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Job Analysis and DesignPart 1
Kurt B. CatolicoReporter
EDUC 309 Human Resource DevelopmentDoctor of Philosophy in Educational Management
Mindanao State University Graduate SchoolGeneral Santos City
Objective:At the end of the presentation and
discussion, 100% of the participants will be able to answer the following questions:
• What is a job?•What is job design?• How to create alternative work
schedules?
http://www.dictionary.com/browse/job
What is a JOB?
http://www.dictionary.com/browse/job
A job is a piece of work, especially a specific task done as part of the routine of one’s occupation or for an agreed price.
Source: http://www.dictionary.com/browse/job
http://www.dictionary.com/browse/job
A job is a group of homogeneous tasks related by similarity of functions. When performed by an employee in an exchange for pay, a job consists of duties, responsibilities, and tasks (performance elements) that are (1) defined and specific, and (2) can be accomplished, quantified, measured, and rated. Source: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/job.html
http://www.dictionary.com/browse/job
From a wider perspective, a job is synonymous with a role and includes the physical and social aspects of a work environment. Often, individuals identify themselves with their job or role (foreman, supervisor, engineer, etc.) and derive motivation from its uniqueness or usefulness.
Source: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/job.html
http://www.dictionary.com/browse/job
A job is the smallest unit into which the activities of an enterprise are divided. It is the basis for selecting and training employees, for evaluating their performance, and for determining the rate of pay (Andres, 2001).
http://www.dictionary.com/browse/job
What is JOB DESIGN?
http://www.dictionary.com/browse/job
Job design means specification of jobs according to content, methods, and relationship with other jobs in order to satisfy technological as well as the social and personal requirements of the job holder (Andres, 2001).
http://www.dictionary.com/browse/job
Job design involves systematic attempt to organize tasks, duties and responsibilities into a unit of work to achieve certain objectives. It is a process by which managers decide individual job tasks and authority (Surendhar, 2010).
http://www.dictionary.com/browse/job
JOB DESIGNTasks, Duties and Responsibilities
Employee Efficiency and MotivationPRODUCTIVITY
http://www.dictionary.com/browse/job
Job design integrates work content, rewards and the qualifications required for each job in a way that meets the needs of employees and the organization (Kumar, 2012).
http://www.dictionary.com/browse/job
Work Content +
Rewards +
Qualifications
Organizational Needs
+Individual
Needs
GOAL
http://www.dictionary.com/browse/job
Job design involves determining the tasks and responsibilities that employees in a particular job are expected to perform as well as how they need to interact with their co-workers to realize those contributions (Lindberg, 2016).
http://www.dictionary.com/browse/job
•VIEWS ON JOB DESIGN
•●Management itself emerged partly as an attempt to design, structure and supervise jobs to improve performance (Flynn, 2007).•● It is linked to motivation because the nature of a worker’s job has a fundamental impact on his/her work experience (Duchon and Plowman, 2005).•● Recent work on the subject typically recommends expanding jobs to enhance flexibility and improve job satisfaction (Wheatly, 2016).
http://www.dictionary.com/browse/job
•FACTORS AFFECTING THE PROCESS•OF JOB DESIGN
Job Desig
n
Task Characteristics
Workflow
Ergonomics
Work PracticesEmployee
Abilities and Availabilities
Social and Cultural
Expectations
Feedback
http://www.dictionary.com/browse/job
• JOB DESIGN MODEL • (Hackman and Oldham, 1976)
http://www.dictionary.com/browse/job
•TECHNIQUES FOR DESIGNING JOBS
Job Simplification
Job Rotation
Job Enlargement
Job Enrichment
http://www.dictionary.com/browse/job
Job Simplification
● Simplification of work requires that jobs be broken down into their smallest units and then analyzed. Each resulting sub-unit typically consists of relatively few operations (Manu, 2015). ● Jobs are broken down into very small parts where a fragment called task is repeatedly done over and over again by the same individual (Narayanan, 2014).
http://www.dictionary.com/browse/job
Job Simplification
ADVANTAGES
•Employee therefore is paid higher rewards.•the productivity is high. •Achieves specialization.•Training cost to the organization is practically negligible.
