAVATOR.

• IT IS IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND THAT THE CREWS MUST INCLUDE A COMBINATION OF SKILLS INCLUDING STABLE, INTELLIGENT, EDUCATED, EXPERIENCED AND PRACTICAL INDIVIDUALS.

• MY EXPERIENCE AT REMOTE MINES SHOWS THAT ALL INDIVIDUALS MUST CONTRIBUTE TO THE SUCCESSFUL ACCOMPLISHMENT OF PROJECT OBJECTIVES. THE MAJOR CONTRIBUTORS, ON THE JOB, TO REMOTE OPERATIONS SUCCESS ARE THE MECHANICS, WELDERS, ELECTRICIANS, MILLWRIGHTS, ELECTRONICS TECHNICIANS, ETC. ‐MORE SO THAN THE ENGINEERS AND SCIENTISTS.

• CAREFULLY SELECT CREW MEMBERS TO BE EXPERIENCED AND MENTALLY STABLE (CAPABLE).• MAINTAIN GOOD CREW QUARTERS WITH RECREATIONAL AND MEDICAL FACILITIES TO ENSURE HIGH

MORAL.• RELIABLE SOURCE OF ELECTRIC POWER AND HEAT IS ESSENTIAL – IN MY OPINION NUCLEAR (FISSION) IS

THE BEST GENERATOR.• CROSS TRAIN CREW MEMBERS TO ENHANCE MULTI‐TASKING CAPABILITIES.• STANDARDIZE EQUIPMENT AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE INCLUDING MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL AND

HYDRAULIC ‐ FUNCTIONS AND FITTINGS.• MAINTAIN SUFFICIENT INVENTORY OF SPARE PARTS AND MATERIALS TO OPERATE EFFICIENTLY.• MAINTAIN A MODERN MECHANICAL, MACHINING AND ELECTRICAL SHOP TO OPTIMIZE EQUIPMENT

AVAILABILITY AND PRODUCTIVITY (PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR).• MAINTAIN AN EFFICIENT COMMUNICATIONS NETWORK ON, TO/FROM THE OPERATIONS SITE, WITH

INTERNET ACCESS TO THE CREW (GOOGLE’S VINTON SERF IS WORKING ON A NEW PLANETARY AND INTERPLANETARY INTERNET, SEE: HTTP://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=XTMYM3GMYOQ).

• A GOOD ANALOG FOR THE LUNAR BASE IS THE DISTANT EARLY WARNING LINE (DEW LINE) BUILT BY THE USA AIRFORCE ACROSS THE USA AND CANADIAN HIGH ARCTIC DURING THE COLD WAR. THE DEW LINE RECORDS, IF STILL AVAILABLE, WOULD BE A VALUABLE SOURCE OF INFORMATION IN PLANNING THE LUNAR BASE.

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• EQUIPMENT MUST BE VERSATILE SO THAT IT CAN PERFORM BOTH DEVELOPMENT AND OPERATIONS TASKS.

• FIRST EQUIPMENT SHOULD BE SMALL, AND THEN AS DEVELOPMENT PROGRESSES AND OPERATIONS MATURE, LARGER (BUT SIMILAR) EQUIPMENT SHOULD BE DEPLOYED.

• THE FIRST SMALL EQUIPMENT COULD THEN BE ADAPTED (NUCLEAR POWER (RTGS), EXTRA HEAT TRACING, INSULATING, ETC.) FOR EXPLORATION OF DEEP COLD TRAPS IN CRATER BOTTOMS IN THE VICINITY OF THE LUNAR MINING BASE EXPLORING FOR WATER ICE DEPOSITS (HIGH RISK, HIGH REWARD VENTURE).

• BE AWARE THAT MINING PERMAFROST ON EARTH IS EXTREMELY DIFFICULT (TOUGH (STRONG) AND ABRASIVE) – IT WILL BE NO DIFFERENT ON THE MOON AND MARS.

