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( ). , , , . - " ", " - ", " -?" " ". , , , - ( UML design patterns) . , , ! . , . . , , . , , , , , ,, , , , , , . . . 17. 25 , . , - , , . , , , . , , , , . . , . , , , , . . - , -. , , ! . , . , . ? . , ( ), , , , , , . - - , , ( -), LINQ . - . - . - . , . 18. ? " "! .NET , , (RIA). - Skype, Firefox, MS Word Facebook Amazon.com. , . - . , , . - RIA . , . , - , , - - , , SQL, ASP.NET, AJAX, WPF Silverlight. , , -. ! , . PHP MySQL, -. , , . -. , , . , . , , -. . ? , , . , 19. 27 , , . . , - , . - . , - . - , , . , , . ( ) , . - . : 2-3 , 15 . , , . C#? , C#, . C# Microsoft .NET Framework . Java C++, . , C# ( " ").C# e . "C#" ".NET Framework" , - . C#, .NET, .NETFramework, CLR C# . C#C# - -, Microsoft .NET . C# .NET : , , 20. , (RIA), , .C# , Java C++ Delphi, VB.NET C. C# --. , , , . , C# . C# - . . C# .NET Framework, - Microsoft- , . C# .NET Framework Microsoft . IBM, Oracle SAP Java Java . C# .NET Framework Java , , - . , Java , Java , ( C# .NET Framework). C# , , Common Language Runtime (CLR). .NET Framework, CLR, , , -, . CLR , . - C# MSWindows, .NET Framework CLR Windows Mobile. Linux,FreeBSD, MacOS X C# .NET Framework Mono, Microsoft. Microsoft .NET Framework C# , Microsoft.NET Framework ( " "). .NET Framework - , C# 21. 29, .NET ( VB.NET, Managed C++, J# F#). .NET (C#, VB.NET ), (CLR), C# , , csc, C# CLR ( MSIL) ADO.NET, ( MS SQL Server MySQL). .NET Framework Windows . Microsoft. - .NET Framework 4.0, Windows Vista .NET Framework 2.0, Windows 7 3.5. C#? C# . - , , - . C# ( C C++). , . ,, .C# Java?, , , C# Java. Java C#, C# -, - - , , . C#, - ( Visual C# Express Edition). Java Java , : www.introprogramming.info. PHP? C# Java PHP. , . PHP , , , - . , , , , 22. PHP , , . PHP - - PHP . PHP "" , PHP . - , PHP ( Microsoft, SAP Oracle ) . , , C# Java PHP( ).PHP ( WordPress, Joomla Drupal PhpBB), PHP .NET Java. - , PHP . PHP , . PHP , , . PHP . C# Java. C# C, C++ PHP , . C C++?, , C C++ , . ( ), . C , , - (embedded device), . . C - C# Java. C Apple / iPhone , , . Apple-- 23. 31 Objective-C, .C++ , , ( 3D ). ( ) C++ . , . C++ , . (IOI) C++ , , , C++ . , C++. C++ - . C++, , C# Java . C++ . C++ - C# C++ . , . C#C# - . - , ( Java C++). - () , - , (, , , ). ( , ..) ( , .). C# .NET Framework . , , C# .NET Java -. PHP, C++ - C# Java. , , , . , . C#, ! - 24. , C#. - , . C# 4.0 Visual Studio 2010 4.0 C# - .NET Framework, . Visual Studio 2010 , . Microsoft Visual Studio 2010 , C# , Microsoft Visual C#2010 Express Edition, Express Edition Visual Studio ( ), , ., C# 4.0 Visual Studio 2010, C# 3.0 4.0 - . , , .NET Framework 2.0 C# 2.0 Visual Studio 2005. C# Visual Studio - . ! 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Automation ( QA ), (Clients Solutions Software Engineering). (www.telerik.com) : #1 (, ) , , . , .NET , :- HTML5, CSS JavaScript (Web Front-EndDevelopment) http://frontendcourse.telerik.com- .NET Framework ASP.NET http://aspnetcourse.telerik.com- http://codecourse.telerik.com- (cross-platform, iPhone, Android,Windows Phone) http://mobiledevcourse.telerik.com , , . . , - () - .NET ( ), C#, , SQL ORM , , HTML5, ASP.NET,WPF (Windows Presentation Foundation), Silverlight, game development,mobile development, , . , , . : http://schoolacademy.telerik.com. ? . 