DISADVANTAGES
• A worker is likely to get bored and remain absent frequently. • Quality and quantity may suffer in the long run due to frustration. • Organization may have to attract workers by offering higher wages.
http://www.dictionary.com/browse/job
Job Rotation
Job Rotation is a management approach where employees are shifted between two or more assignments or jobs at regular intervals of time in order to expose them to all verticals of an organization. It is a pre-planned approach with an objective to test the employee skills and competencies in order to place him or her at the right place. In addition to it, it reduces the monotony of the job and gives them a wider experience and helps them gain more insights Source: http://www.managementstudyguide.com/job-rotation.htm
http://www.dictionary.com/browse/job
Job Rotation Objectives
Reducing Monotony of the Job
Succession Planning
Creating Right-Employee Job Fit
Exposing Workers to All Verticals of the Company
Testing Employee Skills and Competencies
Developing a Wider Range of Work Experience
Source: http://www.managementstudyguide.com/job-rotation.htm
http://www.dictionary.com/browse/job
Job Rotation
Source: http://www.managementstudyguide.com/job-rotation.htm
ADVANTAGES
•Variety of Skills•Improves earning capacity•Wide range of activities
DISADVANTAGES
• Frequent interruption•Reduces uniformity in quality
http://www.dictionary.com/browse/job
Job Enlargement
Job enlargement is a job design technique wherein there is an increase in the number of tasks associated with a certain job. In other words, it means increasing the scope of one’s duties and responsibilities. The increase in scope is quantitative in nature and not qualitative and at the same level.
Source: http://www.managementstudyguide.com/job-rotation.htm
http://www.dictionary.com/browse/job
Benefits of Job Enlargement
Source: http://www.managementstudyguide.com/job-rotation.htm
Reduced Monotony
Increased Work Flexibility
No Skills Training Required
http://www.dictionary.com/browse/job
Job Enrichment
Typically job enrichment involves combining various existing and new tasks into one large module of work. The work is then handed over to an employee, which means there is an increase in responsibilities and scope. This increase in responsibility is often vertical. The idea is to group various tasks together such that natural work units are created. Source: http://www.managementstudyguide.com/job-rotation.htm
http://www.dictionary.com/browse/job
Benefits of Job Enrichment
Source: http://www.managementstudyguide.com/job-rotation.htm
Decreased Absenteeism
Reduced Employee Turnover
Manifold Increase in Job Satisfaction
http://www.dictionary.com/browse/job
Source: http://www.managementstudyguide.com/job-rotation.htm
Job Enrichment• Quantity• Satisfaction and
Contentment• Planning and
Organizing• Dependent• Vertical• More Motivating
Job Enlargement• Quality• Responsible and
Worthwhile• Execution• Independent• Horizontal• Less Motivating
vs
http://www.dictionary.com/browse/job
How to create ALTERNATIVE
WORK SCHEDULES?
http://www.dictionary.com/browse/job
An alternative work schedule is a scheduling arrangement that permits a variation from the employee's core hours in starting and departure times, but does not alter the total number of hours worked in a week.
https://ohr.cornell.edu/life/support/alternative_work_schedule.html
•What is Alternative Work Schedule?
http://www.dictionary.com/browse/job
Possible benefits include better office coverage, extended service hours, enhancement of staff morale, reduced tardiness and absenteeism, increased employee ability to better manage personal life, increased productivity because an employee may choose to work during their own peak times.
https://ohr.cornell.edu/life/support/alternative_work_schedule.html
What are the benefits of an alternative work schedule arrangement?
http://www.dictionary.com/browse/job
•Access to public transportation and dependent care options can often be a challenge. Scheduling of various flexible work requests to ensure office coverage.•Extended workdays can also be physically/mentally draining for some employees.