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• THE TRAILER LOWER CARBODY IS FROM THE EXCAVATOR (IDENTICAL) AND IT INCLUDES THE HYDRAULIC DRIVE MOTOR. THE EXCAVATOR HYDRAULIC PUMP HAS THE CAPACITY TO POWER BOTH CRAWLERS (EXCAVATOR AND TRAILER) AS LONG AS THE EXCAVATOR DIGGING FUNCTION IS OFF. IF REQUIRED THIS TRACKED CONFIGURATION CAN NEGOTIATE A 30 DEGREE SLOPE.

• THE SWING FUNCTION SHOULD HAVE REDUCED FLUID FLOW TO ENSURE SWING SPEED IS SLOWED TO PREVENT OVERBALANCING F=MA VS NORMAL FORCE ON MACHINE IN THE LUNAR LOW GRAVITY .

• LUNAR MINING WOULD BE DONE DURING THE DAYTIME AND PROCESSING WOULD BE DONE AT NIGHT. OPERATION CREWS WOULD INCLUDE, AT LEAST: MINE ENGINEER, EXTRACTIVE METALLURGICAL ENGINEER, ELECTRICIAN, MECHANIC AND EQUIPMENT SPECIALIST – THEY WOULD BE CROSS TRAINED TO BOTH MINE AND PROCESS AND THEY WOULD NEED TO HAVE INDUSTRIAL FIRST AID TRAINING .

• NOTE THAT THE EXCAVATOR ATTACHEMENT CAN BE REMOVED IF THE UNIT IS TO BE USED MOSTLY FOR TRANSPORT.

• FOR DEEP COLD CRATER EXPLORATION THE LUNAR EXCAVATORS SHOULD BE EQUIPPED WITH A NUCLEAR POWER SOURCE, EXTENSIVE HEAT TRACING, FLUID RESERVOIR HEATERS, ETC.

• THE EXCAVATOR SHOULD BE EQUIPPED WITH THE EXTRA WIDE CRAWLER FRAME OPTION FOR STABILITY. IN ADDITION, SPARE CRAWLER TRACKS COULD BE HUNG AROUND THE LOWER SWING FRAME TO ADD ADDITIONAL NORMAL FORCE FOR INCREASED STABILITY FROM TIPPING.

• THE EXCAVATOR BUCKET SIZE AND UPPER FRAME SHOULD REMAIN THE SAME AS ON EARTH DUE TO F=MA. 1 NEUTON = 1KG‐M/SEC2.

• PREPARING EQUIPMENT FOR COLD SINK ENTRY COULD INCLUDE A RADIOISOTOPE THERMOELECTRIC GENERATOR USING PU‐238 WITH A HALF‐LIFE OF 87.7 YEARS.

• THE EXCAVATOR STRUCTURAL DESIGN SHOULD REMAIN THE SAME AS ON EARTH. BECAUSE OF LOW LUNAR GRAVITY THE CARRYING CAPACITY (MASS) OF THE CRAWLER “TRAILER” MAY BE SUBSTANTIALLY INCREASED (~6 TIMES). THIS IS COMMON ON EARTH WHERE A STANDARD CARBODY AND DRIVE TRAIN WILL (1) CARRY A SMALL VOLUME BOX WHEN MINING HIGH SPECIFIC GRAVITY SULFIDES, OR (2) CARRY A LARGE VOLUME BOX WHEN MINING LOW SPECIFIC GRAVITY COAL.

• EXCAVATOR WILL PROBABLY BE POWERED BY A FUEL CELL WITH CAPACITORS AND BATTERIES TO FACILITATE ACCELERATION. UTC POWER (UNITED TECHNOLOGIES CORP), BALLARD POWER SYSTEMS, INC., GENERAL HYDROGEN (CANADA) CORPORATION. MUST BE ABLE TO “BURN” PURE OXYGEN (RATHER THAN AIR) AND HYDROGEN.

• MORE EFFORT SHOULD BE FOCUSED UPON RESEARCH FOR POWERING MOBILE EQUIPMENT WITH NUCLEAR (FORD ANNOUNCED SOME PRELIMINARY WORK ON THIS IN THE 1950s).


