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Presented at the #7 RECODE workshop, The politics of multilingualism, in Geneva, 19-20 June 2014.
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Is the Calvet Language Barometer usefulto measure linguistic justice
Federico GobboFGobbouvanl
RECODE Workshop The Politics of Multilingualism19-20 June 2014 Geneva
1 de 35
Introduction
A methodological issue still open
Languages live by their speakers they shape their identity assessattitudes towards life give opportunities for mobility ndash both in termsof levels in society and in movement across places
Research question how to compare the linguistic justice level of (ormore) languages in a given ecolinguistic system ndash defined by aterritory
3 de 35
The need of an index of linguistic justice
Here I examine the Calvet Language Barometer (CLB) in its lastversion (2012)1 under the perspective of linguistic justice
The term lsquolinguistic justicersquo cannot be uniquely defined
What are we measuring
Justice for whom eg national citizens andor migrants At which level of analysis
local national transnational
1Available at httpwikilfculturefrbarometre2012
The need of an index of linguistic justice
Here I examine the Calvet Language Barometer (CLB) in its lastversion (2012)1 under the perspective of linguistic justice
The term lsquolinguistic justicersquo cannot be uniquely defined
What are we measuring
Justice for whom eg national citizens andor migrants
At which level of analysis
local national transnational
1Available at httpwikilfculturefrbarometre2012
The need of an index of linguistic justice
Here I examine the Calvet Language Barometer (CLB) in its lastversion (2012)1 under the perspective of linguistic justice
The term lsquolinguistic justicersquo cannot be uniquely defined
What are we measuring
Justice for whom eg national citizens andor migrants At which level of analysis
local national transnational
1Available at httpwikilfculturefrbarometre2012
The need of an index of linguistic justice
Here I examine the Calvet Language Barometer (CLB) in its lastversion (2012)1 under the perspective of linguistic justice
The term lsquolinguistic justicersquo cannot be uniquely defined
What are we measuring
Justice for whom eg national citizens andor migrants At which level of analysis
local
national transnational
1Available at httpwikilfculturefrbarometre2012
The need of an index of linguistic justice
Here I examine the Calvet Language Barometer (CLB) in its lastversion (2012)1 under the perspective of linguistic justice
The term lsquolinguistic justicersquo cannot be uniquely defined
What are we measuring
Justice for whom eg national citizens andor migrants At which level of analysis
local national
transnational
1Available at httpwikilfculturefrbarometre2012
The need of an index of linguistic justice
Here I examine the Calvet Language Barometer (CLB) in its lastversion (2012)1 under the perspective of linguistic justice
The term lsquolinguistic justicersquo cannot be uniquely defined
What are we measuring
Justice for whom eg national citizens andor migrants At which level of analysis
local national transnational
1Available at httpwikilfculturefrbarometre2012
Outline
The CLB is aimed to measure the ldquolinguistic altituderdquo of languages inisolation not to compare languages in a given ecolinguistic systemTherefore it cannot be used off the shelf but it should be adjustedfor our needs I will proceed backwards by
a presentation of the CLB as a whole
a discussion of the parameters
an application of the CLB to the gravitational model also byCalvet (1999 2006)
an application to the case study of South Tyrol
5 de 35
The Calvet Language Barometer
An overview of the barometer
The CLB was launched in 2010 through a web site then it wasupdated in 2012 It considers the 563 world languages with +500000L1 speakers The main source is Ethnologue2
The actual parameters are 11 but more can be added according toneeds (eg scientific publications in that language per year) One ofthe main problem is completeness when data are not available theparameter is set to zero or to the average value of the columnaccording to lsquosimilarrsquo languages
Different weights can be given to the parameters so to adjust theCLB to the needs of the user
2Updated yearly See httpwwwethnologuecom7 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
Parameter 1 number of L1 speakers
Parameter 1 is the most important only medium-sized worldlanguages (+500000) are considered in the CLB A problem ofEthnologue is how to consider linguistic map of the world Twoproblems in counting L1 speakers
Malay is listed in +20 varieties rarr grouped as one
Greek minorities in Italy (Griko and Grecanico) not counted asdifferent from Modern Greek larr questionable
The other limitation of Ethnologue is the non-consideration of L2speakers eg Swahili in Tanzania is far more spoken as L2 than asL1 rarr solution is parameter 3 vehicularity
9 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 3 vehicularity
When a language is vehicular In the CLB there is a clear definitionThe equation to calculate the vehicularity of a language as a ratio issimple and effective
L2
L1 + L2
Each single parameter is can be evaluated as if it were the only oneHindi is calculated as if it has no L1 speakers ()
However the cleanliness of the parameter is rather useful
11 de 35
Parameter 4 official status
Here the source of data is the web site maintained by JacquesLeclerc (Universite Laval) Scores are attributed in the following way
10 if the language is official in a sovereign state
05 if the language is official in a non-sovereign state
Some cases are paradoxical Italian is official in Italy Switzerland SanMarino Vatican and the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of SaintJohn of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta Overall score is 45 (place8) before Mandarin Chinese But are all states in the world equal inpower Of course not
12 de 35
Parameters 5 and 6 the role of translation
Here the source of data is the Index Translationium by Unesco whichpublishes the number of translations by language since 1979classified along nine categories
Again the world map of Ethnologue and Unesco does not alwaysmatch moreover there is the problem of the split of Serbo-Croatianin Serbian Croatian Bosnian and Montenegrin and the complexsituation of Arabic The solution by Calvet amp Calvet is to use ISOcodes as the main criterion which is reasonable
A greater problem is methodological these parameters rely not ondata but on an existing index henceforth the CLB configures partiallyas a meta-index
13 de 35
Parameter 7 international literary awards
Another methodological problem is parameter independence it isclear that literary awards are possible iff the Index Translationum ishigh How it works
The Nobel Prize is the most known award but it is consideredeurocentric and left-winged so the authors consider other awards aswell
winners count as 1 for every language in which they write
nominees counts 05 (even if nomineed many times)
Possible paradox Ngugi wa Thiongrsquoo counts 2 for English andKikuyu (ironic for this writerrsquos language policy)
14 de 35
Parameter 8 Number of Wikipedia articles
Wikipedia3 offers a detailed raw data of its use according to thedifferent languages The CLB considers only the ldquogrand totalrdquo whichis too superficial for instance a software bot can generate stubsautomatically ndash in 2008 it happened with Volapuk (an internationalauxiliary language launched before Esperanto now used for literaryand ludic purposes)
The number of active users could be used to measure more in deepthe impact of Wikipedia on a language community (it seems that theDutch contributors are very active compared to the Polish ones forexample) A recent study has also highlighted that the role ofmultilingual Wikipedia contributors (just over 15) is not to beunderestimated
3See httpwwwwikipediaorg15 de 35
Parameters 9 and 10 HDI and total fertility rate
The Human Development Index (HDI) is used by the UN to measurethe achievements in education health and income based oncountries not languages Similarly considerations can be done forthe total fertility rate
These two parameters generate clearly spurious results in particularit is quite surprising that the Hawai Creole English in in position 2while English (American English Global) The weight of these twoparameters should be adjusted according to the their reliability
16 de 35
Parameter 11 language use in the Internet
This parameter clearly overlaps with parameter 8 (Wikipedia)However the source here is a web site owned by a limited liabilitycompany the Miniwatts Marketing Group not a public instance or afoundation4
As a result raw data cannot be controlled this parameter should notbe considered lsquoheavyrsquo as the others Now we can test the CLB as itis and with different weights
4See httpwwwinternetworldstatscomstatshtm17 de 35
the top 15 of the CLB as it is
and with different weights
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
The gravitational modeland the barometer
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
An example of complex vertical bilingualism
Context Aboriginal languages in Quebec
26 de 35
An example of complex horizontalvertical bilingualism
Context skilled migrant in the Netherlands
27 de 35
An applicationLinguistic justice in South Tyrol
A region of stable contact between three languages
South Tyrol is often considered a success case of multilingualismmanagement (source 4-year Kontatto research project at the FreeUniv of BozenBolzano)
Politically part of Italy with a complex historical background linkedwith the Austrian Empire at the border with Switzerland
Three distinctive language groups
1 German (majority mainly local varieties especially in the valleys)
2 Italian (spoken mainly in the cities of Bozen-BolzanoMeran-Merano and in the Bassa Atesina area)
3 Ladin (located in lsquotraditionalrsquo valleys in particular Badia andGardena official status is lower)
29 de 35
Source 9th UK Language Variation and Change Conference
30 de 35
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 German there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Italian there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Ladin there
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
34 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
35 de 35
Introduction
A methodological issue still open
Languages live by their speakers they shape their identity assessattitudes towards life give opportunities for mobility ndash both in termsof levels in society and in movement across places
Research question how to compare the linguistic justice level of (ormore) languages in a given ecolinguistic system ndash defined by aterritory
3 de 35
The need of an index of linguistic justice
Here I examine the Calvet Language Barometer (CLB) in its lastversion (2012)1 under the perspective of linguistic justice
The term lsquolinguistic justicersquo cannot be uniquely defined
What are we measuring
Justice for whom eg national citizens andor migrants At which level of analysis
local national transnational
1Available at httpwikilfculturefrbarometre2012
The need of an index of linguistic justice
Here I examine the Calvet Language Barometer (CLB) in its lastversion (2012)1 under the perspective of linguistic justice
The term lsquolinguistic justicersquo cannot be uniquely defined
What are we measuring
Justice for whom eg national citizens andor migrants
At which level of analysis
local national transnational
1Available at httpwikilfculturefrbarometre2012
The need of an index of linguistic justice
Here I examine the Calvet Language Barometer (CLB) in its lastversion (2012)1 under the perspective of linguistic justice
The term lsquolinguistic justicersquo cannot be uniquely defined
What are we measuring
Justice for whom eg national citizens andor migrants At which level of analysis
local national transnational
1Available at httpwikilfculturefrbarometre2012
The need of an index of linguistic justice
Here I examine the Calvet Language Barometer (CLB) in its lastversion (2012)1 under the perspective of linguistic justice
The term lsquolinguistic justicersquo cannot be uniquely defined
What are we measuring
Justice for whom eg national citizens andor migrants At which level of analysis
local
national transnational
1Available at httpwikilfculturefrbarometre2012
The need of an index of linguistic justice
Here I examine the Calvet Language Barometer (CLB) in its lastversion (2012)1 under the perspective of linguistic justice
The term lsquolinguistic justicersquo cannot be uniquely defined
What are we measuring
Justice for whom eg national citizens andor migrants At which level of analysis
local national
transnational
1Available at httpwikilfculturefrbarometre2012
The need of an index of linguistic justice
Here I examine the Calvet Language Barometer (CLB) in its lastversion (2012)1 under the perspective of linguistic justice
The term lsquolinguistic justicersquo cannot be uniquely defined
What are we measuring
Justice for whom eg national citizens andor migrants At which level of analysis
local national transnational
1Available at httpwikilfculturefrbarometre2012
Outline
The CLB is aimed to measure the ldquolinguistic altituderdquo of languages inisolation not to compare languages in a given ecolinguistic systemTherefore it cannot be used off the shelf but it should be adjustedfor our needs I will proceed backwards by
a presentation of the CLB as a whole
a discussion of the parameters
an application of the CLB to the gravitational model also byCalvet (1999 2006)
an application to the case study of South Tyrol
5 de 35
The Calvet Language Barometer
An overview of the barometer
The CLB was launched in 2010 through a web site then it wasupdated in 2012 It considers the 563 world languages with +500000L1 speakers The main source is Ethnologue2
The actual parameters are 11 but more can be added according toneeds (eg scientific publications in that language per year) One ofthe main problem is completeness when data are not available theparameter is set to zero or to the average value of the columnaccording to lsquosimilarrsquo languages
Different weights can be given to the parameters so to adjust theCLB to the needs of the user
2Updated yearly See httpwwwethnologuecom7 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
Parameter 1 number of L1 speakers
Parameter 1 is the most important only medium-sized worldlanguages (+500000) are considered in the CLB A problem ofEthnologue is how to consider linguistic map of the world Twoproblems in counting L1 speakers
Malay is listed in +20 varieties rarr grouped as one
Greek minorities in Italy (Griko and Grecanico) not counted asdifferent from Modern Greek larr questionable
The other limitation of Ethnologue is the non-consideration of L2speakers eg Swahili in Tanzania is far more spoken as L2 than asL1 rarr solution is parameter 3 vehicularity
9 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 3 vehicularity
When a language is vehicular In the CLB there is a clear definitionThe equation to calculate the vehicularity of a language as a ratio issimple and effective
L2
L1 + L2
Each single parameter is can be evaluated as if it were the only oneHindi is calculated as if it has no L1 speakers ()
However the cleanliness of the parameter is rather useful
11 de 35
Parameter 4 official status
Here the source of data is the web site maintained by JacquesLeclerc (Universite Laval) Scores are attributed in the following way
10 if the language is official in a sovereign state
05 if the language is official in a non-sovereign state
Some cases are paradoxical Italian is official in Italy Switzerland SanMarino Vatican and the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of SaintJohn of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta Overall score is 45 (place8) before Mandarin Chinese But are all states in the world equal inpower Of course not
12 de 35
Parameters 5 and 6 the role of translation
Here the source of data is the Index Translationium by Unesco whichpublishes the number of translations by language since 1979classified along nine categories
Again the world map of Ethnologue and Unesco does not alwaysmatch moreover there is the problem of the split of Serbo-Croatianin Serbian Croatian Bosnian and Montenegrin and the complexsituation of Arabic The solution by Calvet amp Calvet is to use ISOcodes as the main criterion which is reasonable
A greater problem is methodological these parameters rely not ondata but on an existing index henceforth the CLB configures partiallyas a meta-index
13 de 35
Parameter 7 international literary awards
Another methodological problem is parameter independence it isclear that literary awards are possible iff the Index Translationum ishigh How it works
The Nobel Prize is the most known award but it is consideredeurocentric and left-winged so the authors consider other awards aswell
winners count as 1 for every language in which they write
nominees counts 05 (even if nomineed many times)
Possible paradox Ngugi wa Thiongrsquoo counts 2 for English andKikuyu (ironic for this writerrsquos language policy)
14 de 35
Parameter 8 Number of Wikipedia articles
Wikipedia3 offers a detailed raw data of its use according to thedifferent languages The CLB considers only the ldquogrand totalrdquo whichis too superficial for instance a software bot can generate stubsautomatically ndash in 2008 it happened with Volapuk (an internationalauxiliary language launched before Esperanto now used for literaryand ludic purposes)
The number of active users could be used to measure more in deepthe impact of Wikipedia on a language community (it seems that theDutch contributors are very active compared to the Polish ones forexample) A recent study has also highlighted that the role ofmultilingual Wikipedia contributors (just over 15) is not to beunderestimated
3See httpwwwwikipediaorg15 de 35
Parameters 9 and 10 HDI and total fertility rate
The Human Development Index (HDI) is used by the UN to measurethe achievements in education health and income based oncountries not languages Similarly considerations can be done forthe total fertility rate
These two parameters generate clearly spurious results in particularit is quite surprising that the Hawai Creole English in in position 2while English (American English Global) The weight of these twoparameters should be adjusted according to the their reliability
16 de 35
Parameter 11 language use in the Internet
This parameter clearly overlaps with parameter 8 (Wikipedia)However the source here is a web site owned by a limited liabilitycompany the Miniwatts Marketing Group not a public instance or afoundation4
As a result raw data cannot be controlled this parameter should notbe considered lsquoheavyrsquo as the others Now we can test the CLB as itis and with different weights
4See httpwwwinternetworldstatscomstatshtm17 de 35
the top 15 of the CLB as it is
and with different weights
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
The gravitational modeland the barometer
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
An example of complex vertical bilingualism
Context Aboriginal languages in Quebec
26 de 35
An example of complex horizontalvertical bilingualism
Context skilled migrant in the Netherlands
27 de 35
An applicationLinguistic justice in South Tyrol
A region of stable contact between three languages
South Tyrol is often considered a success case of multilingualismmanagement (source 4-year Kontatto research project at the FreeUniv of BozenBolzano)
Politically part of Italy with a complex historical background linkedwith the Austrian Empire at the border with Switzerland
Three distinctive language groups
1 German (majority mainly local varieties especially in the valleys)
2 Italian (spoken mainly in the cities of Bozen-BolzanoMeran-Merano and in the Bassa Atesina area)
3 Ladin (located in lsquotraditionalrsquo valleys in particular Badia andGardena official status is lower)
29 de 35
Source 9th UK Language Variation and Change Conference
30 de 35
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 German there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Italian there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Ladin there
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
34 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
35 de 35
A methodological issue still open
Languages live by their speakers they shape their identity assessattitudes towards life give opportunities for mobility ndash both in termsof levels in society and in movement across places
Research question how to compare the linguistic justice level of (ormore) languages in a given ecolinguistic system ndash defined by aterritory
3 de 35
The need of an index of linguistic justice
Here I examine the Calvet Language Barometer (CLB) in its lastversion (2012)1 under the perspective of linguistic justice
The term lsquolinguistic justicersquo cannot be uniquely defined
What are we measuring
Justice for whom eg national citizens andor migrants At which level of analysis
local national transnational
1Available at httpwikilfculturefrbarometre2012
The need of an index of linguistic justice
Here I examine the Calvet Language Barometer (CLB) in its lastversion (2012)1 under the perspective of linguistic justice
The term lsquolinguistic justicersquo cannot be uniquely defined
What are we measuring
Justice for whom eg national citizens andor migrants
At which level of analysis
local national transnational
1Available at httpwikilfculturefrbarometre2012
The need of an index of linguistic justice
Here I examine the Calvet Language Barometer (CLB) in its lastversion (2012)1 under the perspective of linguistic justice
The term lsquolinguistic justicersquo cannot be uniquely defined
What are we measuring
Justice for whom eg national citizens andor migrants At which level of analysis
local national transnational
1Available at httpwikilfculturefrbarometre2012
The need of an index of linguistic justice
Here I examine the Calvet Language Barometer (CLB) in its lastversion (2012)1 under the perspective of linguistic justice
The term lsquolinguistic justicersquo cannot be uniquely defined
What are we measuring
Justice for whom eg national citizens andor migrants At which level of analysis
local
national transnational
1Available at httpwikilfculturefrbarometre2012
The need of an index of linguistic justice
Here I examine the Calvet Language Barometer (CLB) in its lastversion (2012)1 under the perspective of linguistic justice
The term lsquolinguistic justicersquo cannot be uniquely defined
What are we measuring
Justice for whom eg national citizens andor migrants At which level of analysis
local national
transnational
1Available at httpwikilfculturefrbarometre2012
The need of an index of linguistic justice
Here I examine the Calvet Language Barometer (CLB) in its lastversion (2012)1 under the perspective of linguistic justice
The term lsquolinguistic justicersquo cannot be uniquely defined
What are we measuring
Justice for whom eg national citizens andor migrants At which level of analysis
local national transnational
1Available at httpwikilfculturefrbarometre2012
Outline
The CLB is aimed to measure the ldquolinguistic altituderdquo of languages inisolation not to compare languages in a given ecolinguistic systemTherefore it cannot be used off the shelf but it should be adjustedfor our needs I will proceed backwards by
a presentation of the CLB as a whole
a discussion of the parameters
an application of the CLB to the gravitational model also byCalvet (1999 2006)
an application to the case study of South Tyrol
5 de 35
The Calvet Language Barometer
An overview of the barometer
The CLB was launched in 2010 through a web site then it wasupdated in 2012 It considers the 563 world languages with +500000L1 speakers The main source is Ethnologue2
The actual parameters are 11 but more can be added according toneeds (eg scientific publications in that language per year) One ofthe main problem is completeness when data are not available theparameter is set to zero or to the average value of the columnaccording to lsquosimilarrsquo languages
Different weights can be given to the parameters so to adjust theCLB to the needs of the user
2Updated yearly See httpwwwethnologuecom7 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
Parameter 1 number of L1 speakers
Parameter 1 is the most important only medium-sized worldlanguages (+500000) are considered in the CLB A problem ofEthnologue is how to consider linguistic map of the world Twoproblems in counting L1 speakers
Malay is listed in +20 varieties rarr grouped as one
Greek minorities in Italy (Griko and Grecanico) not counted asdifferent from Modern Greek larr questionable
The other limitation of Ethnologue is the non-consideration of L2speakers eg Swahili in Tanzania is far more spoken as L2 than asL1 rarr solution is parameter 3 vehicularity
9 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 3 vehicularity
When a language is vehicular In the CLB there is a clear definitionThe equation to calculate the vehicularity of a language as a ratio issimple and effective
L2
L1 + L2
Each single parameter is can be evaluated as if it were the only oneHindi is calculated as if it has no L1 speakers ()
However the cleanliness of the parameter is rather useful
11 de 35
Parameter 4 official status
Here the source of data is the web site maintained by JacquesLeclerc (Universite Laval) Scores are attributed in the following way
10 if the language is official in a sovereign state
05 if the language is official in a non-sovereign state
Some cases are paradoxical Italian is official in Italy Switzerland SanMarino Vatican and the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of SaintJohn of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta Overall score is 45 (place8) before Mandarin Chinese But are all states in the world equal inpower Of course not
12 de 35
Parameters 5 and 6 the role of translation
Here the source of data is the Index Translationium by Unesco whichpublishes the number of translations by language since 1979classified along nine categories
Again the world map of Ethnologue and Unesco does not alwaysmatch moreover there is the problem of the split of Serbo-Croatianin Serbian Croatian Bosnian and Montenegrin and the complexsituation of Arabic The solution by Calvet amp Calvet is to use ISOcodes as the main criterion which is reasonable
A greater problem is methodological these parameters rely not ondata but on an existing index henceforth the CLB configures partiallyas a meta-index
13 de 35
Parameter 7 international literary awards
Another methodological problem is parameter independence it isclear that literary awards are possible iff the Index Translationum ishigh How it works
The Nobel Prize is the most known award but it is consideredeurocentric and left-winged so the authors consider other awards aswell
winners count as 1 for every language in which they write
nominees counts 05 (even if nomineed many times)
Possible paradox Ngugi wa Thiongrsquoo counts 2 for English andKikuyu (ironic for this writerrsquos language policy)
14 de 35
Parameter 8 Number of Wikipedia articles
Wikipedia3 offers a detailed raw data of its use according to thedifferent languages The CLB considers only the ldquogrand totalrdquo whichis too superficial for instance a software bot can generate stubsautomatically ndash in 2008 it happened with Volapuk (an internationalauxiliary language launched before Esperanto now used for literaryand ludic purposes)
The number of active users could be used to measure more in deepthe impact of Wikipedia on a language community (it seems that theDutch contributors are very active compared to the Polish ones forexample) A recent study has also highlighted that the role ofmultilingual Wikipedia contributors (just over 15) is not to beunderestimated
3See httpwwwwikipediaorg15 de 35
Parameters 9 and 10 HDI and total fertility rate
The Human Development Index (HDI) is used by the UN to measurethe achievements in education health and income based oncountries not languages Similarly considerations can be done forthe total fertility rate
These two parameters generate clearly spurious results in particularit is quite surprising that the Hawai Creole English in in position 2while English (American English Global) The weight of these twoparameters should be adjusted according to the their reliability
16 de 35
Parameter 11 language use in the Internet
This parameter clearly overlaps with parameter 8 (Wikipedia)However the source here is a web site owned by a limited liabilitycompany the Miniwatts Marketing Group not a public instance or afoundation4
As a result raw data cannot be controlled this parameter should notbe considered lsquoheavyrsquo as the others Now we can test the CLB as itis and with different weights
4See httpwwwinternetworldstatscomstatshtm17 de 35
the top 15 of the CLB as it is
and with different weights
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
The gravitational modeland the barometer
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
An example of complex vertical bilingualism
Context Aboriginal languages in Quebec
26 de 35
An example of complex horizontalvertical bilingualism
Context skilled migrant in the Netherlands
27 de 35
An applicationLinguistic justice in South Tyrol
A region of stable contact between three languages
South Tyrol is often considered a success case of multilingualismmanagement (source 4-year Kontatto research project at the FreeUniv of BozenBolzano)
Politically part of Italy with a complex historical background linkedwith the Austrian Empire at the border with Switzerland
Three distinctive language groups
1 German (majority mainly local varieties especially in the valleys)
2 Italian (spoken mainly in the cities of Bozen-BolzanoMeran-Merano and in the Bassa Atesina area)
3 Ladin (located in lsquotraditionalrsquo valleys in particular Badia andGardena official status is lower)
29 de 35
Source 9th UK Language Variation and Change Conference
30 de 35
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 German there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Italian there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Ladin there
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
34 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
35 de 35
The need of an index of linguistic justice
Here I examine the Calvet Language Barometer (CLB) in its lastversion (2012)1 under the perspective of linguistic justice
The term lsquolinguistic justicersquo cannot be uniquely defined
What are we measuring
Justice for whom eg national citizens andor migrants At which level of analysis
local national transnational
1Available at httpwikilfculturefrbarometre2012
The need of an index of linguistic justice
Here I examine the Calvet Language Barometer (CLB) in its lastversion (2012)1 under the perspective of linguistic justice
The term lsquolinguistic justicersquo cannot be uniquely defined
What are we measuring
Justice for whom eg national citizens andor migrants
At which level of analysis
local national transnational
1Available at httpwikilfculturefrbarometre2012
The need of an index of linguistic justice
Here I examine the Calvet Language Barometer (CLB) in its lastversion (2012)1 under the perspective of linguistic justice
The term lsquolinguistic justicersquo cannot be uniquely defined
What are we measuring
Justice for whom eg national citizens andor migrants At which level of analysis
local national transnational
1Available at httpwikilfculturefrbarometre2012
The need of an index of linguistic justice
Here I examine the Calvet Language Barometer (CLB) in its lastversion (2012)1 under the perspective of linguistic justice
The term lsquolinguistic justicersquo cannot be uniquely defined
What are we measuring
Justice for whom eg national citizens andor migrants At which level of analysis
local
national transnational
1Available at httpwikilfculturefrbarometre2012
The need of an index of linguistic justice
Here I examine the Calvet Language Barometer (CLB) in its lastversion (2012)1 under the perspective of linguistic justice
The term lsquolinguistic justicersquo cannot be uniquely defined
What are we measuring
Justice for whom eg national citizens andor migrants At which level of analysis
local national
transnational
1Available at httpwikilfculturefrbarometre2012
The need of an index of linguistic justice
Here I examine the Calvet Language Barometer (CLB) in its lastversion (2012)1 under the perspective of linguistic justice
The term lsquolinguistic justicersquo cannot be uniquely defined
What are we measuring
Justice for whom eg national citizens andor migrants At which level of analysis
local national transnational
1Available at httpwikilfculturefrbarometre2012
Outline
The CLB is aimed to measure the ldquolinguistic altituderdquo of languages inisolation not to compare languages in a given ecolinguistic systemTherefore it cannot be used off the shelf but it should be adjustedfor our needs I will proceed backwards by
a presentation of the CLB as a whole
a discussion of the parameters