Source: https://ohr.cornell.edu/life/support/alternative_work_schedule.html
What considerations are there for negotiating this type of work schedule?
http://www.dictionary.com/browse/job
Source: https://www.shrm.org/resourcesandtools/tools-and-samples/hr-qa/pages/californiaalternativeworkweekschedules.aspx
•Adoption Procedure
1. The organization must present a proposal and designate a regularly scheduled alternative workweek.2. The organization may propose a single work schedule that would become the standard schedule for workers in the work unit or a menu of work schedule options from which each employee in the unit could choose.
http://www.dictionary.com/browse/job
Source: https://www.shrm.org/resourcesandtools/tools-and-samples/hr-qa/pages/californiaalternativeworkweekschedules.aspx
•Adoption Procedure
3. Alternative workweek schedule must be adopted in a secret ballot election by at least a two-thirds vote of the affected employees in the work unit. 4. Prior to the secret ballot vote, the organization must have held meeting(s) with the affected employees, a minimum of 14 days prior to the election, to discuss the effects of the proposed alternative work schedule on the employees' wages, hours and benefits.
http://www.dictionary.com/browse/job
Source: https://www.shrm.org/resourcesandtools/tools-and-samples/hr-qa/pages/californiaalternativeworkweekschedules.aspx
•Adoption Procedure
5. Employees affected by a change in work hours resulting from the adoption of an alternative workweek schedule may not be required to work those new work hours for at least 30 days after the announcement of the final results of the election.
http://www.dictionary.com/browse/job
•OPTIONS FOR JOB DESIGNJob Sharing
• Two persons sharing one full time job with sharing rewards and responsibility for its completion.
Telecommuting
• Use of computer in jobs.
Compressed Work Week
• Work hours can be compressed into five or even four days a week with long hours of daily work with two or three days free at the week end.
Quality Circles
• `It consists of a group of 7 – 10 employees from a unit or across units who have volunteered to meet together regularly and analyze, make proposals about product quality, investigate causes and suggest corrective actions.
Flexitime
• This method allows workers more freedom to select work schedule within the general guidelines laid down by the organization.
http://www.dictionary.com/browse/job
•OPTIONS FOR JOB DESIGN
Job Sharing
• Two persons sharing one full time job with sharing rewards and responsibility for its completion.
http://www.dictionary.com/browse/job
•OPTIONS FOR JOB DESIGN
Telecommuting
• Use of computer in jobs.
http://www.dictionary.com/browse/job
•OPTIONS FOR JOB DESIGN
Compressed Work Week
• Work hours can be compressed into five or even four days a week with long hours of daily work with two or three days free at the week end.
http://www.dictionary.com/browse/job
•OPTIONS FOR JOB DESIGN
Quality Circles
• `It consists of a group of 7 – 10 employees from a unit or across units who have volunteered to meet together regularly and analyze, make proposals about product quality, investigate causes and suggest corrective actions.
http://www.dictionary.com/browse/job
•OPTIONS FOR JOB DESIGN
Flexitime
• This method allows workers more freedom to select work schedule within the general guidelines laid down by the organization.
http://www.dictionary.com/browse/jobEnd of Presentation
http://www.dictionary.com/browse/job
School Principal
Assistant to the Principal
Primary School Department
Head
Grade 1-A Teacher-Adviser
Grade 1-B Teacher-Adviser
Grade 2-A Teacher-Adviser
Grade 2-B Teacher-Adviser
Grader 3 Teacher-Adviser
Kindergarten Teacher-Adviser
Subject Teachers
Middle School Department
Head
Grade 4-A Teacher-Adviser
Grade 4-B Teacher-Adviser
Grade 5-A Teacher-Adviser
Grade 5-B Teacher-Adviser
Grade 6-A Teacher-Adviser
Grade 6-B Teacher-Adviser
Subject Teachers
Junior High School
Department Head
Grade 7-A Teacher-Adviser
Grade 7-B Teacher-Adviser
Grade 8-A Teacher-Adviser
Grade 8-B Teacher-Adviser
Grade 9 Teacher-Adviser
Grade 10 Teacher-Adviser
Subject Teachers
Senior High School
Department Head
Grade 11 Teacher-Adviser Subject Teachers
Administrative Assistant
Republic of the PhilippinesDepartment of EducationRegion XIIDivision of SaranganiNorth Glan DistrictHADJI MUSA INTEGRATED SCHOOL
ORGANIZATIONAL CHART
http://www.dictionary.com/browse/job
Before an alternative work schedule is implemented, an organization must meet specific requirements in terms of proposing the schedule to the employee group, explaining the effects of the alternative workweek schedule and conducting a secret vote.
Source: https://www.shrm.org/resourcesandtools/tools-and-samples/hr-qa/pages/californiaalternativeworkweekschedules.aspx
Adoption Procedure