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• NUCLEAR: PBMR, TOSHIBA 4S (super safe, small and simple), SANDIA. USE FUEL CELL ~100KW AS EMERGENCY POWER SO MUST ALWAYS HAVE ENOUGH OXYGEN AND HYDROGEN ON HAND FOR RUNNING THE EMERGENCY POWER SOURCE FOR SAY 60 DAYS.

• FACILITIES WOULD BE OPERATED AT REDUCED OXYGEN PRESSURE (~3.5psi) AS USED IN MERCURY, GEMINI AND APOLLO SPACESUITS. NOTE THAT NORMAL AIR AT ~80% NITROGEN ACTS AS A FIRE RETARDER. NITROGEN APPEARS TO BE VERY RARE ON THE MOON AS IT IS NOT PART OF THE ROCK FORMING PROCESS AND THE LUNAR GAVITY IS TOO LOW TO RETAIN THE ELEMENT AS AN “ATMOSPHERE”.

• IEEE 802.16 (2‐11 GHz LOCAL & 10‐66GHz TOWER TO TOWER) WIRELESS WIMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) MESH NETWORKS: SOUTHEAST ALBERTA INSTALLATION WITH MULTI‐SPECTRUM WI‐FI /WIMAX MESH NETWORK SERVICES WITH DATA, VOICE AND VIDEO CAPABILITY.

• DEPLOYMENT OF OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS IN SPACE WILL GREATLY INCREASE BAUD RATE, REDUCE POWER NEEDS AND GREATLY REDUCE (DUE TO FOCUSED BEAM) THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM NOISE CAUSED BY PRESENT LONGER WAVE LENGTH “RADIO” COMMUNICATIONS. IN 2001 EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY ANNOUNCED AN OPTICAL DATA LINK “SILEX” BETWEEN TWO SATELITES AND AN EARTH STATION AT A RATE OF 50 MILLION BAUD (50Mbps). THE ESA OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS CONTINUE WITH A RECENT SUCCESSFUL TEST (DECEMBER 2005) BETWEEN JAXA’S KIRARI (OICETS – OPTICAL INTER‐ORBIT COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING TEST SATELLITE) AND ESA’S ARTEMIS SATELLITE (ADVANCED RELAY AND TECHNOLOGY MISSION).

• COMMUNICATIONS CONTACT: HUGH HARIF, SPACE INITIATIVES MANAGER , U.S. CIVIL PROGRAMS, CISCO SYSTEMS, INC.

• PRIVATE SATELLITE EARTH STATION OPERATORS: GLOBECOMM SYSTEMS, INC. (GSI), ORBCOMM, INC.• LUNAR GPS WILL BE IMPORTANT TO FACILITATE EFFICIENT EXPLORATION AND MINING (USING GIS

SOFTWARE). ALSO GPS IS USED EXTENSIVELY ON EARTH (MINING AND PORT OPERATIONS) FOR COLLISION AVOIDANCE BETWEEN MOBILE EQUIPMENT, MOBILE EQUIPMENT/STATIONARY STRUCTURES AND MOBILE EQUIPMENT/HUMANS.

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PROCESSING OF MINED MATERIAL MOON AND MARS

BECAUSE OF THE PROBABLE HETEROGENIOUS LOW-GRADE NATURE OF LUNAR RESOURCES THEY WILL REQUIRE BULK PYROMETALLURGICAL PROCESSING BY PRE-HEATING OF LARGE AMOUNTS OF MATERIAL (DRIVING OFF VOLATILES) FOLLOWED BY MOLTEN OXIDE ELECTROLYSIS (TO PRODUCE METALS AND GLASS (FOAM AND FIBER) PRODUCTS) AND/OR VAPOUR PHASE AND PLASMA PHASE SEPARATION OF HIGH MELTING POINT ELEMENTS.