an application of the CLB to the gravitational model also byCalvet (1999 2006)
an application to the case study of South Tyrol
5 de 35
The Calvet Language Barometer
An overview of the barometer
The CLB was launched in 2010 through a web site then it wasupdated in 2012 It considers the 563 world languages with +500000L1 speakers The main source is Ethnologue2
The actual parameters are 11 but more can be added according toneeds (eg scientific publications in that language per year) One ofthe main problem is completeness when data are not available theparameter is set to zero or to the average value of the columnaccording to lsquosimilarrsquo languages
Different weights can be given to the parameters so to adjust theCLB to the needs of the user
2Updated yearly See httpwwwethnologuecom7 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
Parameter 1 number of L1 speakers
Parameter 1 is the most important only medium-sized worldlanguages (+500000) are considered in the CLB A problem ofEthnologue is how to consider linguistic map of the world Twoproblems in counting L1 speakers
Malay is listed in +20 varieties rarr grouped as one
Greek minorities in Italy (Griko and Grecanico) not counted asdifferent from Modern Greek larr questionable
The other limitation of Ethnologue is the non-consideration of L2speakers eg Swahili in Tanzania is far more spoken as L2 than asL1 rarr solution is parameter 3 vehicularity
9 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 3 vehicularity
When a language is vehicular In the CLB there is a clear definitionThe equation to calculate the vehicularity of a language as a ratio issimple and effective
L2
L1 + L2
Each single parameter is can be evaluated as if it were the only oneHindi is calculated as if it has no L1 speakers ()
However the cleanliness of the parameter is rather useful
11 de 35
Parameter 4 official status
Here the source of data is the web site maintained by JacquesLeclerc (Universite Laval) Scores are attributed in the following way
10 if the language is official in a sovereign state
05 if the language is official in a non-sovereign state
Some cases are paradoxical Italian is official in Italy Switzerland SanMarino Vatican and the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of SaintJohn of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta Overall score is 45 (place8) before Mandarin Chinese But are all states in the world equal inpower Of course not
12 de 35
Parameters 5 and 6 the role of translation
Here the source of data is the Index Translationium by Unesco whichpublishes the number of translations by language since 1979classified along nine categories
Again the world map of Ethnologue and Unesco does not alwaysmatch moreover there is the problem of the split of Serbo-Croatianin Serbian Croatian Bosnian and Montenegrin and the complexsituation of Arabic The solution by Calvet amp Calvet is to use ISOcodes as the main criterion which is reasonable
A greater problem is methodological these parameters rely not ondata but on an existing index henceforth the CLB configures partiallyas a meta-index
13 de 35
Parameter 7 international literary awards
Another methodological problem is parameter independence it isclear that literary awards are possible iff the Index Translationum ishigh How it works
The Nobel Prize is the most known award but it is consideredeurocentric and left-winged so the authors consider other awards aswell
winners count as 1 for every language in which they write
nominees counts 05 (even if nomineed many times)
Possible paradox Ngugi wa Thiongrsquoo counts 2 for English andKikuyu (ironic for this writerrsquos language policy)
14 de 35
Parameter 8 Number of Wikipedia articles
Wikipedia3 offers a detailed raw data of its use according to thedifferent languages The CLB considers only the ldquogrand totalrdquo whichis too superficial for instance a software bot can generate stubsautomatically ndash in 2008 it happened with Volapuk (an internationalauxiliary language launched before Esperanto now used for literaryand ludic purposes)
The number of active users could be used to measure more in deepthe impact of Wikipedia on a language community (it seems that theDutch contributors are very active compared to the Polish ones forexample) A recent study has also highlighted that the role ofmultilingual Wikipedia contributors (just over 15) is not to beunderestimated
3See httpwwwwikipediaorg15 de 35
Parameters 9 and 10 HDI and total fertility rate
The Human Development Index (HDI) is used by the UN to measurethe achievements in education health and income based oncountries not languages Similarly considerations can be done forthe total fertility rate
These two parameters generate clearly spurious results in particularit is quite surprising that the Hawai Creole English in in position 2while English (American English Global) The weight of these twoparameters should be adjusted according to the their reliability
16 de 35
Parameter 11 language use in the Internet
This parameter clearly overlaps with parameter 8 (Wikipedia)However the source here is a web site owned by a limited liabilitycompany the Miniwatts Marketing Group not a public instance or afoundation4
As a result raw data cannot be controlled this parameter should notbe considered lsquoheavyrsquo as the others Now we can test the CLB as itis and with different weights
4See httpwwwinternetworldstatscomstatshtm17 de 35
the top 15 of the CLB as it is
and with different weights
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
The gravitational modeland the barometer
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
An example of complex vertical bilingualism
Context Aboriginal languages in Quebec
26 de 35
An example of complex horizontalvertical bilingualism
Context skilled migrant in the Netherlands
27 de 35
An applicationLinguistic justice in South Tyrol
A region of stable contact between three languages
South Tyrol is often considered a success case of multilingualismmanagement (source 4-year Kontatto research project at the FreeUniv of BozenBolzano)
Politically part of Italy with a complex historical background linkedwith the Austrian Empire at the border with Switzerland
Three distinctive language groups
1 German (majority mainly local varieties especially in the valleys)
2 Italian (spoken mainly in the cities of Bozen-BolzanoMeran-Merano and in the Bassa Atesina area)
3 Ladin (located in lsquotraditionalrsquo valleys in particular Badia andGardena official status is lower)
29 de 35
Source 9th UK Language Variation and Change Conference
30 de 35
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 German there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Italian there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Ladin there
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
34 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
35 de 35
The need of an index of linguistic justice
Here I examine the Calvet Language Barometer (CLB) in its lastversion (2012)1 under the perspective of linguistic justice
The term lsquolinguistic justicersquo cannot be uniquely defined
What are we measuring
Justice for whom eg national citizens andor migrants
At which level of analysis
local national transnational
1Available at httpwikilfculturefrbarometre2012
The need of an index of linguistic justice
Here I examine the Calvet Language Barometer (CLB) in its lastversion (2012)1 under the perspective of linguistic justice
The term lsquolinguistic justicersquo cannot be uniquely defined
What are we measuring
Justice for whom eg national citizens andor migrants At which level of analysis
local national transnational
1Available at httpwikilfculturefrbarometre2012
The need of an index of linguistic justice
Here I examine the Calvet Language Barometer (CLB) in its lastversion (2012)1 under the perspective of linguistic justice
The term lsquolinguistic justicersquo cannot be uniquely defined
What are we measuring
Justice for whom eg national citizens andor migrants At which level of analysis
local
national transnational
1Available at httpwikilfculturefrbarometre2012
The need of an index of linguistic justice
Here I examine the Calvet Language Barometer (CLB) in its lastversion (2012)1 under the perspective of linguistic justice
The term lsquolinguistic justicersquo cannot be uniquely defined
What are we measuring
Justice for whom eg national citizens andor migrants At which level of analysis
local national
transnational
1Available at httpwikilfculturefrbarometre2012
The need of an index of linguistic justice
Here I examine the Calvet Language Barometer (CLB) in its lastversion (2012)1 under the perspective of linguistic justice
The term lsquolinguistic justicersquo cannot be uniquely defined
What are we measuring
Justice for whom eg national citizens andor migrants At which level of analysis
local national transnational
1Available at httpwikilfculturefrbarometre2012
Outline
The CLB is aimed to measure the ldquolinguistic altituderdquo of languages inisolation not to compare languages in a given ecolinguistic systemTherefore it cannot be used off the shelf but it should be adjustedfor our needs I will proceed backwards by
a presentation of the CLB as a whole
a discussion of the parameters
an application of the CLB to the gravitational model also byCalvet (1999 2006)
an application to the case study of South Tyrol
5 de 35
The Calvet Language Barometer
An overview of the barometer
The CLB was launched in 2010 through a web site then it wasupdated in 2012 It considers the 563 world languages with +500000L1 speakers The main source is Ethnologue2
The actual parameters are 11 but more can be added according toneeds (eg scientific publications in that language per year) One ofthe main problem is completeness when data are not available theparameter is set to zero or to the average value of the columnaccording to lsquosimilarrsquo languages
Different weights can be given to the parameters so to adjust theCLB to the needs of the user
2Updated yearly See httpwwwethnologuecom7 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
Parameter 1 number of L1 speakers
Parameter 1 is the most important only medium-sized worldlanguages (+500000) are considered in the CLB A problem ofEthnologue is how to consider linguistic map of the world Twoproblems in counting L1 speakers
Malay is listed in +20 varieties rarr grouped as one
Greek minorities in Italy (Griko and Grecanico) not counted asdifferent from Modern Greek larr questionable
The other limitation of Ethnologue is the non-consideration of L2speakers eg Swahili in Tanzania is far more spoken as L2 than asL1 rarr solution is parameter 3 vehicularity
9 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 3 vehicularity
When a language is vehicular In the CLB there is a clear definitionThe equation to calculate the vehicularity of a language as a ratio issimple and effective
L2
L1 + L2
Each single parameter is can be evaluated as if it were the only oneHindi is calculated as if it has no L1 speakers ()
However the cleanliness of the parameter is rather useful
11 de 35
Parameter 4 official status
Here the source of data is the web site maintained by JacquesLeclerc (Universite Laval) Scores are attributed in the following way
10 if the language is official in a sovereign state
05 if the language is official in a non-sovereign state
Some cases are paradoxical Italian is official in Italy Switzerland SanMarino Vatican and the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of SaintJohn of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta Overall score is 45 (place8) before Mandarin Chinese But are all states in the world equal inpower Of course not
12 de 35
Parameters 5 and 6 the role of translation
Here the source of data is the Index Translationium by Unesco whichpublishes the number of translations by language since 1979classified along nine categories
Again the world map of Ethnologue and Unesco does not alwaysmatch moreover there is the problem of the split of Serbo-Croatianin Serbian Croatian Bosnian and Montenegrin and the complexsituation of Arabic The solution by Calvet amp Calvet is to use ISOcodes as the main criterion which is reasonable
A greater problem is methodological these parameters rely not ondata but on an existing index henceforth the CLB configures partiallyas a meta-index
13 de 35
Parameter 7 international literary awards
Another methodological problem is parameter independence it isclear that literary awards are possible iff the Index Translationum ishigh How it works
The Nobel Prize is the most known award but it is consideredeurocentric and left-winged so the authors consider other awards aswell
winners count as 1 for every language in which they write
nominees counts 05 (even if nomineed many times)
Possible paradox Ngugi wa Thiongrsquoo counts 2 for English andKikuyu (ironic for this writerrsquos language policy)
14 de 35
Parameter 8 Number of Wikipedia articles
Wikipedia3 offers a detailed raw data of its use according to thedifferent languages The CLB considers only the ldquogrand totalrdquo whichis too superficial for instance a software bot can generate stubsautomatically ndash in 2008 it happened with Volapuk (an internationalauxiliary language launched before Esperanto now used for literaryand ludic purposes)
The number of active users could be used to measure more in deepthe impact of Wikipedia on a language community (it seems that theDutch contributors are very active compared to the Polish ones forexample) A recent study has also highlighted that the role ofmultilingual Wikipedia contributors (just over 15) is not to beunderestimated
3See httpwwwwikipediaorg15 de 35
Parameters 9 and 10 HDI and total fertility rate
The Human Development Index (HDI) is used by the UN to measurethe achievements in education health and income based oncountries not languages Similarly considerations can be done forthe total fertility rate
These two parameters generate clearly spurious results in particularit is quite surprising that the Hawai Creole English in in position 2while English (American English Global) The weight of these twoparameters should be adjusted according to the their reliability
16 de 35
Parameter 11 language use in the Internet
This parameter clearly overlaps with parameter 8 (Wikipedia)However the source here is a web site owned by a limited liabilitycompany the Miniwatts Marketing Group not a public instance or afoundation4
As a result raw data cannot be controlled this parameter should notbe considered lsquoheavyrsquo as the others Now we can test the CLB as itis and with different weights
4See httpwwwinternetworldstatscomstatshtm17 de 35
the top 15 of the CLB as it is
and with different weights
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
The gravitational modeland the barometer
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
An example of complex vertical bilingualism
Context Aboriginal languages in Quebec
26 de 35
An example of complex horizontalvertical bilingualism
Context skilled migrant in the Netherlands
27 de 35
An applicationLinguistic justice in South Tyrol
A region of stable contact between three languages
South Tyrol is often considered a success case of multilingualismmanagement (source 4-year Kontatto research project at the FreeUniv of BozenBolzano)
Politically part of Italy with a complex historical background linkedwith the Austrian Empire at the border with Switzerland
Three distinctive language groups
1 German (majority mainly local varieties especially in the valleys)
2 Italian (spoken mainly in the cities of Bozen-BolzanoMeran-Merano and in the Bassa Atesina area)
3 Ladin (located in lsquotraditionalrsquo valleys in particular Badia andGardena official status is lower)
29 de 35
Source 9th UK Language Variation and Change Conference
30 de 35
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 German there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Italian there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Ladin there
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
34 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
35 de 35
The need of an index of linguistic justice
Here I examine the Calvet Language Barometer (CLB) in its lastversion (2012)1 under the perspective of linguistic justice
The term lsquolinguistic justicersquo cannot be uniquely defined
What are we measuring
Justice for whom eg national citizens andor migrants At which level of analysis
local national transnational
1Available at httpwikilfculturefrbarometre2012
The need of an index of linguistic justice
Here I examine the Calvet Language Barometer (CLB) in its lastversion (2012)1 under the perspective of linguistic justice
The term lsquolinguistic justicersquo cannot be uniquely defined
What are we measuring
Justice for whom eg national citizens andor migrants At which level of analysis
local
national transnational
1Available at httpwikilfculturefrbarometre2012
The need of an index of linguistic justice
Here I examine the Calvet Language Barometer (CLB) in its lastversion (2012)1 under the perspective of linguistic justice
The term lsquolinguistic justicersquo cannot be uniquely defined
What are we measuring
Justice for whom eg national citizens andor migrants At which level of analysis
local national
transnational
1Available at httpwikilfculturefrbarometre2012
The need of an index of linguistic justice
Here I examine the Calvet Language Barometer (CLB) in its lastversion (2012)1 under the perspective of linguistic justice
The term lsquolinguistic justicersquo cannot be uniquely defined
What are we measuring
Justice for whom eg national citizens andor migrants At which level of analysis
local national transnational
1Available at httpwikilfculturefrbarometre2012
Outline
The CLB is aimed to measure the ldquolinguistic altituderdquo of languages inisolation not to compare languages in a given ecolinguistic systemTherefore it cannot be used off the shelf but it should be adjustedfor our needs I will proceed backwards by
a presentation of the CLB as a whole
a discussion of the parameters
an application of the CLB to the gravitational model also byCalvet (1999 2006)
an application to the case study of South Tyrol
5 de 35
The Calvet Language Barometer
An overview of the barometer
The CLB was launched in 2010 through a web site then it wasupdated in 2012 It considers the 563 world languages with +500000L1 speakers The main source is Ethnologue2
The actual parameters are 11 but more can be added according toneeds (eg scientific publications in that language per year) One ofthe main problem is completeness when data are not available theparameter is set to zero or to the average value of the columnaccording to lsquosimilarrsquo languages
Different weights can be given to the parameters so to adjust theCLB to the needs of the user
2Updated yearly See httpwwwethnologuecom7 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
Parameter 1 number of L1 speakers
Parameter 1 is the most important only medium-sized worldlanguages (+500000) are considered in the CLB A problem ofEthnologue is how to consider linguistic map of the world Twoproblems in counting L1 speakers
Malay is listed in +20 varieties rarr grouped as one
Greek minorities in Italy (Griko and Grecanico) not counted asdifferent from Modern Greek larr questionable
The other limitation of Ethnologue is the non-consideration of L2speakers eg Swahili in Tanzania is far more spoken as L2 than asL1 rarr solution is parameter 3 vehicularity
9 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 3 vehicularity
When a language is vehicular In the CLB there is a clear definitionThe equation to calculate the vehicularity of a language as a ratio issimple and effective
L2
L1 + L2
Each single parameter is can be evaluated as if it were the only oneHindi is calculated as if it has no L1 speakers ()
However the cleanliness of the parameter is rather useful
11 de 35
Parameter 4 official status
Here the source of data is the web site maintained by JacquesLeclerc (Universite Laval) Scores are attributed in the following way
10 if the language is official in a sovereign state
05 if the language is official in a non-sovereign state
Some cases are paradoxical Italian is official in Italy Switzerland SanMarino Vatican and the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of SaintJohn of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta Overall score is 45 (place8) before Mandarin Chinese But are all states in the world equal inpower Of course not
12 de 35
Parameters 5 and 6 the role of translation
Here the source of data is the Index Translationium by Unesco whichpublishes the number of translations by language since 1979classified along nine categories
Again the world map of Ethnologue and Unesco does not alwaysmatch moreover there is the problem of the split of Serbo-Croatianin Serbian Croatian Bosnian and Montenegrin and the complexsituation of Arabic The solution by Calvet amp Calvet is to use ISOcodes as the main criterion which is reasonable
A greater problem is methodological these parameters rely not ondata but on an existing index henceforth the CLB configures partiallyas a meta-index
13 de 35
Parameter 7 international literary awards
Another methodological problem is parameter independence it isclear that literary awards are possible iff the Index Translationum ishigh How it works
The Nobel Prize is the most known award but it is consideredeurocentric and left-winged so the authors consider other awards aswell
winners count as 1 for every language in which they write
nominees counts 05 (even if nomineed many times)
Possible paradox Ngugi wa Thiongrsquoo counts 2 for English andKikuyu (ironic for this writerrsquos language policy)
14 de 35
Parameter 8 Number of Wikipedia articles
Wikipedia3 offers a detailed raw data of its use according to thedifferent languages The CLB considers only the ldquogrand totalrdquo whichis too superficial for instance a software bot can generate stubsautomatically ndash in 2008 it happened with Volapuk (an internationalauxiliary language launched before Esperanto now used for literaryand ludic purposes)
The number of active users could be used to measure more in deepthe impact of Wikipedia on a language community (it seems that theDutch contributors are very active compared to the Polish ones forexample) A recent study has also highlighted that the role ofmultilingual Wikipedia contributors (just over 15) is not to beunderestimated
3See httpwwwwikipediaorg15 de 35
Parameters 9 and 10 HDI and total fertility rate
The Human Development Index (HDI) is used by the UN to measurethe achievements in education health and income based oncountries not languages Similarly considerations can be done forthe total fertility rate
These two parameters generate clearly spurious results in particularit is quite surprising that the Hawai Creole English in in position 2while English (American English Global) The weight of these twoparameters should be adjusted according to the their reliability
16 de 35
Parameter 11 language use in the Internet
This parameter clearly overlaps with parameter 8 (Wikipedia)However the source here is a web site owned by a limited liabilitycompany the Miniwatts Marketing Group not a public instance or afoundation4
As a result raw data cannot be controlled this parameter should notbe considered lsquoheavyrsquo as the others Now we can test the CLB as itis and with different weights
4See httpwwwinternetworldstatscomstatshtm17 de 35
the top 15 of the CLB as it is
and with different weights
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
The gravitational modeland the barometer
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
An example of complex vertical bilingualism
Context Aboriginal languages in Quebec
26 de 35
An example of complex horizontalvertical bilingualism
Context skilled migrant in the Netherlands
27 de 35
An applicationLinguistic justice in South Tyrol
A region of stable contact between three languages
South Tyrol is often considered a success case of multilingualismmanagement (source 4-year Kontatto research project at the FreeUniv of BozenBolzano)
Politically part of Italy with a complex historical background linkedwith the Austrian Empire at the border with Switzerland
Three distinctive language groups
1 German (majority mainly local varieties especially in the valleys)
2 Italian (spoken mainly in the cities of Bozen-BolzanoMeran-Merano and in the Bassa Atesina area)
3 Ladin (located in lsquotraditionalrsquo valleys in particular Badia andGardena official status is lower)
29 de 35
Source 9th UK Language Variation and Change Conference
30 de 35
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 German there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Italian there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Ladin there
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
34 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
35 de 35
The need of an index of linguistic justice
Here I examine the Calvet Language Barometer (CLB) in its lastversion (2012)1 under the perspective of linguistic justice
The term lsquolinguistic justicersquo cannot be uniquely defined
What are we measuring
Justice for whom eg national citizens andor migrants At which level of analysis
local
national transnational
1Available at httpwikilfculturefrbarometre2012
The need of an index of linguistic justice
Here I examine the Calvet Language Barometer (CLB) in its lastversion (2012)1 under the perspective of linguistic justice
The term lsquolinguistic justicersquo cannot be uniquely defined
What are we measuring
Justice for whom eg national citizens andor migrants At which level of analysis
local national
transnational
1Available at httpwikilfculturefrbarometre2012
The need of an index of linguistic justice
Here I examine the Calvet Language Barometer (CLB) in its lastversion (2012)1 under the perspective of linguistic justice
The term lsquolinguistic justicersquo cannot be uniquely defined
What are we measuring
Justice for whom eg national citizens andor migrants At which level of analysis
local national transnational
1Available at httpwikilfculturefrbarometre2012
Outline
The CLB is aimed to measure the ldquolinguistic altituderdquo of languages inisolation not to compare languages in a given ecolinguistic systemTherefore it cannot be used off the shelf but it should be adjustedfor our needs I will proceed backwards by
a presentation of the CLB as a whole
a discussion of the parameters
an application of the CLB to the gravitational model also byCalvet (1999 2006)
an application to the case study of South Tyrol
5 de 35
The Calvet Language Barometer
An overview of the barometer
The CLB was launched in 2010 through a web site then it wasupdated in 2012 It considers the 563 world languages with +500000L1 speakers The main source is Ethnologue2
The actual parameters are 11 but more can be added according toneeds (eg scientific publications in that language per year) One ofthe main problem is completeness when data are not available theparameter is set to zero or to the average value of the columnaccording to lsquosimilarrsquo languages
Different weights can be given to the parameters so to adjust theCLB to the needs of the user
2Updated yearly See httpwwwethnologuecom7 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
Parameter 1 number of L1 speakers
Parameter 1 is the most important only medium-sized worldlanguages (+500000) are considered in the CLB A problem ofEthnologue is how to consider linguistic map of the world Twoproblems in counting L1 speakers
Malay is listed in +20 varieties rarr grouped as one
Greek minorities in Italy (Griko and Grecanico) not counted asdifferent from Modern Greek larr questionable
The other limitation of Ethnologue is the non-consideration of L2speakers eg Swahili in Tanzania is far more spoken as L2 than asL1 rarr solution is parameter 3 vehicularity
9 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 3 vehicularity
When a language is vehicular In the CLB there is a clear definitionThe equation to calculate the vehicularity of a language as a ratio issimple and effective
L2
L1 + L2
Each single parameter is can be evaluated as if it were the only oneHindi is calculated as if it has no L1 speakers ()
However the cleanliness of the parameter is rather useful
11 de 35
Parameter 4 official status
Here the source of data is the web site maintained by JacquesLeclerc (Universite Laval) Scores are attributed in the following way
10 if the language is official in a sovereign state
05 if the language is official in a non-sovereign state
Some cases are paradoxical Italian is official in Italy Switzerland SanMarino Vatican and the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of SaintJohn of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta Overall score is 45 (place8) before Mandarin Chinese But are all states in the world equal inpower Of course not
12 de 35
Parameters 5 and 6 the role of translation
Here the source of data is the Index Translationium by Unesco whichpublishes the number of translations by language since 1979classified along nine categories
Again the world map of Ethnologue and Unesco does not alwaysmatch moreover there is the problem of the split of Serbo-Croatianin Serbian Croatian Bosnian and Montenegrin and the complexsituation of Arabic The solution by Calvet amp Calvet is to use ISOcodes as the main criterion which is reasonable
A greater problem is methodological these parameters rely not ondata but on an existing index henceforth the CLB configures partiallyas a meta-index
13 de 35
Parameter 7 international literary awards
Another methodological problem is parameter independence it isclear that literary awards are possible iff the Index Translationum ishigh How it works
The Nobel Prize is the most known award but it is consideredeurocentric and left-winged so the authors consider other awards aswell
winners count as 1 for every language in which they write
nominees counts 05 (even if nomineed many times)
Possible paradox Ngugi wa Thiongrsquoo counts 2 for English andKikuyu (ironic for this writerrsquos language policy)
14 de 35
Parameter 8 Number of Wikipedia articles
Wikipedia3 offers a detailed raw data of its use according to thedifferent languages The CLB considers only the ldquogrand totalrdquo whichis too superficial for instance a software bot can generate stubsautomatically ndash in 2008 it happened with Volapuk (an internationalauxiliary language launched before Esperanto now used for literaryand ludic purposes)
The number of active users could be used to measure more in deepthe impact of Wikipedia on a language community (it seems that theDutch contributors are very active compared to the Polish ones forexample) A recent study has also highlighted that the role ofmultilingual Wikipedia contributors (just over 15) is not to beunderestimated
3See httpwwwwikipediaorg15 de 35
Parameters 9 and 10 HDI and total fertility rate
The Human Development Index (HDI) is used by the UN to measurethe achievements in education health and income based oncountries not languages Similarly considerations can be done forthe total fertility rate
These two parameters generate clearly spurious results in particularit is quite surprising that the Hawai Creole English in in position 2while English (American English Global) The weight of these twoparameters should be adjusted according to the their reliability
16 de 35
Parameter 11 language use in the Internet
This parameter clearly overlaps with parameter 8 (Wikipedia)However the source here is a web site owned by a limited liabilitycompany the Miniwatts Marketing Group not a public instance or afoundation4
As a result raw data cannot be controlled this parameter should notbe considered lsquoheavyrsquo as the others Now we can test the CLB as itis and with different weights
4See httpwwwinternetworldstatscomstatshtm17 de 35
the top 15 of the CLB as it is
and with different weights
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
The gravitational modeland the barometer
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
An example of complex vertical bilingualism
Context Aboriginal languages in Quebec
26 de 35
An example of complex horizontalvertical bilingualism
Context skilled migrant in the Netherlands
27 de 35
An applicationLinguistic justice in South Tyrol
A region of stable contact between three languages
South Tyrol is often considered a success case of multilingualismmanagement (source 4-year Kontatto research project at the FreeUniv of BozenBolzano)
Politically part of Italy with a complex historical background linkedwith the Austrian Empire at the border with Switzerland
Three distinctive language groups
1 German (majority mainly local varieties especially in the valleys)
2 Italian (spoken mainly in the cities of Bozen-BolzanoMeran-Merano and in the Bassa Atesina area)
3 Ladin (located in lsquotraditionalrsquo valleys in particular Badia andGardena official status is lower)
29 de 35
Source 9th UK Language Variation and Change Conference
30 de 35
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 German there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Italian there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Ladin there