WITH MARS HAVING THE POTENTIAL FOR HIGH-GRADE RESOURCES, PROCESSING HAS THE POTENTIAL TO BE MORE LIKE THAT ON EARTH, PERHAPS USING HYDROMETALLURGICAL METHODS IN ADDITION TO PYROMETALLURGY.

• 1) Glass Wool: Roxul Inc., Milton, Ontario, Canada, 905.878.8474, www.roxul.com <http://www.roxul.com/> . They produce rock wool in Milton, Ontario and Grand Forks, British Columbia.2) Cast Foam Glass: Pittsburgh Corning Corporation, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 724.327.6100, www.foamglas.com<http://www.foamglas.com/> . They produce FoamGlas at Sedalia, Mo. and Fresno, Tx.3) High‐Purity Nickel (Carbonyl): Vale Inco, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, 705.682.5202, www.inco.com/innovation/process/carbonyl/default.aspx <http://www.inco.com/innovation/process/carbonyl/default.aspx> . They produce high‐purity nickel at Sudbury, Ontario. 4) Titanium & Iron from Ilmenite: QIT‐Fer et Titane Inc., Sorel‐Tracey, Quebec, Canada, 450.746.3000, www.qit.com/eng/profil/sorel_tracey.html <http://www.qit.com/eng/profil/sorel_tracey.html> . They produce titanium and iron from Ilmenite at Sorel‐Tracey, Quebec.5) High‐Purity Titanium: Titanium Metals Corporation, Dallas, Tx., USA, 972.934.5300, www.timet.com/index_new.htm<http://www.timet.com/index_new.htm> (click: “Corporate Overview”, Company Structure”, North American Operations”). They produce high‐purity titanium sponge at Henderson, Nevada. 6) Reactive & Refractory Metals: Wah Chang (An Allegheny Technologies Company), Albany, Oregon, USA, 541.967.6977, www.wahchang.com <http://www.wahchang.com/> . They produce multiple metal products at Albany, Oregon.7) Magnesium Metals & Alloys: US Magnesium LLC, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, 801.532.2043, www.usmagnesium.com<http://www.usmagnesium.com/> . They produce high‐purity magnesium metal and related alloys at Salt Lake City, Utah.8) Mining, Milling, Smelting and Refining of Base Metals (with high‐grade Precious Metals residue sent out for refining): Stillwater Mining Corporation, Columbus, Montana, USA, 406.322.8700, www.stillwatermining.com <http://www.stillwatermining.com/> . They mine and produce nickel, copper, platinum, palladium, rhodium, gold and silver at Nye, Montana.

• ALSO REFER TO HALL‐HEROULT PROCESS FOR ALUMINUM PRODUCTION.

• NEUTRON ACTIVATION PROBE AVAILABLE FROM TROXLER ELECTRONIC LABORATORIES, INC., NORTH CAROLINA. MODEL 4300 REPLACES 3220.

• A GOOD REFERENCE ON LUNAR RESOURCE UTILIZATION IS THE JUNE 2005 PAPER BY GERALD SANDERS AND ROBERT WEGENG OF NASA. LUNAR MARE REGOLITH: <1mm IN DIAMETER, SPGR=3.1, POROSITY=50%, BULK DENSITY=1.55 g/cc, EXCAVATED SLOPE (TO 10 METERS) STABLE TO 60 DEGREES, ~40% OXYGEN, ~50 to 150PPM HYDROGEN.

• PROCESSING OF WATER‐ICE TO WATER THEN HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN IS EASY, PROCESSING LUNAR REGOLITH TO PRODUCE HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN IS ANOTHER MATTER AS HYDROGEN IS “BOUND” TO ILLMENITE MINERAL GRAIN SURFACES AND OXYGEN IS IN THE FORM OF SILICATES. THEREFORE HIGH TEMPERATURE PROCESS METHODS ARE REQUIRED, SUCH AS: (1) HYDROGEN REDUCTION OF ILMENITE/GLASS, (2) METHANE REDUCTION (CARBOTHERMAL), (3) MOLTEN ELECTROLYSIS AND (4) VAPOUR PYROLYSIS. A LOWER TEMPERATURE METHOD, BUT ALSO DIFFICULT, IS SULFURIC ACID REDUCTION. THE HIGH TEMPERATURE PROCESSES HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO FUSE THE GANGUE THAT COULD THEN BE SHAPED FOR BUILDING MATERIALS.