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
34 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
35 de 35
The need of an index of linguistic justice
Here I examine the Calvet Language Barometer (CLB) in its lastversion (2012)1 under the perspective of linguistic justice
The term lsquolinguistic justicersquo cannot be uniquely defined
What are we measuring
Justice for whom eg national citizens andor migrants At which level of analysis
local national
transnational
1Available at httpwikilfculturefrbarometre2012
The need of an index of linguistic justice
Here I examine the Calvet Language Barometer (CLB) in its lastversion (2012)1 under the perspective of linguistic justice
The term lsquolinguistic justicersquo cannot be uniquely defined
What are we measuring
Justice for whom eg national citizens andor migrants At which level of analysis
local national transnational
1Available at httpwikilfculturefrbarometre2012
Outline
The CLB is aimed to measure the ldquolinguistic altituderdquo of languages inisolation not to compare languages in a given ecolinguistic systemTherefore it cannot be used off the shelf but it should be adjustedfor our needs I will proceed backwards by
a presentation of the CLB as a whole
a discussion of the parameters
an application of the CLB to the gravitational model also byCalvet (1999 2006)
an application to the case study of South Tyrol
5 de 35
The Calvet Language Barometer
An overview of the barometer
The CLB was launched in 2010 through a web site then it wasupdated in 2012 It considers the 563 world languages with +500000L1 speakers The main source is Ethnologue2
The actual parameters are 11 but more can be added according toneeds (eg scientific publications in that language per year) One ofthe main problem is completeness when data are not available theparameter is set to zero or to the average value of the columnaccording to lsquosimilarrsquo languages
Different weights can be given to the parameters so to adjust theCLB to the needs of the user
2Updated yearly See httpwwwethnologuecom7 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
Parameter 1 number of L1 speakers
Parameter 1 is the most important only medium-sized worldlanguages (+500000) are considered in the CLB A problem ofEthnologue is how to consider linguistic map of the world Twoproblems in counting L1 speakers
Malay is listed in +20 varieties rarr grouped as one
Greek minorities in Italy (Griko and Grecanico) not counted asdifferent from Modern Greek larr questionable
The other limitation of Ethnologue is the non-consideration of L2speakers eg Swahili in Tanzania is far more spoken as L2 than asL1 rarr solution is parameter 3 vehicularity
9 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 3 vehicularity
When a language is vehicular In the CLB there is a clear definitionThe equation to calculate the vehicularity of a language as a ratio issimple and effective
L2
L1 + L2
Each single parameter is can be evaluated as if it were the only oneHindi is calculated as if it has no L1 speakers ()
However the cleanliness of the parameter is rather useful
11 de 35
Parameter 4 official status
Here the source of data is the web site maintained by JacquesLeclerc (Universite Laval) Scores are attributed in the following way
10 if the language is official in a sovereign state
05 if the language is official in a non-sovereign state
Some cases are paradoxical Italian is official in Italy Switzerland SanMarino Vatican and the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of SaintJohn of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta Overall score is 45 (place8) before Mandarin Chinese But are all states in the world equal inpower Of course not
12 de 35
Parameters 5 and 6 the role of translation
Here the source of data is the Index Translationium by Unesco whichpublishes the number of translations by language since 1979classified along nine categories
Again the world map of Ethnologue and Unesco does not alwaysmatch moreover there is the problem of the split of Serbo-Croatianin Serbian Croatian Bosnian and Montenegrin and the complexsituation of Arabic The solution by Calvet amp Calvet is to use ISOcodes as the main criterion which is reasonable
A greater problem is methodological these parameters rely not ondata but on an existing index henceforth the CLB configures partiallyas a meta-index
13 de 35
Parameter 7 international literary awards
Another methodological problem is parameter independence it isclear that literary awards are possible iff the Index Translationum ishigh How it works
The Nobel Prize is the most known award but it is consideredeurocentric and left-winged so the authors consider other awards aswell
winners count as 1 for every language in which they write
nominees counts 05 (even if nomineed many times)
Possible paradox Ngugi wa Thiongrsquoo counts 2 for English andKikuyu (ironic for this writerrsquos language policy)
14 de 35
Parameter 8 Number of Wikipedia articles
Wikipedia3 offers a detailed raw data of its use according to thedifferent languages The CLB considers only the ldquogrand totalrdquo whichis too superficial for instance a software bot can generate stubsautomatically ndash in 2008 it happened with Volapuk (an internationalauxiliary language launched before Esperanto now used for literaryand ludic purposes)
The number of active users could be used to measure more in deepthe impact of Wikipedia on a language community (it seems that theDutch contributors are very active compared to the Polish ones forexample) A recent study has also highlighted that the role ofmultilingual Wikipedia contributors (just over 15) is not to beunderestimated
3See httpwwwwikipediaorg15 de 35
Parameters 9 and 10 HDI and total fertility rate
The Human Development Index (HDI) is used by the UN to measurethe achievements in education health and income based oncountries not languages Similarly considerations can be done forthe total fertility rate
These two parameters generate clearly spurious results in particularit is quite surprising that the Hawai Creole English in in position 2while English (American English Global) The weight of these twoparameters should be adjusted according to the their reliability
16 de 35
Parameter 11 language use in the Internet
This parameter clearly overlaps with parameter 8 (Wikipedia)However the source here is a web site owned by a limited liabilitycompany the Miniwatts Marketing Group not a public instance or afoundation4
As a result raw data cannot be controlled this parameter should notbe considered lsquoheavyrsquo as the others Now we can test the CLB as itis and with different weights
4See httpwwwinternetworldstatscomstatshtm17 de 35
the top 15 of the CLB as it is
and with different weights
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
The gravitational modeland the barometer
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
An example of complex vertical bilingualism
Context Aboriginal languages in Quebec
26 de 35
An example of complex horizontalvertical bilingualism
Context skilled migrant in the Netherlands
27 de 35
An applicationLinguistic justice in South Tyrol
A region of stable contact between three languages
South Tyrol is often considered a success case of multilingualismmanagement (source 4-year Kontatto research project at the FreeUniv of BozenBolzano)
Politically part of Italy with a complex historical background linkedwith the Austrian Empire at the border with Switzerland
Three distinctive language groups
1 German (majority mainly local varieties especially in the valleys)
2 Italian (spoken mainly in the cities of Bozen-BolzanoMeran-Merano and in the Bassa Atesina area)
3 Ladin (located in lsquotraditionalrsquo valleys in particular Badia andGardena official status is lower)
29 de 35
Source 9th UK Language Variation and Change Conference
30 de 35
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 German there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Italian there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Ladin there
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
34 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
35 de 35
The need of an index of linguistic justice
Here I examine the Calvet Language Barometer (CLB) in its lastversion (2012)1 under the perspective of linguistic justice
The term lsquolinguistic justicersquo cannot be uniquely defined
What are we measuring
Justice for whom eg national citizens andor migrants At which level of analysis
local national transnational
1Available at httpwikilfculturefrbarometre2012
Outline
The CLB is aimed to measure the ldquolinguistic altituderdquo of languages inisolation not to compare languages in a given ecolinguistic systemTherefore it cannot be used off the shelf but it should be adjustedfor our needs I will proceed backwards by
a presentation of the CLB as a whole
a discussion of the parameters
an application of the CLB to the gravitational model also byCalvet (1999 2006)
an application to the case study of South Tyrol
5 de 35
The Calvet Language Barometer
An overview of the barometer
The CLB was launched in 2010 through a web site then it wasupdated in 2012 It considers the 563 world languages with +500000L1 speakers The main source is Ethnologue2
The actual parameters are 11 but more can be added according toneeds (eg scientific publications in that language per year) One ofthe main problem is completeness when data are not available theparameter is set to zero or to the average value of the columnaccording to lsquosimilarrsquo languages
Different weights can be given to the parameters so to adjust theCLB to the needs of the user
2Updated yearly See httpwwwethnologuecom7 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
Parameter 1 number of L1 speakers
Parameter 1 is the most important only medium-sized worldlanguages (+500000) are considered in the CLB A problem ofEthnologue is how to consider linguistic map of the world Twoproblems in counting L1 speakers
Malay is listed in +20 varieties rarr grouped as one
Greek minorities in Italy (Griko and Grecanico) not counted asdifferent from Modern Greek larr questionable
The other limitation of Ethnologue is the non-consideration of L2speakers eg Swahili in Tanzania is far more spoken as L2 than asL1 rarr solution is parameter 3 vehicularity
9 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 3 vehicularity
When a language is vehicular In the CLB there is a clear definitionThe equation to calculate the vehicularity of a language as a ratio issimple and effective
L2
L1 + L2
Each single parameter is can be evaluated as if it were the only oneHindi is calculated as if it has no L1 speakers ()
However the cleanliness of the parameter is rather useful
11 de 35
Parameter 4 official status
Here the source of data is the web site maintained by JacquesLeclerc (Universite Laval) Scores are attributed in the following way
10 if the language is official in a sovereign state
05 if the language is official in a non-sovereign state
Some cases are paradoxical Italian is official in Italy Switzerland SanMarino Vatican and the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of SaintJohn of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta Overall score is 45 (place8) before Mandarin Chinese But are all states in the world equal inpower Of course not
12 de 35
Parameters 5 and 6 the role of translation
Here the source of data is the Index Translationium by Unesco whichpublishes the number of translations by language since 1979classified along nine categories
Again the world map of Ethnologue and Unesco does not alwaysmatch moreover there is the problem of the split of Serbo-Croatianin Serbian Croatian Bosnian and Montenegrin and the complexsituation of Arabic The solution by Calvet amp Calvet is to use ISOcodes as the main criterion which is reasonable
A greater problem is methodological these parameters rely not ondata but on an existing index henceforth the CLB configures partiallyas a meta-index
13 de 35
Parameter 7 international literary awards
Another methodological problem is parameter independence it isclear that literary awards are possible iff the Index Translationum ishigh How it works
The Nobel Prize is the most known award but it is consideredeurocentric and left-winged so the authors consider other awards aswell
winners count as 1 for every language in which they write
nominees counts 05 (even if nomineed many times)
Possible paradox Ngugi wa Thiongrsquoo counts 2 for English andKikuyu (ironic for this writerrsquos language policy)
14 de 35
Parameter 8 Number of Wikipedia articles
Wikipedia3 offers a detailed raw data of its use according to thedifferent languages The CLB considers only the ldquogrand totalrdquo whichis too superficial for instance a software bot can generate stubsautomatically ndash in 2008 it happened with Volapuk (an internationalauxiliary language launched before Esperanto now used for literaryand ludic purposes)
The number of active users could be used to measure more in deepthe impact of Wikipedia on a language community (it seems that theDutch contributors are very active compared to the Polish ones forexample) A recent study has also highlighted that the role ofmultilingual Wikipedia contributors (just over 15) is not to beunderestimated
3See httpwwwwikipediaorg15 de 35
Parameters 9 and 10 HDI and total fertility rate
The Human Development Index (HDI) is used by the UN to measurethe achievements in education health and income based oncountries not languages Similarly considerations can be done forthe total fertility rate
These two parameters generate clearly spurious results in particularit is quite surprising that the Hawai Creole English in in position 2while English (American English Global) The weight of these twoparameters should be adjusted according to the their reliability
16 de 35
Parameter 11 language use in the Internet
This parameter clearly overlaps with parameter 8 (Wikipedia)However the source here is a web site owned by a limited liabilitycompany the Miniwatts Marketing Group not a public instance or afoundation4
As a result raw data cannot be controlled this parameter should notbe considered lsquoheavyrsquo as the others Now we can test the CLB as itis and with different weights
4See httpwwwinternetworldstatscomstatshtm17 de 35
the top 15 of the CLB as it is
and with different weights
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
The gravitational modeland the barometer
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
An example of complex vertical bilingualism
Context Aboriginal languages in Quebec
26 de 35
An example of complex horizontalvertical bilingualism
Context skilled migrant in the Netherlands
27 de 35
An applicationLinguistic justice in South Tyrol
A region of stable contact between three languages
South Tyrol is often considered a success case of multilingualismmanagement (source 4-year Kontatto research project at the FreeUniv of BozenBolzano)
Politically part of Italy with a complex historical background linkedwith the Austrian Empire at the border with Switzerland
Three distinctive language groups
1 German (majority mainly local varieties especially in the valleys)
2 Italian (spoken mainly in the cities of Bozen-BolzanoMeran-Merano and in the Bassa Atesina area)
3 Ladin (located in lsquotraditionalrsquo valleys in particular Badia andGardena official status is lower)
29 de 35
Source 9th UK Language Variation and Change Conference
30 de 35
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 German there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Italian there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Ladin there
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
34 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
35 de 35
Outline
The CLB is aimed to measure the ldquolinguistic altituderdquo of languages inisolation not to compare languages in a given ecolinguistic systemTherefore it cannot be used off the shelf but it should be adjustedfor our needs I will proceed backwards by
a presentation of the CLB as a whole
a discussion of the parameters
an application of the CLB to the gravitational model also byCalvet (1999 2006)
an application to the case study of South Tyrol
5 de 35
The Calvet Language Barometer
An overview of the barometer
The CLB was launched in 2010 through a web site then it wasupdated in 2012 It considers the 563 world languages with +500000L1 speakers The main source is Ethnologue2
The actual parameters are 11 but more can be added according toneeds (eg scientific publications in that language per year) One ofthe main problem is completeness when data are not available theparameter is set to zero or to the average value of the columnaccording to lsquosimilarrsquo languages
Different weights can be given to the parameters so to adjust theCLB to the needs of the user
2Updated yearly See httpwwwethnologuecom7 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
Parameter 1 number of L1 speakers
Parameter 1 is the most important only medium-sized worldlanguages (+500000) are considered in the CLB A problem ofEthnologue is how to consider linguistic map of the world Twoproblems in counting L1 speakers
Malay is listed in +20 varieties rarr grouped as one
Greek minorities in Italy (Griko and Grecanico) not counted asdifferent from Modern Greek larr questionable
The other limitation of Ethnologue is the non-consideration of L2speakers eg Swahili in Tanzania is far more spoken as L2 than asL1 rarr solution is parameter 3 vehicularity
9 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 3 vehicularity
When a language is vehicular In the CLB there is a clear definitionThe equation to calculate the vehicularity of a language as a ratio issimple and effective
L2
L1 + L2
Each single parameter is can be evaluated as if it were the only oneHindi is calculated as if it has no L1 speakers ()
However the cleanliness of the parameter is rather useful
11 de 35
Parameter 4 official status
Here the source of data is the web site maintained by JacquesLeclerc (Universite Laval) Scores are attributed in the following way
10 if the language is official in a sovereign state
05 if the language is official in a non-sovereign state
Some cases are paradoxical Italian is official in Italy Switzerland SanMarino Vatican and the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of SaintJohn of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta Overall score is 45 (place8) before Mandarin Chinese But are all states in the world equal inpower Of course not
12 de 35
Parameters 5 and 6 the role of translation
Here the source of data is the Index Translationium by Unesco whichpublishes the number of translations by language since 1979classified along nine categories
Again the world map of Ethnologue and Unesco does not alwaysmatch moreover there is the problem of the split of Serbo-Croatianin Serbian Croatian Bosnian and Montenegrin and the complexsituation of Arabic The solution by Calvet amp Calvet is to use ISOcodes as the main criterion which is reasonable
A greater problem is methodological these parameters rely not ondata but on an existing index henceforth the CLB configures partiallyas a meta-index
13 de 35
Parameter 7 international literary awards
Another methodological problem is parameter independence it isclear that literary awards are possible iff the Index Translationum ishigh How it works
The Nobel Prize is the most known award but it is consideredeurocentric and left-winged so the authors consider other awards aswell
winners count as 1 for every language in which they write
nominees counts 05 (even if nomineed many times)
Possible paradox Ngugi wa Thiongrsquoo counts 2 for English andKikuyu (ironic for this writerrsquos language policy)
14 de 35
Parameter 8 Number of Wikipedia articles
Wikipedia3 offers a detailed raw data of its use according to thedifferent languages The CLB considers only the ldquogrand totalrdquo whichis too superficial for instance a software bot can generate stubsautomatically ndash in 2008 it happened with Volapuk (an internationalauxiliary language launched before Esperanto now used for literaryand ludic purposes)
The number of active users could be used to measure more in deepthe impact of Wikipedia on a language community (it seems that theDutch contributors are very active compared to the Polish ones forexample) A recent study has also highlighted that the role ofmultilingual Wikipedia contributors (just over 15) is not to beunderestimated
3See httpwwwwikipediaorg15 de 35
Parameters 9 and 10 HDI and total fertility rate
The Human Development Index (HDI) is used by the UN to measurethe achievements in education health and income based oncountries not languages Similarly considerations can be done forthe total fertility rate
These two parameters generate clearly spurious results in particularit is quite surprising that the Hawai Creole English in in position 2while English (American English Global) The weight of these twoparameters should be adjusted according to the their reliability
16 de 35
Parameter 11 language use in the Internet
This parameter clearly overlaps with parameter 8 (Wikipedia)However the source here is a web site owned by a limited liabilitycompany the Miniwatts Marketing Group not a public instance or afoundation4
As a result raw data cannot be controlled this parameter should notbe considered lsquoheavyrsquo as the others Now we can test the CLB as itis and with different weights
4See httpwwwinternetworldstatscomstatshtm17 de 35
the top 15 of the CLB as it is
and with different weights
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
The gravitational modeland the barometer
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
An example of complex vertical bilingualism
Context Aboriginal languages in Quebec
26 de 35
An example of complex horizontalvertical bilingualism
Context skilled migrant in the Netherlands
27 de 35
An applicationLinguistic justice in South Tyrol
A region of stable contact between three languages
South Tyrol is often considered a success case of multilingualismmanagement (source 4-year Kontatto research project at the FreeUniv of BozenBolzano)
Politically part of Italy with a complex historical background linkedwith the Austrian Empire at the border with Switzerland
Three distinctive language groups
1 German (majority mainly local varieties especially in the valleys)
2 Italian (spoken mainly in the cities of Bozen-BolzanoMeran-Merano and in the Bassa Atesina area)
3 Ladin (located in lsquotraditionalrsquo valleys in particular Badia andGardena official status is lower)
29 de 35
Source 9th UK Language Variation and Change Conference
30 de 35
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 German there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Italian there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Ladin there
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
34 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
35 de 35
The Calvet Language Barometer
An overview of the barometer
The CLB was launched in 2010 through a web site then it wasupdated in 2012 It considers the 563 world languages with +500000L1 speakers The main source is Ethnologue2
The actual parameters are 11 but more can be added according toneeds (eg scientific publications in that language per year) One ofthe main problem is completeness when data are not available theparameter is set to zero or to the average value of the columnaccording to lsquosimilarrsquo languages
Different weights can be given to the parameters so to adjust theCLB to the needs of the user
2Updated yearly See httpwwwethnologuecom7 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
Parameter 1 number of L1 speakers
Parameter 1 is the most important only medium-sized worldlanguages (+500000) are considered in the CLB A problem ofEthnologue is how to consider linguistic map of the world Twoproblems in counting L1 speakers
Malay is listed in +20 varieties rarr grouped as one
Greek minorities in Italy (Griko and Grecanico) not counted asdifferent from Modern Greek larr questionable
The other limitation of Ethnologue is the non-consideration of L2speakers eg Swahili in Tanzania is far more spoken as L2 than asL1 rarr solution is parameter 3 vehicularity
9 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 3 vehicularity
When a language is vehicular In the CLB there is a clear definitionThe equation to calculate the vehicularity of a language as a ratio issimple and effective
L2
L1 + L2
Each single parameter is can be evaluated as if it were the only oneHindi is calculated as if it has no L1 speakers ()
However the cleanliness of the parameter is rather useful
11 de 35
Parameter 4 official status
Here the source of data is the web site maintained by JacquesLeclerc (Universite Laval) Scores are attributed in the following way
10 if the language is official in a sovereign state
05 if the language is official in a non-sovereign state
Some cases are paradoxical Italian is official in Italy Switzerland SanMarino Vatican and the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of SaintJohn of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta Overall score is 45 (place8) before Mandarin Chinese But are all states in the world equal inpower Of course not
12 de 35
Parameters 5 and 6 the role of translation
Here the source of data is the Index Translationium by Unesco whichpublishes the number of translations by language since 1979classified along nine categories
Again the world map of Ethnologue and Unesco does not alwaysmatch moreover there is the problem of the split of Serbo-Croatianin Serbian Croatian Bosnian and Montenegrin and the complexsituation of Arabic The solution by Calvet amp Calvet is to use ISOcodes as the main criterion which is reasonable
A greater problem is methodological these parameters rely not ondata but on an existing index henceforth the CLB configures partiallyas a meta-index
13 de 35
Parameter 7 international literary awards
Another methodological problem is parameter independence it isclear that literary awards are possible iff the Index Translationum ishigh How it works
The Nobel Prize is the most known award but it is consideredeurocentric and left-winged so the authors consider other awards aswell
winners count as 1 for every language in which they write
nominees counts 05 (even if nomineed many times)
Possible paradox Ngugi wa Thiongrsquoo counts 2 for English andKikuyu (ironic for this writerrsquos language policy)
14 de 35
Parameter 8 Number of Wikipedia articles
Wikipedia3 offers a detailed raw data of its use according to thedifferent languages The CLB considers only the ldquogrand totalrdquo whichis too superficial for instance a software bot can generate stubsautomatically ndash in 2008 it happened with Volapuk (an internationalauxiliary language launched before Esperanto now used for literaryand ludic purposes)
The number of active users could be used to measure more in deepthe impact of Wikipedia on a language community (it seems that theDutch contributors are very active compared to the Polish ones forexample) A recent study has also highlighted that the role ofmultilingual Wikipedia contributors (just over 15) is not to beunderestimated
3See httpwwwwikipediaorg15 de 35
Parameters 9 and 10 HDI and total fertility rate
The Human Development Index (HDI) is used by the UN to measurethe achievements in education health and income based oncountries not languages Similarly considerations can be done forthe total fertility rate
These two parameters generate clearly spurious results in particularit is quite surprising that the Hawai Creole English in in position 2while English (American English Global) The weight of these twoparameters should be adjusted according to the their reliability
16 de 35
Parameter 11 language use in the Internet
This parameter clearly overlaps with parameter 8 (Wikipedia)However the source here is a web site owned by a limited liabilitycompany the Miniwatts Marketing Group not a public instance or afoundation4
As a result raw data cannot be controlled this parameter should notbe considered lsquoheavyrsquo as the others Now we can test the CLB as itis and with different weights
4See httpwwwinternetworldstatscomstatshtm17 de 35
the top 15 of the CLB as it is
and with different weights
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
The gravitational modeland the barometer
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
An example of complex vertical bilingualism
Context Aboriginal languages in Quebec
26 de 35
An example of complex horizontalvertical bilingualism
Context skilled migrant in the Netherlands
27 de 35
An applicationLinguistic justice in South Tyrol
A region of stable contact between three languages
South Tyrol is often considered a success case of multilingualismmanagement (source 4-year Kontatto research project at the FreeUniv of BozenBolzano)
Politically part of Italy with a complex historical background linkedwith the Austrian Empire at the border with Switzerland
Three distinctive language groups
1 German (majority mainly local varieties especially in the valleys)
2 Italian (spoken mainly in the cities of Bozen-BolzanoMeran-Merano and in the Bassa Atesina area)
3 Ladin (located in lsquotraditionalrsquo valleys in particular Badia andGardena official status is lower)
29 de 35
Source 9th UK Language Variation and Change Conference
30 de 35
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 German there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Italian there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Ladin there
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
34 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
35 de 35
An overview of the barometer
The CLB was launched in 2010 through a web site then it wasupdated in 2012 It considers the 563 world languages with +500000L1 speakers The main source is Ethnologue2
The actual parameters are 11 but more can be added according toneeds (eg scientific publications in that language per year) One ofthe main problem is completeness when data are not available theparameter is set to zero or to the average value of the columnaccording to lsquosimilarrsquo languages
Different weights can be given to the parameters so to adjust theCLB to the needs of the user
2Updated yearly See httpwwwethnologuecom7 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
Parameter 1 number of L1 speakers
Parameter 1 is the most important only medium-sized worldlanguages (+500000) are considered in the CLB A problem ofEthnologue is how to consider linguistic map of the world Twoproblems in counting L1 speakers
Malay is listed in +20 varieties rarr grouped as one
Greek minorities in Italy (Griko and Grecanico) not counted asdifferent from Modern Greek larr questionable
The other limitation of Ethnologue is the non-consideration of L2speakers eg Swahili in Tanzania is far more spoken as L2 than asL1 rarr solution is parameter 3 vehicularity
9 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 3 vehicularity
When a language is vehicular In the CLB there is a clear definitionThe equation to calculate the vehicularity of a language as a ratio issimple and effective
L2
L1 + L2
Each single parameter is can be evaluated as if it were the only oneHindi is calculated as if it has no L1 speakers ()
However the cleanliness of the parameter is rather useful
11 de 35
Parameter 4 official status
Here the source of data is the web site maintained by JacquesLeclerc (Universite Laval) Scores are attributed in the following way
10 if the language is official in a sovereign state
05 if the language is official in a non-sovereign state
Some cases are paradoxical Italian is official in Italy Switzerland SanMarino Vatican and the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of SaintJohn of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta Overall score is 45 (place8) before Mandarin Chinese But are all states in the world equal inpower Of course not
12 de 35
Parameters 5 and 6 the role of translation
Here the source of data is the Index Translationium by Unesco whichpublishes the number of translations by language since 1979classified along nine categories
Again the world map of Ethnologue and Unesco does not alwaysmatch moreover there is the problem of the split of Serbo-Croatianin Serbian Croatian Bosnian and Montenegrin and the complexsituation of Arabic The solution by Calvet amp Calvet is to use ISOcodes as the main criterion which is reasonable
A greater problem is methodological these parameters rely not ondata but on an existing index henceforth the CLB configures partiallyas a meta-index
13 de 35
Parameter 7 international literary awards
Another methodological problem is parameter independence it isclear that literary awards are possible iff the Index Translationum ishigh How it works
The Nobel Prize is the most known award but it is consideredeurocentric and left-winged so the authors consider other awards aswell
winners count as 1 for every language in which they write
nominees counts 05 (even if nomineed many times)
Possible paradox Ngugi wa Thiongrsquoo counts 2 for English andKikuyu (ironic for this writerrsquos language policy)