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A TECHNICALLYFEASIBLE AND

ECONOMICALLYVIABLE

MINERAL OPERATION

***

SERVING HUMANITY

THE GOAL!

• THE WEALTH FROM MINES, FROM THE DAWN OF RECORDED HUMAN HISTORY, IS THE EPIC MARCH OF MANKIND ALONG THE PATH OF PROGRESS. IT WAS THE MINES THAT MADE ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS SUCH AS EGYPT, GREECE AND ROME GREAT AND IN MORE RECENT TIMES HAVE CREATED IMMENSE WEALTH TO THE BENEFIT OF THE PEOPLE OF EUROPE, NORTH AMERICA, AUSTRALIA AND NOW CHINA, INDIA, BRAZIL AND RUSSIA.

• GEORGIUS AGRICOLA IN HIS “DE RE METALLICA” PUBLISHED IN 1556 STATED, “INASMUCH AS THE CHIEF CALLINGS ARE THOSE OF MONEY LENDER, THE SOLDIER, THE MERCHANT, THE FARMER, AND MINER, I SAY, INASMUCH AS USURY IS ODIOUS, WHILE THE SPOIL CRUELLY CAPTURED FROM THE PEOPLE INNOCENT OF WRONG IS WICKED IN THE SIGHT OF GOD AND MAN, AND INASMUCH AS THE CALLING OF THE MINER EXCELS IN HONOR AND DIGNITY THAT OF THE MERCHANT TRADING FOR LUCRE, WHILE IT IS NOT LESS NOBLE THOUGH FAR MORE PROFITABLE THAN AGRICULTURE, WHO CAN FAIL TO REALIZE THAT MINING IS A CALLING OF PECULIAR DIGNITY.”

• TODAY, WE ARE PART OF THE “SPACE GENERATION”, CRAWLING OFF THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH INTO THE “OCEANS OF SPACE” – MINING WILL CONTINUE TO PROVIDE THE CAPABILITY FOR HUMANKIND TOADVANCE TO THE MOON, MARS AND ON TO THE STARS!


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MARK ELOWITZ

APPLYING EARTH MINERAL EXPLORATION & MINING EXPERTISE ON OUR MOON - LUNAR SPACE PORT WITH ADJACENT MINING OPERATIONS

DEFLECTING DANGEROUS NEAR EARTH OBJECTS ANDPREPARING TO START COLONIZING MARS

• VISIONARY VIEW OF LUNAR ALPHA MINING AND ROCKET PROPELLANT REFUELING BASE AT HIGHLANDS OF SOUTH (OR NORTH) POLAR REGION OF THE MOON.

• MOST IMPORTANT SUPPORT FOR THIS BASE IS: 1) A RELIABLE AND ABUNDANT SOURCE OF WATER, 2) RELIABLE NUCLEAR FISSION SOURCE OF POWER (ELECTRIC AND HEAT), AND HABITAT STRUCTURES AND SPACE SUITS THAT PROTECT AGAINST SOLAR AND COSMIC RADIATION.

• IT IS IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND THAT MOST NUCLEAR FISSION REACTORS PRODUCE BOTH ELECTRICITY AND HEAT IN ABOUT EQUAL AMOUNTS.

• THIS BASE WILL BE LOCATED AT (OR VERY NEAR) A LARGE SOURCE OF WATER THAT CAN BE “MINED”AS WATER‐ICE. THIS BASE WILL BE THE MISSION CENTER FOR DEFLECTION OF NEAR EARTH OBJECTS THAT ARE DANGEROUS POTENTIAL IMPACTORS.


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ANY QUESTIONS?

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