14 de 35
Parameter 8 Number of Wikipedia articles
Wikipedia3 offers a detailed raw data of its use according to thedifferent languages The CLB considers only the ldquogrand totalrdquo whichis too superficial for instance a software bot can generate stubsautomatically ndash in 2008 it happened with Volapuk (an internationalauxiliary language launched before Esperanto now used for literaryand ludic purposes)
The number of active users could be used to measure more in deepthe impact of Wikipedia on a language community (it seems that theDutch contributors are very active compared to the Polish ones forexample) A recent study has also highlighted that the role ofmultilingual Wikipedia contributors (just over 15) is not to beunderestimated
3See httpwwwwikipediaorg15 de 35
Parameters 9 and 10 HDI and total fertility rate
The Human Development Index (HDI) is used by the UN to measurethe achievements in education health and income based oncountries not languages Similarly considerations can be done forthe total fertility rate
These two parameters generate clearly spurious results in particularit is quite surprising that the Hawai Creole English in in position 2while English (American English Global) The weight of these twoparameters should be adjusted according to the their reliability
16 de 35
Parameter 11 language use in the Internet
This parameter clearly overlaps with parameter 8 (Wikipedia)However the source here is a web site owned by a limited liabilitycompany the Miniwatts Marketing Group not a public instance or afoundation4
As a result raw data cannot be controlled this parameter should notbe considered lsquoheavyrsquo as the others Now we can test the CLB as itis and with different weights
4See httpwwwinternetworldstatscomstatshtm17 de 35
the top 15 of the CLB as it is
and with different weights
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
The gravitational modeland the barometer
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
An example of complex vertical bilingualism
Context Aboriginal languages in Quebec
26 de 35
An example of complex horizontalvertical bilingualism
Context skilled migrant in the Netherlands
27 de 35
An applicationLinguistic justice in South Tyrol
A region of stable contact between three languages
South Tyrol is often considered a success case of multilingualismmanagement (source 4-year Kontatto research project at the FreeUniv of BozenBolzano)
Politically part of Italy with a complex historical background linkedwith the Austrian Empire at the border with Switzerland
Three distinctive language groups
1 German (majority mainly local varieties especially in the valleys)
2 Italian (spoken mainly in the cities of Bozen-BolzanoMeran-Merano and in the Bassa Atesina area)
3 Ladin (located in lsquotraditionalrsquo valleys in particular Badia andGardena official status is lower)
29 de 35
Source 9th UK Language Variation and Change Conference
30 de 35
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 German there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Italian there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Ladin there
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
34 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
35 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
Parameter 1 number of L1 speakers
Parameter 1 is the most important only medium-sized worldlanguages (+500000) are considered in the CLB A problem ofEthnologue is how to consider linguistic map of the world Twoproblems in counting L1 speakers
Malay is listed in +20 varieties rarr grouped as one
Greek minorities in Italy (Griko and Grecanico) not counted asdifferent from Modern Greek larr questionable
The other limitation of Ethnologue is the non-consideration of L2speakers eg Swahili in Tanzania is far more spoken as L2 than asL1 rarr solution is parameter 3 vehicularity
9 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 3 vehicularity
When a language is vehicular In the CLB there is a clear definitionThe equation to calculate the vehicularity of a language as a ratio issimple and effective
L2
L1 + L2
Each single parameter is can be evaluated as if it were the only oneHindi is calculated as if it has no L1 speakers ()
However the cleanliness of the parameter is rather useful
11 de 35
Parameter 4 official status
Here the source of data is the web site maintained by JacquesLeclerc (Universite Laval) Scores are attributed in the following way
10 if the language is official in a sovereign state
05 if the language is official in a non-sovereign state
Some cases are paradoxical Italian is official in Italy Switzerland SanMarino Vatican and the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of SaintJohn of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta Overall score is 45 (place8) before Mandarin Chinese But are all states in the world equal inpower Of course not
12 de 35
Parameters 5 and 6 the role of translation
Here the source of data is the Index Translationium by Unesco whichpublishes the number of translations by language since 1979classified along nine categories
Again the world map of Ethnologue and Unesco does not alwaysmatch moreover there is the problem of the split of Serbo-Croatianin Serbian Croatian Bosnian and Montenegrin and the complexsituation of Arabic The solution by Calvet amp Calvet is to use ISOcodes as the main criterion which is reasonable
A greater problem is methodological these parameters rely not ondata but on an existing index henceforth the CLB configures partiallyas a meta-index
13 de 35
Parameter 7 international literary awards
Another methodological problem is parameter independence it isclear that literary awards are possible iff the Index Translationum ishigh How it works
The Nobel Prize is the most known award but it is consideredeurocentric and left-winged so the authors consider other awards aswell
winners count as 1 for every language in which they write
nominees counts 05 (even if nomineed many times)
Possible paradox Ngugi wa Thiongrsquoo counts 2 for English andKikuyu (ironic for this writerrsquos language policy)
14 de 35
Parameter 8 Number of Wikipedia articles
Wikipedia3 offers a detailed raw data of its use according to thedifferent languages The CLB considers only the ldquogrand totalrdquo whichis too superficial for instance a software bot can generate stubsautomatically ndash in 2008 it happened with Volapuk (an internationalauxiliary language launched before Esperanto now used for literaryand ludic purposes)
The number of active users could be used to measure more in deepthe impact of Wikipedia on a language community (it seems that theDutch contributors are very active compared to the Polish ones forexample) A recent study has also highlighted that the role ofmultilingual Wikipedia contributors (just over 15) is not to beunderestimated
3See httpwwwwikipediaorg15 de 35
Parameters 9 and 10 HDI and total fertility rate
The Human Development Index (HDI) is used by the UN to measurethe achievements in education health and income based oncountries not languages Similarly considerations can be done forthe total fertility rate
These two parameters generate clearly spurious results in particularit is quite surprising that the Hawai Creole English in in position 2while English (American English Global) The weight of these twoparameters should be adjusted according to the their reliability
16 de 35
Parameter 11 language use in the Internet
This parameter clearly overlaps with parameter 8 (Wikipedia)However the source here is a web site owned by a limited liabilitycompany the Miniwatts Marketing Group not a public instance or afoundation4
As a result raw data cannot be controlled this parameter should notbe considered lsquoheavyrsquo as the others Now we can test the CLB as itis and with different weights
4See httpwwwinternetworldstatscomstatshtm17 de 35
the top 15 of the CLB as it is
and with different weights
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
The gravitational modeland the barometer
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
An example of complex vertical bilingualism
Context Aboriginal languages in Quebec
26 de 35
An example of complex horizontalvertical bilingualism
Context skilled migrant in the Netherlands
27 de 35
An applicationLinguistic justice in South Tyrol
A region of stable contact between three languages
South Tyrol is often considered a success case of multilingualismmanagement (source 4-year Kontatto research project at the FreeUniv of BozenBolzano)
Politically part of Italy with a complex historical background linkedwith the Austrian Empire at the border with Switzerland
Three distinctive language groups
1 German (majority mainly local varieties especially in the valleys)
2 Italian (spoken mainly in the cities of Bozen-BolzanoMeran-Merano and in the Bassa Atesina area)
3 Ladin (located in lsquotraditionalrsquo valleys in particular Badia andGardena official status is lower)
29 de 35
Source 9th UK Language Variation and Change Conference
30 de 35
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 German there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Italian there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Ladin there
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
34 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
35 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
Parameter 1 number of L1 speakers
Parameter 1 is the most important only medium-sized worldlanguages (+500000) are considered in the CLB A problem ofEthnologue is how to consider linguistic map of the world Twoproblems in counting L1 speakers
Malay is listed in +20 varieties rarr grouped as one
Greek minorities in Italy (Griko and Grecanico) not counted asdifferent from Modern Greek larr questionable
The other limitation of Ethnologue is the non-consideration of L2speakers eg Swahili in Tanzania is far more spoken as L2 than asL1 rarr solution is parameter 3 vehicularity
9 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 3 vehicularity
When a language is vehicular In the CLB there is a clear definitionThe equation to calculate the vehicularity of a language as a ratio issimple and effective
L2
L1 + L2
Each single parameter is can be evaluated as if it were the only oneHindi is calculated as if it has no L1 speakers ()
However the cleanliness of the parameter is rather useful
11 de 35
Parameter 4 official status
Here the source of data is the web site maintained by JacquesLeclerc (Universite Laval) Scores are attributed in the following way
10 if the language is official in a sovereign state
05 if the language is official in a non-sovereign state
Some cases are paradoxical Italian is official in Italy Switzerland SanMarino Vatican and the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of SaintJohn of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta Overall score is 45 (place8) before Mandarin Chinese But are all states in the world equal inpower Of course not
12 de 35
Parameters 5 and 6 the role of translation
Here the source of data is the Index Translationium by Unesco whichpublishes the number of translations by language since 1979classified along nine categories
Again the world map of Ethnologue and Unesco does not alwaysmatch moreover there is the problem of the split of Serbo-Croatianin Serbian Croatian Bosnian and Montenegrin and the complexsituation of Arabic The solution by Calvet amp Calvet is to use ISOcodes as the main criterion which is reasonable
A greater problem is methodological these parameters rely not ondata but on an existing index henceforth the CLB configures partiallyas a meta-index
13 de 35
Parameter 7 international literary awards
Another methodological problem is parameter independence it isclear that literary awards are possible iff the Index Translationum ishigh How it works
The Nobel Prize is the most known award but it is consideredeurocentric and left-winged so the authors consider other awards aswell
winners count as 1 for every language in which they write
nominees counts 05 (even if nomineed many times)
Possible paradox Ngugi wa Thiongrsquoo counts 2 for English andKikuyu (ironic for this writerrsquos language policy)
14 de 35
Parameter 8 Number of Wikipedia articles
Wikipedia3 offers a detailed raw data of its use according to thedifferent languages The CLB considers only the ldquogrand totalrdquo whichis too superficial for instance a software bot can generate stubsautomatically ndash in 2008 it happened with Volapuk (an internationalauxiliary language launched before Esperanto now used for literaryand ludic purposes)
The number of active users could be used to measure more in deepthe impact of Wikipedia on a language community (it seems that theDutch contributors are very active compared to the Polish ones forexample) A recent study has also highlighted that the role ofmultilingual Wikipedia contributors (just over 15) is not to beunderestimated
3See httpwwwwikipediaorg15 de 35
Parameters 9 and 10 HDI and total fertility rate
The Human Development Index (HDI) is used by the UN to measurethe achievements in education health and income based oncountries not languages Similarly considerations can be done forthe total fertility rate
These two parameters generate clearly spurious results in particularit is quite surprising that the Hawai Creole English in in position 2while English (American English Global) The weight of these twoparameters should be adjusted according to the their reliability
16 de 35
Parameter 11 language use in the Internet
This parameter clearly overlaps with parameter 8 (Wikipedia)However the source here is a web site owned by a limited liabilitycompany the Miniwatts Marketing Group not a public instance or afoundation4
As a result raw data cannot be controlled this parameter should notbe considered lsquoheavyrsquo as the others Now we can test the CLB as itis and with different weights
4See httpwwwinternetworldstatscomstatshtm17 de 35
the top 15 of the CLB as it is
and with different weights
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
The gravitational modeland the barometer
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
An example of complex vertical bilingualism
Context Aboriginal languages in Quebec
26 de 35
An example of complex horizontalvertical bilingualism
Context skilled migrant in the Netherlands
27 de 35
An applicationLinguistic justice in South Tyrol
A region of stable contact between three languages
South Tyrol is often considered a success case of multilingualismmanagement (source 4-year Kontatto research project at the FreeUniv of BozenBolzano)
Politically part of Italy with a complex historical background linkedwith the Austrian Empire at the border with Switzerland
Three distinctive language groups
1 German (majority mainly local varieties especially in the valleys)
2 Italian (spoken mainly in the cities of Bozen-BolzanoMeran-Merano and in the Bassa Atesina area)
3 Ladin (located in lsquotraditionalrsquo valleys in particular Badia andGardena official status is lower)
29 de 35
Source 9th UK Language Variation and Change Conference
30 de 35
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 German there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Italian there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Ladin there
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
34 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
35 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
Parameter 1 number of L1 speakers
Parameter 1 is the most important only medium-sized worldlanguages (+500000) are considered in the CLB A problem ofEthnologue is how to consider linguistic map of the world Twoproblems in counting L1 speakers
Malay is listed in +20 varieties rarr grouped as one
Greek minorities in Italy (Griko and Grecanico) not counted asdifferent from Modern Greek larr questionable
The other limitation of Ethnologue is the non-consideration of L2speakers eg Swahili in Tanzania is far more spoken as L2 than asL1 rarr solution is parameter 3 vehicularity
9 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 3 vehicularity
When a language is vehicular In the CLB there is a clear definitionThe equation to calculate the vehicularity of a language as a ratio issimple and effective
L2
L1 + L2
Each single parameter is can be evaluated as if it were the only oneHindi is calculated as if it has no L1 speakers ()
However the cleanliness of the parameter is rather useful
11 de 35
Parameter 4 official status
Here the source of data is the web site maintained by JacquesLeclerc (Universite Laval) Scores are attributed in the following way
10 if the language is official in a sovereign state
05 if the language is official in a non-sovereign state
Some cases are paradoxical Italian is official in Italy Switzerland SanMarino Vatican and the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of SaintJohn of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta Overall score is 45 (place8) before Mandarin Chinese But are all states in the world equal inpower Of course not
12 de 35
Parameters 5 and 6 the role of translation
Here the source of data is the Index Translationium by Unesco whichpublishes the number of translations by language since 1979classified along nine categories
Again the world map of Ethnologue and Unesco does not alwaysmatch moreover there is the problem of the split of Serbo-Croatianin Serbian Croatian Bosnian and Montenegrin and the complexsituation of Arabic The solution by Calvet amp Calvet is to use ISOcodes as the main criterion which is reasonable
A greater problem is methodological these parameters rely not ondata but on an existing index henceforth the CLB configures partiallyas a meta-index
13 de 35
Parameter 7 international literary awards
Another methodological problem is parameter independence it isclear that literary awards are possible iff the Index Translationum ishigh How it works
The Nobel Prize is the most known award but it is consideredeurocentric and left-winged so the authors consider other awards aswell
winners count as 1 for every language in which they write
nominees counts 05 (even if nomineed many times)
Possible paradox Ngugi wa Thiongrsquoo counts 2 for English andKikuyu (ironic for this writerrsquos language policy)
14 de 35
Parameter 8 Number of Wikipedia articles
Wikipedia3 offers a detailed raw data of its use according to thedifferent languages The CLB considers only the ldquogrand totalrdquo whichis too superficial for instance a software bot can generate stubsautomatically ndash in 2008 it happened with Volapuk (an internationalauxiliary language launched before Esperanto now used for literaryand ludic purposes)
The number of active users could be used to measure more in deepthe impact of Wikipedia on a language community (it seems that theDutch contributors are very active compared to the Polish ones forexample) A recent study has also highlighted that the role ofmultilingual Wikipedia contributors (just over 15) is not to beunderestimated
3See httpwwwwikipediaorg15 de 35
Parameters 9 and 10 HDI and total fertility rate
The Human Development Index (HDI) is used by the UN to measurethe achievements in education health and income based oncountries not languages Similarly considerations can be done forthe total fertility rate
These two parameters generate clearly spurious results in particularit is quite surprising that the Hawai Creole English in in position 2while English (American English Global) The weight of these twoparameters should be adjusted according to the their reliability
16 de 35
Parameter 11 language use in the Internet
This parameter clearly overlaps with parameter 8 (Wikipedia)However the source here is a web site owned by a limited liabilitycompany the Miniwatts Marketing Group not a public instance or afoundation4
As a result raw data cannot be controlled this parameter should notbe considered lsquoheavyrsquo as the others Now we can test the CLB as itis and with different weights
4See httpwwwinternetworldstatscomstatshtm17 de 35
the top 15 of the CLB as it is
and with different weights
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
The gravitational modeland the barometer
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
An example of complex vertical bilingualism
Context Aboriginal languages in Quebec
26 de 35
An example of complex horizontalvertical bilingualism
Context skilled migrant in the Netherlands
27 de 35
An applicationLinguistic justice in South Tyrol
A region of stable contact between three languages
South Tyrol is often considered a success case of multilingualismmanagement (source 4-year Kontatto research project at the FreeUniv of BozenBolzano)
Politically part of Italy with a complex historical background linkedwith the Austrian Empire at the border with Switzerland
Three distinctive language groups
1 German (majority mainly local varieties especially in the valleys)
2 Italian (spoken mainly in the cities of Bozen-BolzanoMeran-Merano and in the Bassa Atesina area)
3 Ladin (located in lsquotraditionalrsquo valleys in particular Badia andGardena official status is lower)
29 de 35
Source 9th UK Language Variation and Change Conference
30 de 35
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 German there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Italian there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Ladin there
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
34 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
35 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
Parameter 1 number of L1 speakers
Parameter 1 is the most important only medium-sized worldlanguages (+500000) are considered in the CLB A problem ofEthnologue is how to consider linguistic map of the world Twoproblems in counting L1 speakers
Malay is listed in +20 varieties rarr grouped as one
Greek minorities in Italy (Griko and Grecanico) not counted asdifferent from Modern Greek larr questionable
The other limitation of Ethnologue is the non-consideration of L2speakers eg Swahili in Tanzania is far more spoken as L2 than asL1 rarr solution is parameter 3 vehicularity
9 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 3 vehicularity
When a language is vehicular In the CLB there is a clear definitionThe equation to calculate the vehicularity of a language as a ratio issimple and effective
L2
L1 + L2
Each single parameter is can be evaluated as if it were the only oneHindi is calculated as if it has no L1 speakers ()
However the cleanliness of the parameter is rather useful
11 de 35
Parameter 4 official status
Here the source of data is the web site maintained by JacquesLeclerc (Universite Laval) Scores are attributed in the following way
10 if the language is official in a sovereign state
05 if the language is official in a non-sovereign state
Some cases are paradoxical Italian is official in Italy Switzerland SanMarino Vatican and the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of SaintJohn of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta Overall score is 45 (place8) before Mandarin Chinese But are all states in the world equal inpower Of course not
12 de 35
Parameters 5 and 6 the role of translation
Here the source of data is the Index Translationium by Unesco whichpublishes the number of translations by language since 1979classified along nine categories
Again the world map of Ethnologue and Unesco does not alwaysmatch moreover there is the problem of the split of Serbo-Croatianin Serbian Croatian Bosnian and Montenegrin and the complexsituation of Arabic The solution by Calvet amp Calvet is to use ISOcodes as the main criterion which is reasonable
A greater problem is methodological these parameters rely not ondata but on an existing index henceforth the CLB configures partiallyas a meta-index
13 de 35
Parameter 7 international literary awards
Another methodological problem is parameter independence it isclear that literary awards are possible iff the Index Translationum ishigh How it works
The Nobel Prize is the most known award but it is consideredeurocentric and left-winged so the authors consider other awards aswell
winners count as 1 for every language in which they write
nominees counts 05 (even if nomineed many times)
Possible paradox Ngugi wa Thiongrsquoo counts 2 for English andKikuyu (ironic for this writerrsquos language policy)
14 de 35
Parameter 8 Number of Wikipedia articles
Wikipedia3 offers a detailed raw data of its use according to thedifferent languages The CLB considers only the ldquogrand totalrdquo whichis too superficial for instance a software bot can generate stubsautomatically ndash in 2008 it happened with Volapuk (an internationalauxiliary language launched before Esperanto now used for literaryand ludic purposes)
The number of active users could be used to measure more in deepthe impact of Wikipedia on a language community (it seems that theDutch contributors are very active compared to the Polish ones forexample) A recent study has also highlighted that the role ofmultilingual Wikipedia contributors (just over 15) is not to beunderestimated
3See httpwwwwikipediaorg15 de 35
Parameters 9 and 10 HDI and total fertility rate
The Human Development Index (HDI) is used by the UN to measurethe achievements in education health and income based oncountries not languages Similarly considerations can be done forthe total fertility rate
These two parameters generate clearly spurious results in particularit is quite surprising that the Hawai Creole English in in position 2while English (American English Global) The weight of these twoparameters should be adjusted according to the their reliability
16 de 35
Parameter 11 language use in the Internet
This parameter clearly overlaps with parameter 8 (Wikipedia)However the source here is a web site owned by a limited liabilitycompany the Miniwatts Marketing Group not a public instance or afoundation4
As a result raw data cannot be controlled this parameter should notbe considered lsquoheavyrsquo as the others Now we can test the CLB as itis and with different weights
4See httpwwwinternetworldstatscomstatshtm17 de 35
the top 15 of the CLB as it is
and with different weights
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
The gravitational modeland the barometer
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
An example of complex vertical bilingualism
Context Aboriginal languages in Quebec
26 de 35
An example of complex horizontalvertical bilingualism
Context skilled migrant in the Netherlands
27 de 35
An applicationLinguistic justice in South Tyrol
A region of stable contact between three languages
South Tyrol is often considered a success case of multilingualismmanagement (source 4-year Kontatto research project at the FreeUniv of BozenBolzano)
Politically part of Italy with a complex historical background linkedwith the Austrian Empire at the border with Switzerland
Three distinctive language groups
1 German (majority mainly local varieties especially in the valleys)
2 Italian (spoken mainly in the cities of Bozen-BolzanoMeran-Merano and in the Bassa Atesina area)
3 Ladin (located in lsquotraditionalrsquo valleys in particular Badia andGardena official status is lower)
29 de 35
Source 9th UK Language Variation and Change Conference
30 de 35
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 German there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Italian there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Ladin there
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
34 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
35 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
Parameter 1 number of L1 speakers
Parameter 1 is the most important only medium-sized worldlanguages (+500000) are considered in the CLB A problem ofEthnologue is how to consider linguistic map of the world Twoproblems in counting L1 speakers
Malay is listed in +20 varieties rarr grouped as one
Greek minorities in Italy (Griko and Grecanico) not counted asdifferent from Modern Greek larr questionable
The other limitation of Ethnologue is the non-consideration of L2speakers eg Swahili in Tanzania is far more spoken as L2 than asL1 rarr solution is parameter 3 vehicularity
9 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 3 vehicularity
When a language is vehicular In the CLB there is a clear definitionThe equation to calculate the vehicularity of a language as a ratio issimple and effective
L2
L1 + L2
Each single parameter is can be evaluated as if it were the only oneHindi is calculated as if it has no L1 speakers ()
However the cleanliness of the parameter is rather useful
11 de 35
Parameter 4 official status
Here the source of data is the web site maintained by JacquesLeclerc (Universite Laval) Scores are attributed in the following way
10 if the language is official in a sovereign state
05 if the language is official in a non-sovereign state
Some cases are paradoxical Italian is official in Italy Switzerland SanMarino Vatican and the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of SaintJohn of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta Overall score is 45 (place8) before Mandarin Chinese But are all states in the world equal inpower Of course not
12 de 35
Parameters 5 and 6 the role of translation
Here the source of data is the Index Translationium by Unesco whichpublishes the number of translations by language since 1979classified along nine categories
Again the world map of Ethnologue and Unesco does not alwaysmatch moreover there is the problem of the split of Serbo-Croatianin Serbian Croatian Bosnian and Montenegrin and the complexsituation of Arabic The solution by Calvet amp Calvet is to use ISOcodes as the main criterion which is reasonable
A greater problem is methodological these parameters rely not ondata but on an existing index henceforth the CLB configures partiallyas a meta-index
13 de 35
Parameter 7 international literary awards
Another methodological problem is parameter independence it isclear that literary awards are possible iff the Index Translationum ishigh How it works
The Nobel Prize is the most known award but it is consideredeurocentric and left-winged so the authors consider other awards aswell
winners count as 1 for every language in which they write
nominees counts 05 (even if nomineed many times)
Possible paradox Ngugi wa Thiongrsquoo counts 2 for English andKikuyu (ironic for this writerrsquos language policy)
14 de 35
Parameter 8 Number of Wikipedia articles
Wikipedia3 offers a detailed raw data of its use according to thedifferent languages The CLB considers only the ldquogrand totalrdquo whichis too superficial for instance a software bot can generate stubsautomatically ndash in 2008 it happened with Volapuk (an internationalauxiliary language launched before Esperanto now used for literaryand ludic purposes)
The number of active users could be used to measure more in deepthe impact of Wikipedia on a language community (it seems that theDutch contributors are very active compared to the Polish ones forexample) A recent study has also highlighted that the role ofmultilingual Wikipedia contributors (just over 15) is not to beunderestimated
3See httpwwwwikipediaorg15 de 35
Parameters 9 and 10 HDI and total fertility rate
The Human Development Index (HDI) is used by the UN to measurethe achievements in education health and income based oncountries not languages Similarly considerations can be done forthe total fertility rate
These two parameters generate clearly spurious results in particularit is quite surprising that the Hawai Creole English in in position 2while English (American English Global) The weight of these twoparameters should be adjusted according to the their reliability
16 de 35
Parameter 11 language use in the Internet
This parameter clearly overlaps with parameter 8 (Wikipedia)However the source here is a web site owned by a limited liabilitycompany the Miniwatts Marketing Group not a public instance or afoundation4
As a result raw data cannot be controlled this parameter should notbe considered lsquoheavyrsquo as the others Now we can test the CLB as itis and with different weights
4See httpwwwinternetworldstatscomstatshtm17 de 35
the top 15 of the CLB as it is
and with different weights
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
The gravitational modeland the barometer
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
An example of complex vertical bilingualism
Context Aboriginal languages in Quebec
26 de 35
An example of complex horizontalvertical bilingualism
Context skilled migrant in the Netherlands
27 de 35
An applicationLinguistic justice in South Tyrol
A region of stable contact between three languages
South Tyrol is often considered a success case of multilingualismmanagement (source 4-year Kontatto research project at the FreeUniv of BozenBolzano)
Politically part of Italy with a complex historical background linkedwith the Austrian Empire at the border with Switzerland
Three distinctive language groups
1 German (majority mainly local varieties especially in the valleys)
2 Italian (spoken mainly in the cities of Bozen-BolzanoMeran-Merano and in the Bassa Atesina area)
3 Ladin (located in lsquotraditionalrsquo valleys in particular Badia andGardena official status is lower)
29 de 35
Source 9th UK Language Variation and Change Conference
30 de 35
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 German there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Italian there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Ladin there
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
34 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
35 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
Parameter 1 number of L1 speakers
Parameter 1 is the most important only medium-sized worldlanguages (+500000) are considered in the CLB A problem ofEthnologue is how to consider linguistic map of the world Twoproblems in counting L1 speakers
Malay is listed in +20 varieties rarr grouped as one
Greek minorities in Italy (Griko and Grecanico) not counted asdifferent from Modern Greek larr questionable
The other limitation of Ethnologue is the non-consideration of L2speakers eg Swahili in Tanzania is far more spoken as L2 than asL1 rarr solution is parameter 3 vehicularity
9 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 3 vehicularity
When a language is vehicular In the CLB there is a clear definitionThe equation to calculate the vehicularity of a language as a ratio issimple and effective
L2
L1 + L2
Each single parameter is can be evaluated as if it were the only oneHindi is calculated as if it has no L1 speakers ()
However the cleanliness of the parameter is rather useful
11 de 35
Parameter 4 official status
Here the source of data is the web site maintained by JacquesLeclerc (Universite Laval) Scores are attributed in the following way
10 if the language is official in a sovereign state
05 if the language is official in a non-sovereign state
Some cases are paradoxical Italian is official in Italy Switzerland SanMarino Vatican and the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of SaintJohn of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta Overall score is 45 (place8) before Mandarin Chinese But are all states in the world equal inpower Of course not
12 de 35
Parameters 5 and 6 the role of translation
Here the source of data is the Index Translationium by Unesco whichpublishes the number of translations by language since 1979classified along nine categories
Again the world map of Ethnologue and Unesco does not alwaysmatch moreover there is the problem of the split of Serbo-Croatianin Serbian Croatian Bosnian and Montenegrin and the complexsituation of Arabic The solution by Calvet amp Calvet is to use ISOcodes as the main criterion which is reasonable
A greater problem is methodological these parameters rely not ondata but on an existing index henceforth the CLB configures partiallyas a meta-index
13 de 35
Parameter 7 international literary awards
Another methodological problem is parameter independence it isclear that literary awards are possible iff the Index Translationum ishigh How it works
The Nobel Prize is the most known award but it is consideredeurocentric and left-winged so the authors consider other awards aswell
winners count as 1 for every language in which they write
nominees counts 05 (even if nomineed many times)
Possible paradox Ngugi wa Thiongrsquoo counts 2 for English andKikuyu (ironic for this writerrsquos language policy)
14 de 35
Parameter 8 Number of Wikipedia articles
Wikipedia3 offers a detailed raw data of its use according to thedifferent languages The CLB considers only the ldquogrand totalrdquo whichis too superficial for instance a software bot can generate stubsautomatically ndash in 2008 it happened with Volapuk (an internationalauxiliary language launched before Esperanto now used for literaryand ludic purposes)
The number of active users could be used to measure more in deepthe impact of Wikipedia on a language community (it seems that theDutch contributors are very active compared to the Polish ones forexample) A recent study has also highlighted that the role ofmultilingual Wikipedia contributors (just over 15) is not to beunderestimated
3See httpwwwwikipediaorg15 de 35
Parameters 9 and 10 HDI and total fertility rate
The Human Development Index (HDI) is used by the UN to measurethe achievements in education health and income based oncountries not languages Similarly considerations can be done forthe total fertility rate
These two parameters generate clearly spurious results in particularit is quite surprising that the Hawai Creole English in in position 2while English (American English Global) The weight of these twoparameters should be adjusted according to the their reliability
16 de 35
Parameter 11 language use in the Internet
This parameter clearly overlaps with parameter 8 (Wikipedia)However the source here is a web site owned by a limited liabilitycompany the Miniwatts Marketing Group not a public instance or afoundation4
As a result raw data cannot be controlled this parameter should notbe considered lsquoheavyrsquo as the others Now we can test the CLB as itis and with different weights
4See httpwwwinternetworldstatscomstatshtm17 de 35
the top 15 of the CLB as it is
and with different weights
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
The gravitational modeland the barometer
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
An example of complex vertical bilingualism
Context Aboriginal languages in Quebec
26 de 35
An example of complex horizontalvertical bilingualism
Context skilled migrant in the Netherlands
27 de 35
An applicationLinguistic justice in South Tyrol
A region of stable contact between three languages
South Tyrol is often considered a success case of multilingualismmanagement (source 4-year Kontatto research project at the FreeUniv of BozenBolzano)
Politically part of Italy with a complex historical background linkedwith the Austrian Empire at the border with Switzerland
Three distinctive language groups
1 German (majority mainly local varieties especially in the valleys)
2 Italian (spoken mainly in the cities of Bozen-BolzanoMeran-Merano and in the Bassa Atesina area)
3 Ladin (located in lsquotraditionalrsquo valleys in particular Badia andGardena official status is lower)
29 de 35
Source 9th UK Language Variation and Change Conference
30 de 35
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 German there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Italian there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Ladin there
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
34 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
35 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
Parameter 1 number of L1 speakers
Parameter 1 is the most important only medium-sized worldlanguages (+500000) are considered in the CLB A problem ofEthnologue is how to consider linguistic map of the world Twoproblems in counting L1 speakers
Malay is listed in +20 varieties rarr grouped as one
Greek minorities in Italy (Griko and Grecanico) not counted asdifferent from Modern Greek larr questionable
The other limitation of Ethnologue is the non-consideration of L2speakers eg Swahili in Tanzania is far more spoken as L2 than asL1 rarr solution is parameter 3 vehicularity
9 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 3 vehicularity
When a language is vehicular In the CLB there is a clear definitionThe equation to calculate the vehicularity of a language as a ratio issimple and effective
L2
L1 + L2
Each single parameter is can be evaluated as if it were the only oneHindi is calculated as if it has no L1 speakers ()
However the cleanliness of the parameter is rather useful
11 de 35
Parameter 4 official status
Here the source of data is the web site maintained by JacquesLeclerc (Universite Laval) Scores are attributed in the following way
10 if the language is official in a sovereign state
05 if the language is official in a non-sovereign state
Some cases are paradoxical Italian is official in Italy Switzerland SanMarino Vatican and the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of SaintJohn of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta Overall score is 45 (place8) before Mandarin Chinese But are all states in the world equal inpower Of course not
12 de 35
Parameters 5 and 6 the role of translation
Here the source of data is the Index Translationium by Unesco whichpublishes the number of translations by language since 1979classified along nine categories
Again the world map of Ethnologue and Unesco does not alwaysmatch moreover there is the problem of the split of Serbo-Croatianin Serbian Croatian Bosnian and Montenegrin and the complexsituation of Arabic The solution by Calvet amp Calvet is to use ISOcodes as the main criterion which is reasonable
A greater problem is methodological these parameters rely not ondata but on an existing index henceforth the CLB configures partiallyas a meta-index
13 de 35
Parameter 7 international literary awards
Another methodological problem is parameter independence it isclear that literary awards are possible iff the Index Translationum ishigh How it works
The Nobel Prize is the most known award but it is consideredeurocentric and left-winged so the authors consider other awards aswell
winners count as 1 for every language in which they write
nominees counts 05 (even if nomineed many times)
Possible paradox Ngugi wa Thiongrsquoo counts 2 for English andKikuyu (ironic for this writerrsquos language policy)
14 de 35
Parameter 8 Number of Wikipedia articles
Wikipedia3 offers a detailed raw data of its use according to thedifferent languages The CLB considers only the ldquogrand totalrdquo whichis too superficial for instance a software bot can generate stubsautomatically ndash in 2008 it happened with Volapuk (an internationalauxiliary language launched before Esperanto now used for literaryand ludic purposes)
The number of active users could be used to measure more in deepthe impact of Wikipedia on a language community (it seems that theDutch contributors are very active compared to the Polish ones forexample) A recent study has also highlighted that the role ofmultilingual Wikipedia contributors (just over 15) is not to beunderestimated
3See httpwwwwikipediaorg15 de 35
Parameters 9 and 10 HDI and total fertility rate
The Human Development Index (HDI) is used by the UN to measurethe achievements in education health and income based oncountries not languages Similarly considerations can be done forthe total fertility rate
These two parameters generate clearly spurious results in particularit is quite surprising that the Hawai Creole English in in position 2while English (American English Global) The weight of these twoparameters should be adjusted according to the their reliability
16 de 35
Parameter 11 language use in the Internet
This parameter clearly overlaps with parameter 8 (Wikipedia)However the source here is a web site owned by a limited liabilitycompany the Miniwatts Marketing Group not a public instance or afoundation4
As a result raw data cannot be controlled this parameter should notbe considered lsquoheavyrsquo as the others Now we can test the CLB as itis and with different weights
4See httpwwwinternetworldstatscomstatshtm17 de 35
the top 15 of the CLB as it is
and with different weights
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
The gravitational modeland the barometer
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
An example of complex vertical bilingualism
Context Aboriginal languages in Quebec
26 de 35
An example of complex horizontalvertical bilingualism
Context skilled migrant in the Netherlands
27 de 35
An applicationLinguistic justice in South Tyrol
A region of stable contact between three languages
South Tyrol is often considered a success case of multilingualismmanagement (source 4-year Kontatto research project at the FreeUniv of BozenBolzano)
Politically part of Italy with a complex historical background linkedwith the Austrian Empire at the border with Switzerland
Three distinctive language groups
1 German (majority mainly local varieties especially in the valleys)
2 Italian (spoken mainly in the cities of Bozen-BolzanoMeran-Merano and in the Bassa Atesina area)
3 Ladin (located in lsquotraditionalrsquo valleys in particular Badia andGardena official status is lower)
29 de 35
Source 9th UK Language Variation and Change Conference
30 de 35
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 German there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Italian there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Ladin there
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
34 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
35 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
Parameter 1 number of L1 speakers
Parameter 1 is the most important only medium-sized worldlanguages (+500000) are considered in the CLB A problem ofEthnologue is how to consider linguistic map of the world Twoproblems in counting L1 speakers
Malay is listed in +20 varieties rarr grouped as one
Greek minorities in Italy (Griko and Grecanico) not counted asdifferent from Modern Greek larr questionable
The other limitation of Ethnologue is the non-consideration of L2speakers eg Swahili in Tanzania is far more spoken as L2 than asL1 rarr solution is parameter 3 vehicularity
9 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 3 vehicularity
When a language is vehicular In the CLB there is a clear definitionThe equation to calculate the vehicularity of a language as a ratio issimple and effective
L2
L1 + L2
Each single parameter is can be evaluated as if it were the only oneHindi is calculated as if it has no L1 speakers ()
However the cleanliness of the parameter is rather useful
11 de 35
Parameter 4 official status
Here the source of data is the web site maintained by JacquesLeclerc (Universite Laval) Scores are attributed in the following way
10 if the language is official in a sovereign state
05 if the language is official in a non-sovereign state
Some cases are paradoxical Italian is official in Italy Switzerland SanMarino Vatican and the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of SaintJohn of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta Overall score is 45 (place8) before Mandarin Chinese But are all states in the world equal inpower Of course not
12 de 35
Parameters 5 and 6 the role of translation
Here the source of data is the Index Translationium by Unesco whichpublishes the number of translations by language since 1979classified along nine categories
Again the world map of Ethnologue and Unesco does not alwaysmatch moreover there is the problem of the split of Serbo-Croatianin Serbian Croatian Bosnian and Montenegrin and the complexsituation of Arabic The solution by Calvet amp Calvet is to use ISOcodes as the main criterion which is reasonable
A greater problem is methodological these parameters rely not ondata but on an existing index henceforth the CLB configures partiallyas a meta-index
13 de 35
Parameter 7 international literary awards
Another methodological problem is parameter independence it isclear that literary awards are possible iff the Index Translationum ishigh How it works
The Nobel Prize is the most known award but it is consideredeurocentric and left-winged so the authors consider other awards aswell
winners count as 1 for every language in which they write
nominees counts 05 (even if nomineed many times)
Possible paradox Ngugi wa Thiongrsquoo counts 2 for English andKikuyu (ironic for this writerrsquos language policy)
14 de 35
Parameter 8 Number of Wikipedia articles
Wikipedia3 offers a detailed raw data of its use according to thedifferent languages The CLB considers only the ldquogrand totalrdquo whichis too superficial for instance a software bot can generate stubsautomatically ndash in 2008 it happened with Volapuk (an internationalauxiliary language launched before Esperanto now used for literaryand ludic purposes)
The number of active users could be used to measure more in deepthe impact of Wikipedia on a language community (it seems that theDutch contributors are very active compared to the Polish ones forexample) A recent study has also highlighted that the role ofmultilingual Wikipedia contributors (just over 15) is not to beunderestimated
3See httpwwwwikipediaorg15 de 35
Parameters 9 and 10 HDI and total fertility rate
The Human Development Index (HDI) is used by the UN to measurethe achievements in education health and income based oncountries not languages Similarly considerations can be done forthe total fertility rate
These two parameters generate clearly spurious results in particularit is quite surprising that the Hawai Creole English in in position 2while English (American English Global) The weight of these twoparameters should be adjusted according to the their reliability
16 de 35
Parameter 11 language use in the Internet
This parameter clearly overlaps with parameter 8 (Wikipedia)However the source here is a web site owned by a limited liabilitycompany the Miniwatts Marketing Group not a public instance or afoundation4
As a result raw data cannot be controlled this parameter should notbe considered lsquoheavyrsquo as the others Now we can test the CLB as itis and with different weights
4See httpwwwinternetworldstatscomstatshtm17 de 35
the top 15 of the CLB as it is
and with different weights
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
The gravitational modeland the barometer
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
An example of complex vertical bilingualism
Context Aboriginal languages in Quebec
26 de 35
An example of complex horizontalvertical bilingualism
Context skilled migrant in the Netherlands
27 de 35
An applicationLinguistic justice in South Tyrol
A region of stable contact between three languages
South Tyrol is often considered a success case of multilingualismmanagement (source 4-year Kontatto research project at the FreeUniv of BozenBolzano)
Politically part of Italy with a complex historical background linkedwith the Austrian Empire at the border with Switzerland
Three distinctive language groups
1 German (majority mainly local varieties especially in the valleys)
2 Italian (spoken mainly in the cities of Bozen-BolzanoMeran-Merano and in the Bassa Atesina area)
3 Ladin (located in lsquotraditionalrsquo valleys in particular Badia andGardena official status is lower)
29 de 35
Source 9th UK Language Variation and Change Conference
30 de 35
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 German there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Italian there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Ladin there
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
34 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
35 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
Parameter 1 number of L1 speakers
Parameter 1 is the most important only medium-sized worldlanguages (+500000) are considered in the CLB A problem ofEthnologue is how to consider linguistic map of the world Twoproblems in counting L1 speakers
Malay is listed in +20 varieties rarr grouped as one
Greek minorities in Italy (Griko and Grecanico) not counted asdifferent from Modern Greek larr questionable
The other limitation of Ethnologue is the non-consideration of L2speakers eg Swahili in Tanzania is far more spoken as L2 than asL1 rarr solution is parameter 3 vehicularity
9 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 3 vehicularity
When a language is vehicular In the CLB there is a clear definitionThe equation to calculate the vehicularity of a language as a ratio issimple and effective
L2
L1 + L2
Each single parameter is can be evaluated as if it were the only oneHindi is calculated as if it has no L1 speakers ()
However the cleanliness of the parameter is rather useful
11 de 35
Parameter 4 official status
Here the source of data is the web site maintained by JacquesLeclerc (Universite Laval) Scores are attributed in the following way
10 if the language is official in a sovereign state
05 if the language is official in a non-sovereign state
Some cases are paradoxical Italian is official in Italy Switzerland SanMarino Vatican and the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of SaintJohn of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta Overall score is 45 (place8) before Mandarin Chinese But are all states in the world equal inpower Of course not
12 de 35
Parameters 5 and 6 the role of translation
Here the source of data is the Index Translationium by Unesco whichpublishes the number of translations by language since 1979classified along nine categories
Again the world map of Ethnologue and Unesco does not alwaysmatch moreover there is the problem of the split of Serbo-Croatianin Serbian Croatian Bosnian and Montenegrin and the complexsituation of Arabic The solution by Calvet amp Calvet is to use ISOcodes as the main criterion which is reasonable
A greater problem is methodological these parameters rely not ondata but on an existing index henceforth the CLB configures partiallyas a meta-index
13 de 35
Parameter 7 international literary awards
Another methodological problem is parameter independence it isclear that literary awards are possible iff the Index Translationum ishigh How it works
The Nobel Prize is the most known award but it is consideredeurocentric and left-winged so the authors consider other awards aswell
winners count as 1 for every language in which they write
nominees counts 05 (even if nomineed many times)
Possible paradox Ngugi wa Thiongrsquoo counts 2 for English andKikuyu (ironic for this writerrsquos language policy)
14 de 35
Parameter 8 Number of Wikipedia articles
Wikipedia3 offers a detailed raw data of its use according to thedifferent languages The CLB considers only the ldquogrand totalrdquo whichis too superficial for instance a software bot can generate stubsautomatically ndash in 2008 it happened with Volapuk (an internationalauxiliary language launched before Esperanto now used for literaryand ludic purposes)
The number of active users could be used to measure more in deepthe impact of Wikipedia on a language community (it seems that theDutch contributors are very active compared to the Polish ones forexample) A recent study has also highlighted that the role ofmultilingual Wikipedia contributors (just over 15) is not to beunderestimated
3See httpwwwwikipediaorg15 de 35
Parameters 9 and 10 HDI and total fertility rate
The Human Development Index (HDI) is used by the UN to measurethe achievements in education health and income based oncountries not languages Similarly considerations can be done forthe total fertility rate
These two parameters generate clearly spurious results in particularit is quite surprising that the Hawai Creole English in in position 2while English (American English Global) The weight of these twoparameters should be adjusted according to the their reliability
16 de 35
Parameter 11 language use in the Internet
This parameter clearly overlaps with parameter 8 (Wikipedia)However the source here is a web site owned by a limited liabilitycompany the Miniwatts Marketing Group not a public instance or afoundation4
As a result raw data cannot be controlled this parameter should notbe considered lsquoheavyrsquo as the others Now we can test the CLB as itis and with different weights
4See httpwwwinternetworldstatscomstatshtm17 de 35
the top 15 of the CLB as it is
and with different weights
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
The gravitational modeland the barometer
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
An example of complex vertical bilingualism
Context Aboriginal languages in Quebec
26 de 35
An example of complex horizontalvertical bilingualism
Context skilled migrant in the Netherlands
27 de 35
An applicationLinguistic justice in South Tyrol
A region of stable contact between three languages
South Tyrol is often considered a success case of multilingualismmanagement (source 4-year Kontatto research project at the FreeUniv of BozenBolzano)
Politically part of Italy with a complex historical background linkedwith the Austrian Empire at the border with Switzerland
Three distinctive language groups
1 German (majority mainly local varieties especially in the valleys)
2 Italian (spoken mainly in the cities of Bozen-BolzanoMeran-Merano and in the Bassa Atesina area)
3 Ladin (located in lsquotraditionalrsquo valleys in particular Badia andGardena official status is lower)
29 de 35
Source 9th UK Language Variation and Change Conference
30 de 35
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 German there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Italian there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Ladin there
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
34 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
35 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
Parameter 1 number of L1 speakers
Parameter 1 is the most important only medium-sized worldlanguages (+500000) are considered in the CLB A problem ofEthnologue is how to consider linguistic map of the world Twoproblems in counting L1 speakers
Malay is listed in +20 varieties rarr grouped as one
Greek minorities in Italy (Griko and Grecanico) not counted asdifferent from Modern Greek larr questionable
The other limitation of Ethnologue is the non-consideration of L2speakers eg Swahili in Tanzania is far more spoken as L2 than asL1 rarr solution is parameter 3 vehicularity
9 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 3 vehicularity
When a language is vehicular In the CLB there is a clear definitionThe equation to calculate the vehicularity of a language as a ratio issimple and effective
L2
L1 + L2
Each single parameter is can be evaluated as if it were the only oneHindi is calculated as if it has no L1 speakers ()
However the cleanliness of the parameter is rather useful
11 de 35
Parameter 4 official status
Here the source of data is the web site maintained by JacquesLeclerc (Universite Laval) Scores are attributed in the following way
10 if the language is official in a sovereign state
05 if the language is official in a non-sovereign state
Some cases are paradoxical Italian is official in Italy Switzerland SanMarino Vatican and the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of SaintJohn of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta Overall score is 45 (place8) before Mandarin Chinese But are all states in the world equal inpower Of course not
12 de 35
Parameters 5 and 6 the role of translation
Here the source of data is the Index Translationium by Unesco whichpublishes the number of translations by language since 1979classified along nine categories
Again the world map of Ethnologue and Unesco does not alwaysmatch moreover there is the problem of the split of Serbo-Croatianin Serbian Croatian Bosnian and Montenegrin and the complexsituation of Arabic The solution by Calvet amp Calvet is to use ISOcodes as the main criterion which is reasonable
A greater problem is methodological these parameters rely not ondata but on an existing index henceforth the CLB configures partiallyas a meta-index
13 de 35
Parameter 7 international literary awards
Another methodological problem is parameter independence it isclear that literary awards are possible iff the Index Translationum ishigh How it works
The Nobel Prize is the most known award but it is consideredeurocentric and left-winged so the authors consider other awards aswell
winners count as 1 for every language in which they write
nominees counts 05 (even if nomineed many times)
Possible paradox Ngugi wa Thiongrsquoo counts 2 for English andKikuyu (ironic for this writerrsquos language policy)
14 de 35
Parameter 8 Number of Wikipedia articles
Wikipedia3 offers a detailed raw data of its use according to thedifferent languages The CLB considers only the ldquogrand totalrdquo whichis too superficial for instance a software bot can generate stubsautomatically ndash in 2008 it happened with Volapuk (an internationalauxiliary language launched before Esperanto now used for literaryand ludic purposes)
The number of active users could be used to measure more in deepthe impact of Wikipedia on a language community (it seems that theDutch contributors are very active compared to the Polish ones forexample) A recent study has also highlighted that the role ofmultilingual Wikipedia contributors (just over 15) is not to beunderestimated
3See httpwwwwikipediaorg15 de 35
Parameters 9 and 10 HDI and total fertility rate
The Human Development Index (HDI) is used by the UN to measurethe achievements in education health and income based oncountries not languages Similarly considerations can be done forthe total fertility rate
These two parameters generate clearly spurious results in particularit is quite surprising that the Hawai Creole English in in position 2while English (American English Global) The weight of these twoparameters should be adjusted according to the their reliability
16 de 35
Parameter 11 language use in the Internet
This parameter clearly overlaps with parameter 8 (Wikipedia)However the source here is a web site owned by a limited liabilitycompany the Miniwatts Marketing Group not a public instance or afoundation4
As a result raw data cannot be controlled this parameter should notbe considered lsquoheavyrsquo as the others Now we can test the CLB as itis and with different weights
4See httpwwwinternetworldstatscomstatshtm17 de 35
the top 15 of the CLB as it is
and with different weights
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
The gravitational modeland the barometer
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
An example of complex vertical bilingualism
Context Aboriginal languages in Quebec
26 de 35
An example of complex horizontalvertical bilingualism
Context skilled migrant in the Netherlands
27 de 35
An applicationLinguistic justice in South Tyrol
A region of stable contact between three languages
South Tyrol is often considered a success case of multilingualismmanagement (source 4-year Kontatto research project at the FreeUniv of BozenBolzano)
Politically part of Italy with a complex historical background linkedwith the Austrian Empire at the border with Switzerland
Three distinctive language groups
1 German (majority mainly local varieties especially in the valleys)
2 Italian (spoken mainly in the cities of Bozen-BolzanoMeran-Merano and in the Bassa Atesina area)
3 Ladin (located in lsquotraditionalrsquo valleys in particular Badia andGardena official status is lower)
29 de 35
Source 9th UK Language Variation and Change Conference
30 de 35
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 German there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Italian there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Ladin there
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
34 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
35 de 35
The parameters
1 Number of L1 speakers
2 Entropy
3 Vehicularity
4 Official status
5 Index Translationum source language
6 Index Translationum target language
7 International literary awards
8 Number of Wikipedia articles
9 Human Development Index (HDI)
10 Total fertility rate
11 Language use in the Internet
8 de 35
Parameter 1 number of L1 speakers
Parameter 1 is the most important only medium-sized worldlanguages (+500000) are considered in the CLB A problem ofEthnologue is how to consider linguistic map of the world Twoproblems in counting L1 speakers
Malay is listed in +20 varieties rarr grouped as one
Greek minorities in Italy (Griko and Grecanico) not counted asdifferent from Modern Greek larr questionable
The other limitation of Ethnologue is the non-consideration of L2speakers eg Swahili in Tanzania is far more spoken as L2 than asL1 rarr solution is parameter 3 vehicularity
9 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 3 vehicularity
When a language is vehicular In the CLB there is a clear definitionThe equation to calculate the vehicularity of a language as a ratio issimple and effective
L2
L1 + L2
Each single parameter is can be evaluated as if it were the only oneHindi is calculated as if it has no L1 speakers ()
However the cleanliness of the parameter is rather useful
11 de 35
Parameter 4 official status
Here the source of data is the web site maintained by JacquesLeclerc (Universite Laval) Scores are attributed in the following way
10 if the language is official in a sovereign state
05 if the language is official in a non-sovereign state
Some cases are paradoxical Italian is official in Italy Switzerland SanMarino Vatican and the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of SaintJohn of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta Overall score is 45 (place8) before Mandarin Chinese But are all states in the world equal inpower Of course not
12 de 35
Parameters 5 and 6 the role of translation
Here the source of data is the Index Translationium by Unesco whichpublishes the number of translations by language since 1979classified along nine categories
Again the world map of Ethnologue and Unesco does not alwaysmatch moreover there is the problem of the split of Serbo-Croatianin Serbian Croatian Bosnian and Montenegrin and the complexsituation of Arabic The solution by Calvet amp Calvet is to use ISOcodes as the main criterion which is reasonable
A greater problem is methodological these parameters rely not ondata but on an existing index henceforth the CLB configures partiallyas a meta-index
13 de 35
Parameter 7 international literary awards
Another methodological problem is parameter independence it isclear that literary awards are possible iff the Index Translationum ishigh How it works
The Nobel Prize is the most known award but it is consideredeurocentric and left-winged so the authors consider other awards aswell
winners count as 1 for every language in which they write
nominees counts 05 (even if nomineed many times)
Possible paradox Ngugi wa Thiongrsquoo counts 2 for English andKikuyu (ironic for this writerrsquos language policy)
14 de 35
Parameter 8 Number of Wikipedia articles
Wikipedia3 offers a detailed raw data of its use according to thedifferent languages The CLB considers only the ldquogrand totalrdquo whichis too superficial for instance a software bot can generate stubsautomatically ndash in 2008 it happened with Volapuk (an internationalauxiliary language launched before Esperanto now used for literaryand ludic purposes)
The number of active users could be used to measure more in deepthe impact of Wikipedia on a language community (it seems that theDutch contributors are very active compared to the Polish ones forexample) A recent study has also highlighted that the role ofmultilingual Wikipedia contributors (just over 15) is not to beunderestimated
3See httpwwwwikipediaorg15 de 35
Parameters 9 and 10 HDI and total fertility rate
The Human Development Index (HDI) is used by the UN to measurethe achievements in education health and income based oncountries not languages Similarly considerations can be done forthe total fertility rate
These two parameters generate clearly spurious results in particularit is quite surprising that the Hawai Creole English in in position 2while English (American English Global) The weight of these twoparameters should be adjusted according to the their reliability
16 de 35
Parameter 11 language use in the Internet
This parameter clearly overlaps with parameter 8 (Wikipedia)However the source here is a web site owned by a limited liabilitycompany the Miniwatts Marketing Group not a public instance or afoundation4
As a result raw data cannot be controlled this parameter should notbe considered lsquoheavyrsquo as the others Now we can test the CLB as itis and with different weights
4See httpwwwinternetworldstatscomstatshtm17 de 35
the top 15 of the CLB as it is
and with different weights
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
The gravitational modeland the barometer
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
An example of complex vertical bilingualism
Context Aboriginal languages in Quebec
26 de 35
An example of complex horizontalvertical bilingualism
Context skilled migrant in the Netherlands
27 de 35
An applicationLinguistic justice in South Tyrol
A region of stable contact between three languages
South Tyrol is often considered a success case of multilingualismmanagement (source 4-year Kontatto research project at the FreeUniv of BozenBolzano)
Politically part of Italy with a complex historical background linkedwith the Austrian Empire at the border with Switzerland
Three distinctive language groups
1 German (majority mainly local varieties especially in the valleys)
2 Italian (spoken mainly in the cities of Bozen-BolzanoMeran-Merano and in the Bassa Atesina area)
3 Ladin (located in lsquotraditionalrsquo valleys in particular Badia andGardena official status is lower)
29 de 35
Source 9th UK Language Variation and Change Conference
30 de 35
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 German there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Italian there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Ladin there
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
34 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
35 de 35
Parameter 1 number of L1 speakers
Parameter 1 is the most important only medium-sized worldlanguages (+500000) are considered in the CLB A problem ofEthnologue is how to consider linguistic map of the world Twoproblems in counting L1 speakers
Malay is listed in +20 varieties rarr grouped as one
Greek minorities in Italy (Griko and Grecanico) not counted asdifferent from Modern Greek larr questionable
The other limitation of Ethnologue is the non-consideration of L2speakers eg Swahili in Tanzania is far more spoken as L2 than asL1 rarr solution is parameter 3 vehicularity
9 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 3 vehicularity
When a language is vehicular In the CLB there is a clear definitionThe equation to calculate the vehicularity of a language as a ratio issimple and effective
L2
L1 + L2
Each single parameter is can be evaluated as if it were the only oneHindi is calculated as if it has no L1 speakers ()
However the cleanliness of the parameter is rather useful
11 de 35
Parameter 4 official status
Here the source of data is the web site maintained by JacquesLeclerc (Universite Laval) Scores are attributed in the following way
10 if the language is official in a sovereign state
05 if the language is official in a non-sovereign state
Some cases are paradoxical Italian is official in Italy Switzerland SanMarino Vatican and the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of SaintJohn of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta Overall score is 45 (place8) before Mandarin Chinese But are all states in the world equal inpower Of course not
12 de 35
Parameters 5 and 6 the role of translation
Here the source of data is the Index Translationium by Unesco whichpublishes the number of translations by language since 1979classified along nine categories
Again the world map of Ethnologue and Unesco does not alwaysmatch moreover there is the problem of the split of Serbo-Croatianin Serbian Croatian Bosnian and Montenegrin and the complexsituation of Arabic The solution by Calvet amp Calvet is to use ISOcodes as the main criterion which is reasonable
A greater problem is methodological these parameters rely not ondata but on an existing index henceforth the CLB configures partiallyas a meta-index
13 de 35
Parameter 7 international literary awards
Another methodological problem is parameter independence it isclear that literary awards are possible iff the Index Translationum ishigh How it works
The Nobel Prize is the most known award but it is consideredeurocentric and left-winged so the authors consider other awards aswell
winners count as 1 for every language in which they write
nominees counts 05 (even if nomineed many times)
Possible paradox Ngugi wa Thiongrsquoo counts 2 for English andKikuyu (ironic for this writerrsquos language policy)
14 de 35
Parameter 8 Number of Wikipedia articles
Wikipedia3 offers a detailed raw data of its use according to thedifferent languages The CLB considers only the ldquogrand totalrdquo whichis too superficial for instance a software bot can generate stubsautomatically ndash in 2008 it happened with Volapuk (an internationalauxiliary language launched before Esperanto now used for literaryand ludic purposes)
The number of active users could be used to measure more in deepthe impact of Wikipedia on a language community (it seems that theDutch contributors are very active compared to the Polish ones forexample) A recent study has also highlighted that the role ofmultilingual Wikipedia contributors (just over 15) is not to beunderestimated
3See httpwwwwikipediaorg15 de 35
Parameters 9 and 10 HDI and total fertility rate
The Human Development Index (HDI) is used by the UN to measurethe achievements in education health and income based oncountries not languages Similarly considerations can be done forthe total fertility rate
These two parameters generate clearly spurious results in particularit is quite surprising that the Hawai Creole English in in position 2while English (American English Global) The weight of these twoparameters should be adjusted according to the their reliability
16 de 35
Parameter 11 language use in the Internet
This parameter clearly overlaps with parameter 8 (Wikipedia)However the source here is a web site owned by a limited liabilitycompany the Miniwatts Marketing Group not a public instance or afoundation4
As a result raw data cannot be controlled this parameter should notbe considered lsquoheavyrsquo as the others Now we can test the CLB as itis and with different weights
4See httpwwwinternetworldstatscomstatshtm17 de 35
the top 15 of the CLB as it is
and with different weights
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
The gravitational modeland the barometer
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
An example of complex vertical bilingualism
Context Aboriginal languages in Quebec
26 de 35
An example of complex horizontalvertical bilingualism
Context skilled migrant in the Netherlands
27 de 35
An applicationLinguistic justice in South Tyrol
A region of stable contact between three languages
South Tyrol is often considered a success case of multilingualismmanagement (source 4-year Kontatto research project at the FreeUniv of BozenBolzano)
Politically part of Italy with a complex historical background linkedwith the Austrian Empire at the border with Switzerland
Three distinctive language groups
1 German (majority mainly local varieties especially in the valleys)
2 Italian (spoken mainly in the cities of Bozen-BolzanoMeran-Merano and in the Bassa Atesina area)
3 Ladin (located in lsquotraditionalrsquo valleys in particular Badia andGardena official status is lower)
29 de 35
Source 9th UK Language Variation and Change Conference
30 de 35
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 German there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Italian there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Ladin there
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
34 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
35 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 3 vehicularity
When a language is vehicular In the CLB there is a clear definitionThe equation to calculate the vehicularity of a language as a ratio issimple and effective
L2
L1 + L2
Each single parameter is can be evaluated as if it were the only oneHindi is calculated as if it has no L1 speakers ()
However the cleanliness of the parameter is rather useful
11 de 35
Parameter 4 official status
Here the source of data is the web site maintained by JacquesLeclerc (Universite Laval) Scores are attributed in the following way
10 if the language is official in a sovereign state
05 if the language is official in a non-sovereign state
Some cases are paradoxical Italian is official in Italy Switzerland SanMarino Vatican and the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of SaintJohn of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta Overall score is 45 (place8) before Mandarin Chinese But are all states in the world equal inpower Of course not
12 de 35
Parameters 5 and 6 the role of translation
Here the source of data is the Index Translationium by Unesco whichpublishes the number of translations by language since 1979classified along nine categories
Again the world map of Ethnologue and Unesco does not alwaysmatch moreover there is the problem of the split of Serbo-Croatianin Serbian Croatian Bosnian and Montenegrin and the complexsituation of Arabic The solution by Calvet amp Calvet is to use ISOcodes as the main criterion which is reasonable
A greater problem is methodological these parameters rely not ondata but on an existing index henceforth the CLB configures partiallyas a meta-index
13 de 35
Parameter 7 international literary awards
Another methodological problem is parameter independence it isclear that literary awards are possible iff the Index Translationum ishigh How it works
The Nobel Prize is the most known award but it is consideredeurocentric and left-winged so the authors consider other awards aswell
winners count as 1 for every language in which they write
nominees counts 05 (even if nomineed many times)
Possible paradox Ngugi wa Thiongrsquoo counts 2 for English andKikuyu (ironic for this writerrsquos language policy)
14 de 35
Parameter 8 Number of Wikipedia articles
Wikipedia3 offers a detailed raw data of its use according to thedifferent languages The CLB considers only the ldquogrand totalrdquo whichis too superficial for instance a software bot can generate stubsautomatically ndash in 2008 it happened with Volapuk (an internationalauxiliary language launched before Esperanto now used for literaryand ludic purposes)
The number of active users could be used to measure more in deepthe impact of Wikipedia on a language community (it seems that theDutch contributors are very active compared to the Polish ones forexample) A recent study has also highlighted that the role ofmultilingual Wikipedia contributors (just over 15) is not to beunderestimated
3See httpwwwwikipediaorg15 de 35
Parameters 9 and 10 HDI and total fertility rate
The Human Development Index (HDI) is used by the UN to measurethe achievements in education health and income based oncountries not languages Similarly considerations can be done forthe total fertility rate
These two parameters generate clearly spurious results in particularit is quite surprising that the Hawai Creole English in in position 2while English (American English Global) The weight of these twoparameters should be adjusted according to the their reliability
16 de 35
Parameter 11 language use in the Internet
This parameter clearly overlaps with parameter 8 (Wikipedia)However the source here is a web site owned by a limited liabilitycompany the Miniwatts Marketing Group not a public instance or afoundation4
As a result raw data cannot be controlled this parameter should notbe considered lsquoheavyrsquo as the others Now we can test the CLB as itis and with different weights
4See httpwwwinternetworldstatscomstatshtm17 de 35
the top 15 of the CLB as it is
and with different weights
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
The gravitational modeland the barometer
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
An example of complex vertical bilingualism
Context Aboriginal languages in Quebec
26 de 35
An example of complex horizontalvertical bilingualism
Context skilled migrant in the Netherlands
27 de 35
An applicationLinguistic justice in South Tyrol
A region of stable contact between three languages
South Tyrol is often considered a success case of multilingualismmanagement (source 4-year Kontatto research project at the FreeUniv of BozenBolzano)
Politically part of Italy with a complex historical background linkedwith the Austrian Empire at the border with Switzerland
Three distinctive language groups
1 German (majority mainly local varieties especially in the valleys)
2 Italian (spoken mainly in the cities of Bozen-BolzanoMeran-Merano and in the Bassa Atesina area)
3 Ladin (located in lsquotraditionalrsquo valleys in particular Badia andGardena official status is lower)
29 de 35
Source 9th UK Language Variation and Change Conference
30 de 35
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 German there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Italian there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Ladin there
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
34 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
35 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 3 vehicularity
When a language is vehicular In the CLB there is a clear definitionThe equation to calculate the vehicularity of a language as a ratio issimple and effective
L2
L1 + L2
Each single parameter is can be evaluated as if it were the only oneHindi is calculated as if it has no L1 speakers ()
However the cleanliness of the parameter is rather useful
11 de 35
Parameter 4 official status
Here the source of data is the web site maintained by JacquesLeclerc (Universite Laval) Scores are attributed in the following way
10 if the language is official in a sovereign state
05 if the language is official in a non-sovereign state
Some cases are paradoxical Italian is official in Italy Switzerland SanMarino Vatican and the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of SaintJohn of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta Overall score is 45 (place8) before Mandarin Chinese But are all states in the world equal inpower Of course not
12 de 35
Parameters 5 and 6 the role of translation
Here the source of data is the Index Translationium by Unesco whichpublishes the number of translations by language since 1979classified along nine categories
Again the world map of Ethnologue and Unesco does not alwaysmatch moreover there is the problem of the split of Serbo-Croatianin Serbian Croatian Bosnian and Montenegrin and the complexsituation of Arabic The solution by Calvet amp Calvet is to use ISOcodes as the main criterion which is reasonable
A greater problem is methodological these parameters rely not ondata but on an existing index henceforth the CLB configures partiallyas a meta-index
13 de 35
Parameter 7 international literary awards
Another methodological problem is parameter independence it isclear that literary awards are possible iff the Index Translationum ishigh How it works
The Nobel Prize is the most known award but it is consideredeurocentric and left-winged so the authors consider other awards aswell
winners count as 1 for every language in which they write
nominees counts 05 (even if nomineed many times)
Possible paradox Ngugi wa Thiongrsquoo counts 2 for English andKikuyu (ironic for this writerrsquos language policy)
14 de 35
Parameter 8 Number of Wikipedia articles
Wikipedia3 offers a detailed raw data of its use according to thedifferent languages The CLB considers only the ldquogrand totalrdquo whichis too superficial for instance a software bot can generate stubsautomatically ndash in 2008 it happened with Volapuk (an internationalauxiliary language launched before Esperanto now used for literaryand ludic purposes)
The number of active users could be used to measure more in deepthe impact of Wikipedia on a language community (it seems that theDutch contributors are very active compared to the Polish ones forexample) A recent study has also highlighted that the role ofmultilingual Wikipedia contributors (just over 15) is not to beunderestimated
3See httpwwwwikipediaorg15 de 35
Parameters 9 and 10 HDI and total fertility rate
The Human Development Index (HDI) is used by the UN to measurethe achievements in education health and income based oncountries not languages Similarly considerations can be done forthe total fertility rate
These two parameters generate clearly spurious results in particularit is quite surprising that the Hawai Creole English in in position 2while English (American English Global) The weight of these twoparameters should be adjusted according to the their reliability
16 de 35
Parameter 11 language use in the Internet
This parameter clearly overlaps with parameter 8 (Wikipedia)However the source here is a web site owned by a limited liabilitycompany the Miniwatts Marketing Group not a public instance or afoundation4
As a result raw data cannot be controlled this parameter should notbe considered lsquoheavyrsquo as the others Now we can test the CLB as itis and with different weights
4See httpwwwinternetworldstatscomstatshtm17 de 35
the top 15 of the CLB as it is
and with different weights
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
The gravitational modeland the barometer
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
An example of complex vertical bilingualism
Context Aboriginal languages in Quebec
26 de 35
An example of complex horizontalvertical bilingualism
Context skilled migrant in the Netherlands
27 de 35
An applicationLinguistic justice in South Tyrol
A region of stable contact between three languages
South Tyrol is often considered a success case of multilingualismmanagement (source 4-year Kontatto research project at the FreeUniv of BozenBolzano)
Politically part of Italy with a complex historical background linkedwith the Austrian Empire at the border with Switzerland
Three distinctive language groups
1 German (majority mainly local varieties especially in the valleys)
2 Italian (spoken mainly in the cities of Bozen-BolzanoMeran-Merano and in the Bassa Atesina area)
3 Ladin (located in lsquotraditionalrsquo valleys in particular Badia andGardena official status is lower)
29 de 35
Source 9th UK Language Variation and Change Conference
30 de 35
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 German there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Italian there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Ladin there
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
34 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
35 de 35
Parameter 2 entropy
Coming from physics entropy here means the number of countrieswhere the language is spoken If there is one country only entropywill be zero
Again there are some sociolinguistic problems here
language varieties are not always uniform within a single country
consideration only of the diatopic axis not diastratic (for instance)
clear preminence to languages with normative written varieties
10 de 35
Parameter 3 vehicularity
When a language is vehicular In the CLB there is a clear definitionThe equation to calculate the vehicularity of a language as a ratio issimple and effective
L2
L1 + L2
Each single parameter is can be evaluated as if it were the only oneHindi is calculated as if it has no L1 speakers ()
However the cleanliness of the parameter is rather useful
11 de 35
Parameter 4 official status
Here the source of data is the web site maintained by JacquesLeclerc (Universite Laval) Scores are attributed in the following way
10 if the language is official in a sovereign state
05 if the language is official in a non-sovereign state
Some cases are paradoxical Italian is official in Italy Switzerland SanMarino Vatican and the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of SaintJohn of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta Overall score is 45 (place8) before Mandarin Chinese But are all states in the world equal inpower Of course not
12 de 35
Parameters 5 and 6 the role of translation
Here the source of data is the Index Translationium by Unesco whichpublishes the number of translations by language since 1979classified along nine categories
Again the world map of Ethnologue and Unesco does not alwaysmatch moreover there is the problem of the split of Serbo-Croatianin Serbian Croatian Bosnian and Montenegrin and the complexsituation of Arabic The solution by Calvet amp Calvet is to use ISOcodes as the main criterion which is reasonable
A greater problem is methodological these parameters rely not ondata but on an existing index henceforth the CLB configures partiallyas a meta-index
13 de 35
Parameter 7 international literary awards
Another methodological problem is parameter independence it isclear that literary awards are possible iff the Index Translationum ishigh How it works
The Nobel Prize is the most known award but it is consideredeurocentric and left-winged so the authors consider other awards aswell
winners count as 1 for every language in which they write
nominees counts 05 (even if nomineed many times)
Possible paradox Ngugi wa Thiongrsquoo counts 2 for English andKikuyu (ironic for this writerrsquos language policy)
14 de 35
Parameter 8 Number of Wikipedia articles
Wikipedia3 offers a detailed raw data of its use according to thedifferent languages The CLB considers only the ldquogrand totalrdquo whichis too superficial for instance a software bot can generate stubsautomatically ndash in 2008 it happened with Volapuk (an internationalauxiliary language launched before Esperanto now used for literaryand ludic purposes)
The number of active users could be used to measure more in deepthe impact of Wikipedia on a language community (it seems that theDutch contributors are very active compared to the Polish ones forexample) A recent study has also highlighted that the role ofmultilingual Wikipedia contributors (just over 15) is not to beunderestimated
3See httpwwwwikipediaorg15 de 35
Parameters 9 and 10 HDI and total fertility rate
The Human Development Index (HDI) is used by the UN to measurethe achievements in education health and income based oncountries not languages Similarly considerations can be done forthe total fertility rate
These two parameters generate clearly spurious results in particularit is quite surprising that the Hawai Creole English in in position 2while English (American English Global) The weight of these twoparameters should be adjusted according to the their reliability
16 de 35
Parameter 11 language use in the Internet
This parameter clearly overlaps with parameter 8 (Wikipedia)However the source here is a web site owned by a limited liabilitycompany the Miniwatts Marketing Group not a public instance or afoundation4
As a result raw data cannot be controlled this parameter should notbe considered lsquoheavyrsquo as the others Now we can test the CLB as itis and with different weights
4See httpwwwinternetworldstatscomstatshtm17 de 35
the top 15 of the CLB as it is
and with different weights
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
The gravitational modeland the barometer
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
An example of complex vertical bilingualism
Context Aboriginal languages in Quebec
26 de 35
An example of complex horizontalvertical bilingualism
Context skilled migrant in the Netherlands
27 de 35
An applicationLinguistic justice in South Tyrol
A region of stable contact between three languages
South Tyrol is often considered a success case of multilingualismmanagement (source 4-year Kontatto research project at the FreeUniv of BozenBolzano)
Politically part of Italy with a complex historical background linkedwith the Austrian Empire at the border with Switzerland
Three distinctive language groups
1 German (majority mainly local varieties especially in the valleys)
2 Italian (spoken mainly in the cities of Bozen-BolzanoMeran-Merano and in the Bassa Atesina area)
3 Ladin (located in lsquotraditionalrsquo valleys in particular Badia andGardena official status is lower)
29 de 35
Source 9th UK Language Variation and Change Conference
30 de 35
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 German there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Italian there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Ladin there
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
34 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
35 de 35
Parameter 3 vehicularity
When a language is vehicular In the CLB there is a clear definitionThe equation to calculate the vehicularity of a language as a ratio issimple and effective
L2
L1 + L2
Each single parameter is can be evaluated as if it were the only oneHindi is calculated as if it has no L1 speakers ()
However the cleanliness of the parameter is rather useful
11 de 35
Parameter 4 official status
Here the source of data is the web site maintained by JacquesLeclerc (Universite Laval) Scores are attributed in the following way
10 if the language is official in a sovereign state
05 if the language is official in a non-sovereign state
Some cases are paradoxical Italian is official in Italy Switzerland SanMarino Vatican and the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of SaintJohn of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta Overall score is 45 (place8) before Mandarin Chinese But are all states in the world equal inpower Of course not
12 de 35
Parameters 5 and 6 the role of translation
Here the source of data is the Index Translationium by Unesco whichpublishes the number of translations by language since 1979classified along nine categories
Again the world map of Ethnologue and Unesco does not alwaysmatch moreover there is the problem of the split of Serbo-Croatianin Serbian Croatian Bosnian and Montenegrin and the complexsituation of Arabic The solution by Calvet amp Calvet is to use ISOcodes as the main criterion which is reasonable
A greater problem is methodological these parameters rely not ondata but on an existing index henceforth the CLB configures partiallyas a meta-index
13 de 35
Parameter 7 international literary awards
Another methodological problem is parameter independence it isclear that literary awards are possible iff the Index Translationum ishigh How it works
The Nobel Prize is the most known award but it is consideredeurocentric and left-winged so the authors consider other awards aswell
winners count as 1 for every language in which they write
nominees counts 05 (even if nomineed many times)
Possible paradox Ngugi wa Thiongrsquoo counts 2 for English andKikuyu (ironic for this writerrsquos language policy)
14 de 35
Parameter 8 Number of Wikipedia articles
Wikipedia3 offers a detailed raw data of its use according to thedifferent languages The CLB considers only the ldquogrand totalrdquo whichis too superficial for instance a software bot can generate stubsautomatically ndash in 2008 it happened with Volapuk (an internationalauxiliary language launched before Esperanto now used for literaryand ludic purposes)
The number of active users could be used to measure more in deepthe impact of Wikipedia on a language community (it seems that theDutch contributors are very active compared to the Polish ones forexample) A recent study has also highlighted that the role ofmultilingual Wikipedia contributors (just over 15) is not to beunderestimated
3See httpwwwwikipediaorg15 de 35
Parameters 9 and 10 HDI and total fertility rate
The Human Development Index (HDI) is used by the UN to measurethe achievements in education health and income based oncountries not languages Similarly considerations can be done forthe total fertility rate
These two parameters generate clearly spurious results in particularit is quite surprising that the Hawai Creole English in in position 2while English (American English Global) The weight of these twoparameters should be adjusted according to the their reliability
16 de 35
Parameter 11 language use in the Internet
This parameter clearly overlaps with parameter 8 (Wikipedia)However the source here is a web site owned by a limited liabilitycompany the Miniwatts Marketing Group not a public instance or afoundation4
As a result raw data cannot be controlled this parameter should notbe considered lsquoheavyrsquo as the others Now we can test the CLB as itis and with different weights
4See httpwwwinternetworldstatscomstatshtm17 de 35
the top 15 of the CLB as it is
and with different weights
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
The gravitational modeland the barometer
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
An example of complex vertical bilingualism
Context Aboriginal languages in Quebec
26 de 35
An example of complex horizontalvertical bilingualism
Context skilled migrant in the Netherlands
27 de 35
An applicationLinguistic justice in South Tyrol
A region of stable contact between three languages
South Tyrol is often considered a success case of multilingualismmanagement (source 4-year Kontatto research project at the FreeUniv of BozenBolzano)
Politically part of Italy with a complex historical background linkedwith the Austrian Empire at the border with Switzerland
Three distinctive language groups
1 German (majority mainly local varieties especially in the valleys)
2 Italian (spoken mainly in the cities of Bozen-BolzanoMeran-Merano and in the Bassa Atesina area)
3 Ladin (located in lsquotraditionalrsquo valleys in particular Badia andGardena official status is lower)
29 de 35
Source 9th UK Language Variation and Change Conference
30 de 35
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 German there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Italian there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Ladin there
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
34 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
35 de 35
Parameter 4 official status
Here the source of data is the web site maintained by JacquesLeclerc (Universite Laval) Scores are attributed in the following way
10 if the language is official in a sovereign state
05 if the language is official in a non-sovereign state
Some cases are paradoxical Italian is official in Italy Switzerland SanMarino Vatican and the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of SaintJohn of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta Overall score is 45 (place8) before Mandarin Chinese But are all states in the world equal inpower Of course not
12 de 35
Parameters 5 and 6 the role of translation
Here the source of data is the Index Translationium by Unesco whichpublishes the number of translations by language since 1979classified along nine categories
Again the world map of Ethnologue and Unesco does not alwaysmatch moreover there is the problem of the split of Serbo-Croatianin Serbian Croatian Bosnian and Montenegrin and the complexsituation of Arabic The solution by Calvet amp Calvet is to use ISOcodes as the main criterion which is reasonable
A greater problem is methodological these parameters rely not ondata but on an existing index henceforth the CLB configures partiallyas a meta-index
13 de 35
Parameter 7 international literary awards
Another methodological problem is parameter independence it isclear that literary awards are possible iff the Index Translationum ishigh How it works
The Nobel Prize is the most known award but it is consideredeurocentric and left-winged so the authors consider other awards aswell
winners count as 1 for every language in which they write
nominees counts 05 (even if nomineed many times)
Possible paradox Ngugi wa Thiongrsquoo counts 2 for English andKikuyu (ironic for this writerrsquos language policy)
14 de 35
Parameter 8 Number of Wikipedia articles
Wikipedia3 offers a detailed raw data of its use according to thedifferent languages The CLB considers only the ldquogrand totalrdquo whichis too superficial for instance a software bot can generate stubsautomatically ndash in 2008 it happened with Volapuk (an internationalauxiliary language launched before Esperanto now used for literaryand ludic purposes)
The number of active users could be used to measure more in deepthe impact of Wikipedia on a language community (it seems that theDutch contributors are very active compared to the Polish ones forexample) A recent study has also highlighted that the role ofmultilingual Wikipedia contributors (just over 15) is not to beunderestimated
3See httpwwwwikipediaorg15 de 35
Parameters 9 and 10 HDI and total fertility rate
The Human Development Index (HDI) is used by the UN to measurethe achievements in education health and income based oncountries not languages Similarly considerations can be done forthe total fertility rate
These two parameters generate clearly spurious results in particularit is quite surprising that the Hawai Creole English in in position 2while English (American English Global) The weight of these twoparameters should be adjusted according to the their reliability
16 de 35
Parameter 11 language use in the Internet
This parameter clearly overlaps with parameter 8 (Wikipedia)However the source here is a web site owned by a limited liabilitycompany the Miniwatts Marketing Group not a public instance or afoundation4
As a result raw data cannot be controlled this parameter should notbe considered lsquoheavyrsquo as the others Now we can test the CLB as itis and with different weights
4See httpwwwinternetworldstatscomstatshtm17 de 35
the top 15 of the CLB as it is
and with different weights
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
The gravitational modeland the barometer
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
An example of complex vertical bilingualism
Context Aboriginal languages in Quebec
26 de 35
An example of complex horizontalvertical bilingualism
Context skilled migrant in the Netherlands
27 de 35
An applicationLinguistic justice in South Tyrol
A region of stable contact between three languages
South Tyrol is often considered a success case of multilingualismmanagement (source 4-year Kontatto research project at the FreeUniv of BozenBolzano)
Politically part of Italy with a complex historical background linkedwith the Austrian Empire at the border with Switzerland
Three distinctive language groups
1 German (majority mainly local varieties especially in the valleys)
2 Italian (spoken mainly in the cities of Bozen-BolzanoMeran-Merano and in the Bassa Atesina area)
3 Ladin (located in lsquotraditionalrsquo valleys in particular Badia andGardena official status is lower)
29 de 35
Source 9th UK Language Variation and Change Conference
30 de 35
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 German there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Italian there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Ladin there
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
34 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
35 de 35
Parameters 5 and 6 the role of translation
Here the source of data is the Index Translationium by Unesco whichpublishes the number of translations by language since 1979classified along nine categories
Again the world map of Ethnologue and Unesco does not alwaysmatch moreover there is the problem of the split of Serbo-Croatianin Serbian Croatian Bosnian and Montenegrin and the complexsituation of Arabic The solution by Calvet amp Calvet is to use ISOcodes as the main criterion which is reasonable
A greater problem is methodological these parameters rely not ondata but on an existing index henceforth the CLB configures partiallyas a meta-index
13 de 35
Parameter 7 international literary awards
Another methodological problem is parameter independence it isclear that literary awards are possible iff the Index Translationum ishigh How it works
The Nobel Prize is the most known award but it is consideredeurocentric and left-winged so the authors consider other awards aswell
winners count as 1 for every language in which they write
nominees counts 05 (even if nomineed many times)
Possible paradox Ngugi wa Thiongrsquoo counts 2 for English andKikuyu (ironic for this writerrsquos language policy)
14 de 35
Parameter 8 Number of Wikipedia articles
Wikipedia3 offers a detailed raw data of its use according to thedifferent languages The CLB considers only the ldquogrand totalrdquo whichis too superficial for instance a software bot can generate stubsautomatically ndash in 2008 it happened with Volapuk (an internationalauxiliary language launched before Esperanto now used for literaryand ludic purposes)
The number of active users could be used to measure more in deepthe impact of Wikipedia on a language community (it seems that theDutch contributors are very active compared to the Polish ones forexample) A recent study has also highlighted that the role ofmultilingual Wikipedia contributors (just over 15) is not to beunderestimated
3See httpwwwwikipediaorg15 de 35
Parameters 9 and 10 HDI and total fertility rate
The Human Development Index (HDI) is used by the UN to measurethe achievements in education health and income based oncountries not languages Similarly considerations can be done forthe total fertility rate
These two parameters generate clearly spurious results in particularit is quite surprising that the Hawai Creole English in in position 2while English (American English Global) The weight of these twoparameters should be adjusted according to the their reliability
16 de 35
Parameter 11 language use in the Internet
This parameter clearly overlaps with parameter 8 (Wikipedia)However the source here is a web site owned by a limited liabilitycompany the Miniwatts Marketing Group not a public instance or afoundation4
As a result raw data cannot be controlled this parameter should notbe considered lsquoheavyrsquo as the others Now we can test the CLB as itis and with different weights
4See httpwwwinternetworldstatscomstatshtm17 de 35
the top 15 of the CLB as it is
and with different weights
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
The gravitational modeland the barometer
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
An example of complex vertical bilingualism
Context Aboriginal languages in Quebec
26 de 35
An example of complex horizontalvertical bilingualism
Context skilled migrant in the Netherlands
27 de 35
An applicationLinguistic justice in South Tyrol
A region of stable contact between three languages
South Tyrol is often considered a success case of multilingualismmanagement (source 4-year Kontatto research project at the FreeUniv of BozenBolzano)
Politically part of Italy with a complex historical background linkedwith the Austrian Empire at the border with Switzerland
Three distinctive language groups
1 German (majority mainly local varieties especially in the valleys)
2 Italian (spoken mainly in the cities of Bozen-BolzanoMeran-Merano and in the Bassa Atesina area)
3 Ladin (located in lsquotraditionalrsquo valleys in particular Badia andGardena official status is lower)
29 de 35
Source 9th UK Language Variation and Change Conference
30 de 35
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 German there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Italian there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Ladin there
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
34 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
35 de 35
Parameter 7 international literary awards
Another methodological problem is parameter independence it isclear that literary awards are possible iff the Index Translationum ishigh How it works
The Nobel Prize is the most known award but it is consideredeurocentric and left-winged so the authors consider other awards aswell
winners count as 1 for every language in which they write
nominees counts 05 (even if nomineed many times)
Possible paradox Ngugi wa Thiongrsquoo counts 2 for English andKikuyu (ironic for this writerrsquos language policy)
14 de 35
Parameter 8 Number of Wikipedia articles
Wikipedia3 offers a detailed raw data of its use according to thedifferent languages The CLB considers only the ldquogrand totalrdquo whichis too superficial for instance a software bot can generate stubsautomatically ndash in 2008 it happened with Volapuk (an internationalauxiliary language launched before Esperanto now used for literaryand ludic purposes)
The number of active users could be used to measure more in deepthe impact of Wikipedia on a language community (it seems that theDutch contributors are very active compared to the Polish ones forexample) A recent study has also highlighted that the role ofmultilingual Wikipedia contributors (just over 15) is not to beunderestimated
3See httpwwwwikipediaorg15 de 35
Parameters 9 and 10 HDI and total fertility rate
The Human Development Index (HDI) is used by the UN to measurethe achievements in education health and income based oncountries not languages Similarly considerations can be done forthe total fertility rate
These two parameters generate clearly spurious results in particularit is quite surprising that the Hawai Creole English in in position 2while English (American English Global) The weight of these twoparameters should be adjusted according to the their reliability
16 de 35
Parameter 11 language use in the Internet
This parameter clearly overlaps with parameter 8 (Wikipedia)However the source here is a web site owned by a limited liabilitycompany the Miniwatts Marketing Group not a public instance or afoundation4
As a result raw data cannot be controlled this parameter should notbe considered lsquoheavyrsquo as the others Now we can test the CLB as itis and with different weights
4See httpwwwinternetworldstatscomstatshtm17 de 35
the top 15 of the CLB as it is
and with different weights
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
The gravitational modeland the barometer
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
An example of complex vertical bilingualism
Context Aboriginal languages in Quebec
26 de 35
An example of complex horizontalvertical bilingualism
Context skilled migrant in the Netherlands
27 de 35
An applicationLinguistic justice in South Tyrol
A region of stable contact between three languages
South Tyrol is often considered a success case of multilingualismmanagement (source 4-year Kontatto research project at the FreeUniv of BozenBolzano)
Politically part of Italy with a complex historical background linkedwith the Austrian Empire at the border with Switzerland
Three distinctive language groups
1 German (majority mainly local varieties especially in the valleys)
2 Italian (spoken mainly in the cities of Bozen-BolzanoMeran-Merano and in the Bassa Atesina area)
3 Ladin (located in lsquotraditionalrsquo valleys in particular Badia andGardena official status is lower)
29 de 35
Source 9th UK Language Variation and Change Conference
30 de 35
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 German there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Italian there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Ladin there
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
34 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
35 de 35
Parameter 8 Number of Wikipedia articles
Wikipedia3 offers a detailed raw data of its use according to thedifferent languages The CLB considers only the ldquogrand totalrdquo whichis too superficial for instance a software bot can generate stubsautomatically ndash in 2008 it happened with Volapuk (an internationalauxiliary language launched before Esperanto now used for literaryand ludic purposes)
The number of active users could be used to measure more in deepthe impact of Wikipedia on a language community (it seems that theDutch contributors are very active compared to the Polish ones forexample) A recent study has also highlighted that the role ofmultilingual Wikipedia contributors (just over 15) is not to beunderestimated
3See httpwwwwikipediaorg15 de 35
Parameters 9 and 10 HDI and total fertility rate
The Human Development Index (HDI) is used by the UN to measurethe achievements in education health and income based oncountries not languages Similarly considerations can be done forthe total fertility rate
These two parameters generate clearly spurious results in particularit is quite surprising that the Hawai Creole English in in position 2while English (American English Global) The weight of these twoparameters should be adjusted according to the their reliability
16 de 35
Parameter 11 language use in the Internet
This parameter clearly overlaps with parameter 8 (Wikipedia)However the source here is a web site owned by a limited liabilitycompany the Miniwatts Marketing Group not a public instance or afoundation4
As a result raw data cannot be controlled this parameter should notbe considered lsquoheavyrsquo as the others Now we can test the CLB as itis and with different weights
4See httpwwwinternetworldstatscomstatshtm17 de 35
the top 15 of the CLB as it is
and with different weights
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
The gravitational modeland the barometer
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
An example of complex vertical bilingualism
Context Aboriginal languages in Quebec
26 de 35
An example of complex horizontalvertical bilingualism
Context skilled migrant in the Netherlands
27 de 35
An applicationLinguistic justice in South Tyrol
A region of stable contact between three languages
South Tyrol is often considered a success case of multilingualismmanagement (source 4-year Kontatto research project at the FreeUniv of BozenBolzano)
Politically part of Italy with a complex historical background linkedwith the Austrian Empire at the border with Switzerland
Three distinctive language groups
1 German (majority mainly local varieties especially in the valleys)
2 Italian (spoken mainly in the cities of Bozen-BolzanoMeran-Merano and in the Bassa Atesina area)
3 Ladin (located in lsquotraditionalrsquo valleys in particular Badia andGardena official status is lower)
29 de 35
Source 9th UK Language Variation and Change Conference
30 de 35
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 German there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Italian there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Ladin there
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
34 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
35 de 35
Parameters 9 and 10 HDI and total fertility rate
The Human Development Index (HDI) is used by the UN to measurethe achievements in education health and income based oncountries not languages Similarly considerations can be done forthe total fertility rate
These two parameters generate clearly spurious results in particularit is quite surprising that the Hawai Creole English in in position 2while English (American English Global) The weight of these twoparameters should be adjusted according to the their reliability
16 de 35
Parameter 11 language use in the Internet
This parameter clearly overlaps with parameter 8 (Wikipedia)However the source here is a web site owned by a limited liabilitycompany the Miniwatts Marketing Group not a public instance or afoundation4
As a result raw data cannot be controlled this parameter should notbe considered lsquoheavyrsquo as the others Now we can test the CLB as itis and with different weights
4See httpwwwinternetworldstatscomstatshtm17 de 35
the top 15 of the CLB as it is
and with different weights
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
The gravitational modeland the barometer
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
An example of complex vertical bilingualism
Context Aboriginal languages in Quebec
26 de 35
An example of complex horizontalvertical bilingualism
Context skilled migrant in the Netherlands
27 de 35
An applicationLinguistic justice in South Tyrol
A region of stable contact between three languages
South Tyrol is often considered a success case of multilingualismmanagement (source 4-year Kontatto research project at the FreeUniv of BozenBolzano)
Politically part of Italy with a complex historical background linkedwith the Austrian Empire at the border with Switzerland
Three distinctive language groups
1 German (majority mainly local varieties especially in the valleys)
2 Italian (spoken mainly in the cities of Bozen-BolzanoMeran-Merano and in the Bassa Atesina area)
3 Ladin (located in lsquotraditionalrsquo valleys in particular Badia andGardena official status is lower)
29 de 35
Source 9th UK Language Variation and Change Conference
30 de 35
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 German there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Italian there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Ladin there
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
34 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
35 de 35
Parameter 11 language use in the Internet
This parameter clearly overlaps with parameter 8 (Wikipedia)However the source here is a web site owned by a limited liabilitycompany the Miniwatts Marketing Group not a public instance or afoundation4
As a result raw data cannot be controlled this parameter should notbe considered lsquoheavyrsquo as the others Now we can test the CLB as itis and with different weights
4See httpwwwinternetworldstatscomstatshtm17 de 35
the top 15 of the CLB as it is
and with different weights
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
The gravitational modeland the barometer
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
An example of complex vertical bilingualism
Context Aboriginal languages in Quebec
26 de 35
An example of complex horizontalvertical bilingualism
Context skilled migrant in the Netherlands
27 de 35
An applicationLinguistic justice in South Tyrol
A region of stable contact between three languages
South Tyrol is often considered a success case of multilingualismmanagement (source 4-year Kontatto research project at the FreeUniv of BozenBolzano)
Politically part of Italy with a complex historical background linkedwith the Austrian Empire at the border with Switzerland
Three distinctive language groups
1 German (majority mainly local varieties especially in the valleys)
2 Italian (spoken mainly in the cities of Bozen-BolzanoMeran-Merano and in the Bassa Atesina area)
3 Ladin (located in lsquotraditionalrsquo valleys in particular Badia andGardena official status is lower)
29 de 35
Source 9th UK Language Variation and Change Conference
30 de 35
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 German there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Italian there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Ladin there
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
34 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
35 de 35
the top 15 of the CLB as it is
and with different weights
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
The gravitational modeland the barometer
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
An example of complex vertical bilingualism
Context Aboriginal languages in Quebec
26 de 35
An example of complex horizontalvertical bilingualism
Context skilled migrant in the Netherlands
27 de 35
An applicationLinguistic justice in South Tyrol
A region of stable contact between three languages
South Tyrol is often considered a success case of multilingualismmanagement (source 4-year Kontatto research project at the FreeUniv of BozenBolzano)
Politically part of Italy with a complex historical background linkedwith the Austrian Empire at the border with Switzerland
Three distinctive language groups
1 German (majority mainly local varieties especially in the valleys)
2 Italian (spoken mainly in the cities of Bozen-BolzanoMeran-Merano and in the Bassa Atesina area)
3 Ladin (located in lsquotraditionalrsquo valleys in particular Badia andGardena official status is lower)
29 de 35
Source 9th UK Language Variation and Change Conference
30 de 35
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 German there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Italian there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Ladin there
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
34 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
35 de 35
and with different weights
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
The gravitational modeland the barometer
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
An example of complex vertical bilingualism
Context Aboriginal languages in Quebec
26 de 35
An example of complex horizontalvertical bilingualism
Context skilled migrant in the Netherlands
27 de 35
An applicationLinguistic justice in South Tyrol
A region of stable contact between three languages
South Tyrol is often considered a success case of multilingualismmanagement (source 4-year Kontatto research project at the FreeUniv of BozenBolzano)
Politically part of Italy with a complex historical background linkedwith the Austrian Empire at the border with Switzerland
Three distinctive language groups
1 German (majority mainly local varieties especially in the valleys)
2 Italian (spoken mainly in the cities of Bozen-BolzanoMeran-Merano and in the Bassa Atesina area)
3 Ladin (located in lsquotraditionalrsquo valleys in particular Badia andGardena official status is lower)
29 de 35
Source 9th UK Language Variation and Change Conference
30 de 35
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 German there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Italian there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Ladin there
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
34 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
35 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
The gravitational modeland the barometer
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
An example of complex vertical bilingualism
Context Aboriginal languages in Quebec
26 de 35
An example of complex horizontalvertical bilingualism
Context skilled migrant in the Netherlands
27 de 35
An applicationLinguistic justice in South Tyrol
A region of stable contact between three languages
South Tyrol is often considered a success case of multilingualismmanagement (source 4-year Kontatto research project at the FreeUniv of BozenBolzano)
Politically part of Italy with a complex historical background linkedwith the Austrian Empire at the border with Switzerland
Three distinctive language groups
1 German (majority mainly local varieties especially in the valleys)
2 Italian (spoken mainly in the cities of Bozen-BolzanoMeran-Merano and in the Bassa Atesina area)
3 Ladin (located in lsquotraditionalrsquo valleys in particular Badia andGardena official status is lower)
29 de 35
Source 9th UK Language Variation and Change Conference
30 de 35
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 German there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Italian there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Ladin there
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
34 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
35 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
The gravitational modeland the barometer
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
An example of complex vertical bilingualism
Context Aboriginal languages in Quebec
26 de 35
An example of complex horizontalvertical bilingualism
Context skilled migrant in the Netherlands
27 de 35
An applicationLinguistic justice in South Tyrol
A region of stable contact between three languages
South Tyrol is often considered a success case of multilingualismmanagement (source 4-year Kontatto research project at the FreeUniv of BozenBolzano)
Politically part of Italy with a complex historical background linkedwith the Austrian Empire at the border with Switzerland
Three distinctive language groups
1 German (majority mainly local varieties especially in the valleys)
2 Italian (spoken mainly in the cities of Bozen-BolzanoMeran-Merano and in the Bassa Atesina area)
3 Ladin (located in lsquotraditionalrsquo valleys in particular Badia andGardena official status is lower)
29 de 35
Source 9th UK Language Variation and Change Conference
30 de 35
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 German there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Italian there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Ladin there
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
34 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
35 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
The gravitational modeland the barometer
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
An example of complex vertical bilingualism
Context Aboriginal languages in Quebec
26 de 35
An example of complex horizontalvertical bilingualism
Context skilled migrant in the Netherlands
27 de 35
An applicationLinguistic justice in South Tyrol
A region of stable contact between three languages
South Tyrol is often considered a success case of multilingualismmanagement (source 4-year Kontatto research project at the FreeUniv of BozenBolzano)
Politically part of Italy with a complex historical background linkedwith the Austrian Empire at the border with Switzerland
Three distinctive language groups
1 German (majority mainly local varieties especially in the valleys)
2 Italian (spoken mainly in the cities of Bozen-BolzanoMeran-Merano and in the Bassa Atesina area)
3 Ladin (located in lsquotraditionalrsquo valleys in particular Badia andGardena official status is lower)
29 de 35
Source 9th UK Language Variation and Change Conference
30 de 35
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 German there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Italian there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Ladin there
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
34 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
35 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
The gravitational modeland the barometer
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
An example of complex vertical bilingualism
Context Aboriginal languages in Quebec
26 de 35
An example of complex horizontalvertical bilingualism
Context skilled migrant in the Netherlands
27 de 35
An applicationLinguistic justice in South Tyrol
A region of stable contact between three languages
South Tyrol is often considered a success case of multilingualismmanagement (source 4-year Kontatto research project at the FreeUniv of BozenBolzano)
Politically part of Italy with a complex historical background linkedwith the Austrian Empire at the border with Switzerland
Three distinctive language groups
1 German (majority mainly local varieties especially in the valleys)
2 Italian (spoken mainly in the cities of Bozen-BolzanoMeran-Merano and in the Bassa Atesina area)
3 Ladin (located in lsquotraditionalrsquo valleys in particular Badia andGardena official status is lower)
29 de 35
Source 9th UK Language Variation and Change Conference
30 de 35
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 German there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Italian there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Ladin there
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
34 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
35 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
The gravitational modeland the barometer
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
An example of complex vertical bilingualism
Context Aboriginal languages in Quebec
26 de 35
An example of complex horizontalvertical bilingualism
Context skilled migrant in the Netherlands
27 de 35
An applicationLinguistic justice in South Tyrol
A region of stable contact between three languages
South Tyrol is often considered a success case of multilingualismmanagement (source 4-year Kontatto research project at the FreeUniv of BozenBolzano)
Politically part of Italy with a complex historical background linkedwith the Austrian Empire at the border with Switzerland
Three distinctive language groups
1 German (majority mainly local varieties especially in the valleys)
2 Italian (spoken mainly in the cities of Bozen-BolzanoMeran-Merano and in the Bassa Atesina area)
3 Ladin (located in lsquotraditionalrsquo valleys in particular Badia andGardena official status is lower)
29 de 35
Source 9th UK Language Variation and Change Conference
30 de 35
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 German there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Italian there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Ladin there
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
34 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
35 de 35
A first evaluation of the CLB
Weights in the parameters are put following our analysis Someremarks
1 The top five languages are left untouched by the change EnglishSpanish French German and Russian
2 there is a significant change in Chinese Mandarin which comesposition 6 from position 10 switching position with Japanese
3 some non-Western languages climb the scale Hindi Bengali andFarsi show up
4 three main Scandinavian languages (Swedish Norwegian andDanish) are downgraded
The CLB is flexible but not so user-friendly especially for theinterpretion of the data
20 de 35
The gravitational modeland the barometer
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
An example of complex vertical bilingualism
Context Aboriginal languages in Quebec
26 de 35
An example of complex horizontalvertical bilingualism
Context skilled migrant in the Netherlands
27 de 35
An applicationLinguistic justice in South Tyrol
A region of stable contact between three languages
South Tyrol is often considered a success case of multilingualismmanagement (source 4-year Kontatto research project at the FreeUniv of BozenBolzano)
Politically part of Italy with a complex historical background linkedwith the Austrian Empire at the border with Switzerland
Three distinctive language groups
1 German (majority mainly local varieties especially in the valleys)
2 Italian (spoken mainly in the cities of Bozen-BolzanoMeran-Merano and in the Bassa Atesina area)
3 Ladin (located in lsquotraditionalrsquo valleys in particular Badia andGardena official status is lower)
29 de 35
Source 9th UK Language Variation and Change Conference
30 de 35
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 German there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Italian there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Ladin there
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
34 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
35 de 35
The gravitational modeland the barometer
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
An example of complex vertical bilingualism
Context Aboriginal languages in Quebec
26 de 35
An example of complex horizontalvertical bilingualism
Context skilled migrant in the Netherlands
27 de 35
An applicationLinguistic justice in South Tyrol
A region of stable contact between three languages
South Tyrol is often considered a success case of multilingualismmanagement (source 4-year Kontatto research project at the FreeUniv of BozenBolzano)
Politically part of Italy with a complex historical background linkedwith the Austrian Empire at the border with Switzerland
Three distinctive language groups
1 German (majority mainly local varieties especially in the valleys)
2 Italian (spoken mainly in the cities of Bozen-BolzanoMeran-Merano and in the Bassa Atesina area)
3 Ladin (located in lsquotraditionalrsquo valleys in particular Badia andGardena official status is lower)
29 de 35
Source 9th UK Language Variation and Change Conference
30 de 35
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 German there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Italian there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Ladin there
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
34 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
35 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
An example of complex vertical bilingualism
Context Aboriginal languages in Quebec
26 de 35
An example of complex horizontalvertical bilingualism
Context skilled migrant in the Netherlands
27 de 35
An applicationLinguistic justice in South Tyrol
A region of stable contact between three languages
South Tyrol is often considered a success case of multilingualismmanagement (source 4-year Kontatto research project at the FreeUniv of BozenBolzano)
Politically part of Italy with a complex historical background linkedwith the Austrian Empire at the border with Switzerland
Three distinctive language groups
1 German (majority mainly local varieties especially in the valleys)
2 Italian (spoken mainly in the cities of Bozen-BolzanoMeran-Merano and in the Bassa Atesina area)
3 Ladin (located in lsquotraditionalrsquo valleys in particular Badia andGardena official status is lower)
29 de 35
Source 9th UK Language Variation and Change Conference
30 de 35
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 German there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Italian there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Ladin there
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
34 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
35 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
An example of complex vertical bilingualism
Context Aboriginal languages in Quebec
26 de 35
An example of complex horizontalvertical bilingualism
Context skilled migrant in the Netherlands
27 de 35
An applicationLinguistic justice in South Tyrol
A region of stable contact between three languages
South Tyrol is often considered a success case of multilingualismmanagement (source 4-year Kontatto research project at the FreeUniv of BozenBolzano)
Politically part of Italy with a complex historical background linkedwith the Austrian Empire at the border with Switzerland
Three distinctive language groups
1 German (majority mainly local varieties especially in the valleys)
2 Italian (spoken mainly in the cities of Bozen-BolzanoMeran-Merano and in the Bassa Atesina area)
3 Ladin (located in lsquotraditionalrsquo valleys in particular Badia andGardena official status is lower)
29 de 35
Source 9th UK Language Variation and Change Conference
30 de 35
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 German there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Italian there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Ladin there
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
34 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
35 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
An example of complex vertical bilingualism
Context Aboriginal languages in Quebec
26 de 35
An example of complex horizontalvertical bilingualism
Context skilled migrant in the Netherlands
27 de 35
An applicationLinguistic justice in South Tyrol
A region of stable contact between three languages
South Tyrol is often considered a success case of multilingualismmanagement (source 4-year Kontatto research project at the FreeUniv of BozenBolzano)
Politically part of Italy with a complex historical background linkedwith the Austrian Empire at the border with Switzerland
Three distinctive language groups
1 German (majority mainly local varieties especially in the valleys)
2 Italian (spoken mainly in the cities of Bozen-BolzanoMeran-Merano and in the Bassa Atesina area)
3 Ladin (located in lsquotraditionalrsquo valleys in particular Badia andGardena official status is lower)
29 de 35
Source 9th UK Language Variation and Change Conference
30 de 35
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 German there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Italian there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Ladin there
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
34 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
35 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
An example of complex vertical bilingualism
Context Aboriginal languages in Quebec
26 de 35
An example of complex horizontalvertical bilingualism
Context skilled migrant in the Netherlands
27 de 35
An applicationLinguistic justice in South Tyrol
A region of stable contact between three languages
South Tyrol is often considered a success case of multilingualismmanagement (source 4-year Kontatto research project at the FreeUniv of BozenBolzano)
Politically part of Italy with a complex historical background linkedwith the Austrian Empire at the border with Switzerland
Three distinctive language groups
1 German (majority mainly local varieties especially in the valleys)
2 Italian (spoken mainly in the cities of Bozen-BolzanoMeran-Merano and in the Bassa Atesina area)
3 Ladin (located in lsquotraditionalrsquo valleys in particular Badia andGardena official status is lower)
29 de 35
Source 9th UK Language Variation and Change Conference
30 de 35
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 German there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Italian there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Ladin there
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
34 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
35 de 35
The world as a galaxy
The gravitational model unlike the CLB is qualitative Started byAbraam de Swaam it uses an astrophysic metaphor
1 languages are stars that has a power of attraction (gravity)
2 the higher the mass the higher position in the CLB
3 constellations are made by bilinguals who are the connectors
Languages are in dynamic equilibria (centralperiphery)
22 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
An example of complex vertical bilingualism
Context Aboriginal languages in Quebec
26 de 35
An example of complex horizontalvertical bilingualism
Context skilled migrant in the Netherlands
27 de 35
An applicationLinguistic justice in South Tyrol
A region of stable contact between three languages
South Tyrol is often considered a success case of multilingualismmanagement (source 4-year Kontatto research project at the FreeUniv of BozenBolzano)
Politically part of Italy with a complex historical background linkedwith the Austrian Empire at the border with Switzerland
Three distinctive language groups
1 German (majority mainly local varieties especially in the valleys)
2 Italian (spoken mainly in the cities of Bozen-BolzanoMeran-Merano and in the Bassa Atesina area)
3 Ladin (located in lsquotraditionalrsquo valleys in particular Badia andGardena official status is lower)
29 de 35
Source 9th UK Language Variation and Change Conference
30 de 35
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 German there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Italian there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Ladin there
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
34 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
35 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
An example of complex vertical bilingualism
Context Aboriginal languages in Quebec
26 de 35
An example of complex horizontalvertical bilingualism
Context skilled migrant in the Netherlands
27 de 35
An applicationLinguistic justice in South Tyrol
A region of stable contact between three languages
South Tyrol is often considered a success case of multilingualismmanagement (source 4-year Kontatto research project at the FreeUniv of BozenBolzano)
Politically part of Italy with a complex historical background linkedwith the Austrian Empire at the border with Switzerland
Three distinctive language groups
1 German (majority mainly local varieties especially in the valleys)
2 Italian (spoken mainly in the cities of Bozen-BolzanoMeran-Merano and in the Bassa Atesina area)
3 Ladin (located in lsquotraditionalrsquo valleys in particular Badia andGardena official status is lower)
29 de 35
Source 9th UK Language Variation and Change Conference
30 de 35
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 German there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Italian there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Ladin there
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
34 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
35 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
An example of complex vertical bilingualism
Context Aboriginal languages in Quebec
26 de 35
An example of complex horizontalvertical bilingualism
Context skilled migrant in the Netherlands
27 de 35
An applicationLinguistic justice in South Tyrol
A region of stable contact between three languages
South Tyrol is often considered a success case of multilingualismmanagement (source 4-year Kontatto research project at the FreeUniv of BozenBolzano)
Politically part of Italy with a complex historical background linkedwith the Austrian Empire at the border with Switzerland
Three distinctive language groups
1 German (majority mainly local varieties especially in the valleys)
2 Italian (spoken mainly in the cities of Bozen-BolzanoMeran-Merano and in the Bassa Atesina area)
3 Ladin (located in lsquotraditionalrsquo valleys in particular Badia andGardena official status is lower)
29 de 35
Source 9th UK Language Variation and Change Conference
30 de 35
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 German there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Italian there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Ladin there
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
34 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
35 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
An example of complex vertical bilingualism
Context Aboriginal languages in Quebec
26 de 35
An example of complex horizontalvertical bilingualism
Context skilled migrant in the Netherlands
27 de 35
An applicationLinguistic justice in South Tyrol
A region of stable contact between three languages
South Tyrol is often considered a success case of multilingualismmanagement (source 4-year Kontatto research project at the FreeUniv of BozenBolzano)
Politically part of Italy with a complex historical background linkedwith the Austrian Empire at the border with Switzerland
Three distinctive language groups
1 German (majority mainly local varieties especially in the valleys)
2 Italian (spoken mainly in the cities of Bozen-BolzanoMeran-Merano and in the Bassa Atesina area)
3 Ladin (located in lsquotraditionalrsquo valleys in particular Badia andGardena official status is lower)
29 de 35
Source 9th UK Language Variation and Change Conference
30 de 35
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 German there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Italian there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Ladin there
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
34 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
35 de 35
The four levels
Languages are grouped by Calvet according to their power
1 hyper-central English L1 speakers tend to be monolingual
2 super-central about 10 languages Arabic Chinese French HindiMalay Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili L1 speakersmonolingual or bilingual with English in the CLB they have goodscores in terms of vehicularity Index Translationum and having atleast one sovereign state
3 central about 100 languages L1 speakers tend to be verticallybilingual with super-central
4 peripherical languages +5000 languages L1 speakers tend to bevertically bilingual and horizontally bilingual (ie other periphericallanguages)
23 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
An example of complex vertical bilingualism
Context Aboriginal languages in Quebec
26 de 35
An example of complex horizontalvertical bilingualism
Context skilled migrant in the Netherlands
27 de 35
An applicationLinguistic justice in South Tyrol
A region of stable contact between three languages
South Tyrol is often considered a success case of multilingualismmanagement (source 4-year Kontatto research project at the FreeUniv of BozenBolzano)
Politically part of Italy with a complex historical background linkedwith the Austrian Empire at the border with Switzerland
Three distinctive language groups
1 German (majority mainly local varieties especially in the valleys)
2 Italian (spoken mainly in the cities of Bozen-BolzanoMeran-Merano and in the Bassa Atesina area)
3 Ladin (located in lsquotraditionalrsquo valleys in particular Badia andGardena official status is lower)
29 de 35
Source 9th UK Language Variation and Change Conference
30 de 35
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 German there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Italian there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Ladin there
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
34 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
35 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
An example of complex vertical bilingualism
Context Aboriginal languages in Quebec
26 de 35
An example of complex horizontalvertical bilingualism
Context skilled migrant in the Netherlands
27 de 35
An applicationLinguistic justice in South Tyrol
A region of stable contact between three languages
South Tyrol is often considered a success case of multilingualismmanagement (source 4-year Kontatto research project at the FreeUniv of BozenBolzano)
Politically part of Italy with a complex historical background linkedwith the Austrian Empire at the border with Switzerland
Three distinctive language groups
1 German (majority mainly local varieties especially in the valleys)
2 Italian (spoken mainly in the cities of Bozen-BolzanoMeran-Merano and in the Bassa Atesina area)
3 Ladin (located in lsquotraditionalrsquo valleys in particular Badia andGardena official status is lower)
29 de 35
Source 9th UK Language Variation and Change Conference
30 de 35
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 German there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Italian there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Ladin there
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
34 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
35 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
An example of complex vertical bilingualism
Context Aboriginal languages in Quebec
26 de 35
An example of complex horizontalvertical bilingualism
Context skilled migrant in the Netherlands
27 de 35
An applicationLinguistic justice in South Tyrol
A region of stable contact between three languages
South Tyrol is often considered a success case of multilingualismmanagement (source 4-year Kontatto research project at the FreeUniv of BozenBolzano)
Politically part of Italy with a complex historical background linkedwith the Austrian Empire at the border with Switzerland
Three distinctive language groups
1 German (majority mainly local varieties especially in the valleys)
2 Italian (spoken mainly in the cities of Bozen-BolzanoMeran-Merano and in the Bassa Atesina area)
3 Ladin (located in lsquotraditionalrsquo valleys in particular Badia andGardena official status is lower)
29 de 35
Source 9th UK Language Variation and Change Conference
30 de 35
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 German there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Italian there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Ladin there
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
34 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
35 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
An example of complex vertical bilingualism
Context Aboriginal languages in Quebec
26 de 35
An example of complex horizontalvertical bilingualism
Context skilled migrant in the Netherlands
27 de 35
An applicationLinguistic justice in South Tyrol
A region of stable contact between three languages
South Tyrol is often considered a success case of multilingualismmanagement (source 4-year Kontatto research project at the FreeUniv of BozenBolzano)
Politically part of Italy with a complex historical background linkedwith the Austrian Empire at the border with Switzerland
Three distinctive language groups
1 German (majority mainly local varieties especially in the valleys)
2 Italian (spoken mainly in the cities of Bozen-BolzanoMeran-Merano and in the Bassa Atesina area)
3 Ladin (located in lsquotraditionalrsquo valleys in particular Badia andGardena official status is lower)
29 de 35
Source 9th UK Language Variation and Change Conference
30 de 35
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 German there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Italian there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Ladin there
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
34 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
35 de 35
An example provided by Calvet
Context is Senegal
1 hyper-central English (only for elites)
2 super-central French
3 central Wolof
4 peripherical Serere or Diola
According to the author vertical bilingualism proceed step by step(bottom-up)
24 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
An example of complex vertical bilingualism
Context Aboriginal languages in Quebec
26 de 35
An example of complex horizontalvertical bilingualism
Context skilled migrant in the Netherlands
27 de 35
An applicationLinguistic justice in South Tyrol
A region of stable contact between three languages
South Tyrol is often considered a success case of multilingualismmanagement (source 4-year Kontatto research project at the FreeUniv of BozenBolzano)
Politically part of Italy with a complex historical background linkedwith the Austrian Empire at the border with Switzerland
Three distinctive language groups
1 German (majority mainly local varieties especially in the valleys)
2 Italian (spoken mainly in the cities of Bozen-BolzanoMeran-Merano and in the Bassa Atesina area)
3 Ladin (located in lsquotraditionalrsquo valleys in particular Badia andGardena official status is lower)
29 de 35
Source 9th UK Language Variation and Change Conference
30 de 35
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 German there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Italian there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Ladin there
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
34 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
35 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
An example of complex vertical bilingualism
Context Aboriginal languages in Quebec
26 de 35
An example of complex horizontalvertical bilingualism
Context skilled migrant in the Netherlands
27 de 35
An applicationLinguistic justice in South Tyrol
A region of stable contact between three languages
South Tyrol is often considered a success case of multilingualismmanagement (source 4-year Kontatto research project at the FreeUniv of BozenBolzano)
Politically part of Italy with a complex historical background linkedwith the Austrian Empire at the border with Switzerland
Three distinctive language groups
1 German (majority mainly local varieties especially in the valleys)
2 Italian (spoken mainly in the cities of Bozen-BolzanoMeran-Merano and in the Bassa Atesina area)
3 Ladin (located in lsquotraditionalrsquo valleys in particular Badia andGardena official status is lower)
29 de 35
Source 9th UK Language Variation and Change Conference
30 de 35
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 German there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Italian there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Ladin there
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
34 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
35 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
An example of complex vertical bilingualism
Context Aboriginal languages in Quebec
26 de 35
An example of complex horizontalvertical bilingualism
Context skilled migrant in the Netherlands
27 de 35
An applicationLinguistic justice in South Tyrol
A region of stable contact between three languages
South Tyrol is often considered a success case of multilingualismmanagement (source 4-year Kontatto research project at the FreeUniv of BozenBolzano)
Politically part of Italy with a complex historical background linkedwith the Austrian Empire at the border with Switzerland
Three distinctive language groups
1 German (majority mainly local varieties especially in the valleys)
2 Italian (spoken mainly in the cities of Bozen-BolzanoMeran-Merano and in the Bassa Atesina area)
3 Ladin (located in lsquotraditionalrsquo valleys in particular Badia andGardena official status is lower)
29 de 35
Source 9th UK Language Variation and Change Conference
30 de 35
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 German there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Italian there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Ladin there
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
34 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
35 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
An example of complex vertical bilingualism
Context Aboriginal languages in Quebec
26 de 35
An example of complex horizontalvertical bilingualism
Context skilled migrant in the Netherlands
27 de 35
An applicationLinguistic justice in South Tyrol
A region of stable contact between three languages
South Tyrol is often considered a success case of multilingualismmanagement (source 4-year Kontatto research project at the FreeUniv of BozenBolzano)
Politically part of Italy with a complex historical background linkedwith the Austrian Empire at the border with Switzerland
Three distinctive language groups
1 German (majority mainly local varieties especially in the valleys)
2 Italian (spoken mainly in the cities of Bozen-BolzanoMeran-Merano and in the Bassa Atesina area)
3 Ladin (located in lsquotraditionalrsquo valleys in particular Badia andGardena official status is lower)
29 de 35
Source 9th UK Language Variation and Change Conference
30 de 35
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 German there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Italian there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Ladin there
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
34 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
35 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
An example of complex vertical bilingualism
Context Aboriginal languages in Quebec
26 de 35
An example of complex horizontalvertical bilingualism
Context skilled migrant in the Netherlands
27 de 35
An applicationLinguistic justice in South Tyrol
A region of stable contact between three languages
South Tyrol is often considered a success case of multilingualismmanagement (source 4-year Kontatto research project at the FreeUniv of BozenBolzano)
Politically part of Italy with a complex historical background linkedwith the Austrian Empire at the border with Switzerland
Three distinctive language groups
1 German (majority mainly local varieties especially in the valleys)
2 Italian (spoken mainly in the cities of Bozen-BolzanoMeran-Merano and in the Bassa Atesina area)
3 Ladin (located in lsquotraditionalrsquo valleys in particular Badia andGardena official status is lower)
29 de 35
Source 9th UK Language Variation and Change Conference
30 de 35
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 German there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Italian there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Ladin there
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
34 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
35 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
An example of complex vertical bilingualism
Context Aboriginal languages in Quebec
26 de 35
An example of complex horizontalvertical bilingualism
Context skilled migrant in the Netherlands
27 de 35
An applicationLinguistic justice in South Tyrol
A region of stable contact between three languages
South Tyrol is often considered a success case of multilingualismmanagement (source 4-year Kontatto research project at the FreeUniv of BozenBolzano)
Politically part of Italy with a complex historical background linkedwith the Austrian Empire at the border with Switzerland
Three distinctive language groups
1 German (majority mainly local varieties especially in the valleys)
2 Italian (spoken mainly in the cities of Bozen-BolzanoMeran-Merano and in the Bassa Atesina area)
3 Ladin (located in lsquotraditionalrsquo valleys in particular Badia andGardena official status is lower)
29 de 35
Source 9th UK Language Variation and Change Conference
30 de 35
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 German there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Italian there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Ladin there
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
34 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
35 de 35
Some remarks on the gravitational model
educational language policies make L2 speakers jump directly tolevel 2 (eg French) or English
Occitan or Piedmontese level 2 (centra) when not periphericallanguage is found
in many situation only 3 levels are needed (hyper centreperiphery)
no treatment of the impact of migration on bilingualism (eg L1German speaking L2 English learning L2 Dutch working in theNetherlands)
From a theoretical point of view more than one link are needed in themodel I will put in dashed lines spontaneous learning while incontinuous lines programmed learning
25 de 35
An example of complex vertical bilingualism
Context Aboriginal languages in Quebec
26 de 35
An example of complex horizontalvertical bilingualism
Context skilled migrant in the Netherlands
27 de 35
An applicationLinguistic justice in South Tyrol
A region of stable contact between three languages
South Tyrol is often considered a success case of multilingualismmanagement (source 4-year Kontatto research project at the FreeUniv of BozenBolzano)
Politically part of Italy with a complex historical background linkedwith the Austrian Empire at the border with Switzerland
Three distinctive language groups
1 German (majority mainly local varieties especially in the valleys)
2 Italian (spoken mainly in the cities of Bozen-BolzanoMeran-Merano and in the Bassa Atesina area)
3 Ladin (located in lsquotraditionalrsquo valleys in particular Badia andGardena official status is lower)
29 de 35
Source 9th UK Language Variation and Change Conference
30 de 35
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 German there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Italian there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Ladin there
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
34 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
35 de 35
An example of complex vertical bilingualism
Context Aboriginal languages in Quebec
26 de 35
An example of complex horizontalvertical bilingualism
Context skilled migrant in the Netherlands
27 de 35
An applicationLinguistic justice in South Tyrol
A region of stable contact between three languages
South Tyrol is often considered a success case of multilingualismmanagement (source 4-year Kontatto research project at the FreeUniv of BozenBolzano)
Politically part of Italy with a complex historical background linkedwith the Austrian Empire at the border with Switzerland
Three distinctive language groups
1 German (majority mainly local varieties especially in the valleys)
2 Italian (spoken mainly in the cities of Bozen-BolzanoMeran-Merano and in the Bassa Atesina area)
3 Ladin (located in lsquotraditionalrsquo valleys in particular Badia andGardena official status is lower)
29 de 35
Source 9th UK Language Variation and Change Conference
30 de 35
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 German there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Italian there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Ladin there
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
34 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
35 de 35
An example of complex horizontalvertical bilingualism
Context skilled migrant in the Netherlands
27 de 35
An applicationLinguistic justice in South Tyrol
A region of stable contact between three languages
South Tyrol is often considered a success case of multilingualismmanagement (source 4-year Kontatto research project at the FreeUniv of BozenBolzano)
Politically part of Italy with a complex historical background linkedwith the Austrian Empire at the border with Switzerland
Three distinctive language groups
1 German (majority mainly local varieties especially in the valleys)
2 Italian (spoken mainly in the cities of Bozen-BolzanoMeran-Merano and in the Bassa Atesina area)
3 Ladin (located in lsquotraditionalrsquo valleys in particular Badia andGardena official status is lower)
29 de 35
Source 9th UK Language Variation and Change Conference
30 de 35
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 German there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Italian there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Ladin there
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
34 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
35 de 35
An applicationLinguistic justice in South Tyrol
A region of stable contact between three languages
South Tyrol is often considered a success case of multilingualismmanagement (source 4-year Kontatto research project at the FreeUniv of BozenBolzano)
Politically part of Italy with a complex historical background linkedwith the Austrian Empire at the border with Switzerland
Three distinctive language groups
1 German (majority mainly local varieties especially in the valleys)
2 Italian (spoken mainly in the cities of Bozen-BolzanoMeran-Merano and in the Bassa Atesina area)
3 Ladin (located in lsquotraditionalrsquo valleys in particular Badia andGardena official status is lower)
29 de 35
Source 9th UK Language Variation and Change Conference
30 de 35
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 German there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Italian there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Ladin there
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
34 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
35 de 35
A region of stable contact between three languages
South Tyrol is often considered a success case of multilingualismmanagement (source 4-year Kontatto research project at the FreeUniv of BozenBolzano)
Politically part of Italy with a complex historical background linkedwith the Austrian Empire at the border with Switzerland
Three distinctive language groups
1 German (majority mainly local varieties especially in the valleys)
2 Italian (spoken mainly in the cities of Bozen-BolzanoMeran-Merano and in the Bassa Atesina area)
3 Ladin (located in lsquotraditionalrsquo valleys in particular Badia andGardena official status is lower)
29 de 35
Source 9th UK Language Variation and Change Conference
30 de 35
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 German there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Italian there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Ladin there
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
34 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
35 de 35
Source 9th UK Language Variation and Change Conference
30 de 35
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 German there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Italian there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Ladin there
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
34 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
35 de 35
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 German there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Italian there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Ladin there
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
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Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Italian there
Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Ladin there
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
34 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
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Multilingualism of a prototypical L1 Ladin there
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
34 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
35 de 35
Application of the CLB to the gravitational model
The weight of the three languages in South Tyrol
1 L1 Italian tend to vertical multilingualism with English (strongestlocal position)
2 L1 German show to learn both Italian and English(horizontalvertical multilingualism)
3 Ladins are keen to acquire a richer vertical multilingualism thanthe others (lowest position) very low vehicularity (ie L2 Ladinspeakers)
Data local for the translations (sourcetarget) similar to the IndexTranslationum should be provided to confirm this analysis
34 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
35 de 35
Thank you for your attention
Questions Ideas
If not now send them afterwards to
FGobbouvanl
Download and share this presentation from here
httpfedericogobbonameen2014php
CCcopy BYcopy $copy Ccopy Federico Gobbo 2014
35 de 35