33. 41 Telerik Academy: http://academy.telerik.com. : www.nakov.com. . , . 1. " " . . . C# .NET Framework , . , C#. C#, , , Microsoft Visual Studio 2010 Express Edition. MSDN Library .NET Framework, - . , . - " Java". 2. " " - C# . , , , , . , , , . C# . , . , . " - Java". 34. 3. ", " - , . , , . - , . C# . , . " Java". 4. " " . - , , . C# . - Console.In, Console.Out Console.Error, Console . (), C#. , . " Java". 5. 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WPF Silverlight, ASP.NET . - . a i- - . - . , , . e-mail: t_bozhikov@yahoo.com. Twitter : http://twitter.com/tbozhikov. - ". ". " -". "Computer Science" Saarland University (, ). . , . TENCompetence . " Java". -, , - RIA (Rich Internet Applications). : . : http://www.teodorstoev.com. e-mail: teodor.stoev@gmail.com. , .NET . , . , 55. 63Web Desktop . , . - " " "" . - " ", , "Core .NET Developer". e-mail: hristo.germanov@gmail.com. . , , .NET 4.0, ASP.NET, Silverlight, WPF,WCF, RIA, MS SQL Server, Oracle, MySQL, PostgreSQL PHP. - .NET , ASP.NET, Oracle, .NET Compact Framework, "- " . " Java". - , - , . :http://tsvyatkokonov.blogspot.com. -, . :- - - - - - - - - - - - - - 56. - - - - - - - . ! , , - . , - , . , , , , . , Microsoft ! -, -. . , " ", . "", , , . (, ) . . , "" , , . . " ". 57. 65 , ! , , , , ! , ! , - ! ( , ) -. , . : ! ! , Visual Studio. http://nokola.com, "" ; ! , . e-mail: nokola@nokola.com. , Microsoft" C#" , , . , , , , , , , , . C# , , , - . , . , , . Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, .NET: " .NET Framework". http://www.vassil.info. , Telerik , PHP . , 58. , , - , , , - . , " C#" . , - . , - , . , , , , - . , .NET . http://blogs.telerik.com/vassilterziev/. , e-mail: terziev@telerik.com. , Google , , -. , - - - ., , , -, - - (design patterns). ? C# . , - , - . , , , . , . Google, Google Maps Google Translate. MotorolaBiometrics Metalife AG. - - , , 2002 - 59. 67 . ". " (ACM ICPC) . , VMware VMware Sciant . , , . - , -, , , (n 3). , , . - - - . , ! , . - , , , , , . AJAX, , -, . , , , - List - ? , . , , , . , , ? , . . VMware 10 Java . VMware , Enterprise Java. VMware 60. , Sciant SAP Labs . - , , 1998 , , 1997. (ACM ICPC). 2001/2002 " " ". ". (). , ProSyst Labs " C#" , . , , , . , . - . " C#" C# Microsoft .NET Framework " Java" () - Telerik Academy, ". ", - () -. , , . , , , , . , -, , -, , , . ,, -. , . -- 61. 69 , - . " C#" , , - , , - . - , "- ". .NET . , , . , . . ! - , . !- (www.prosyst.com), 15 , , , . . - OSGi Alliance (www.osgi.org) Java Community Process (www.jcp.org), Eclipse Foundation (www.eclipse.org). Miele, Philips, Siemens, BMW,Bosch, Cisco Systems, France Telecom, Renault, Telefonica, Telekom Austria,Toshiba, HP, Motorola, Ford, SAP . ,OSGi , , Java Enterprise . . , Oracle , - . - , . - , . . 15 , , . , , . 62. - - . - . . . " " " ". . , . 2000 . Java . , 25 4 000 Java . , . . 25 , - . - Arrays.sort(), - - . , "" O(n*log(n)), O(n*n). , . , , . , , . Java , - . - , . . , "" , . , - . 15 . , Java C#, , Pascal Ada. , "" - - . " " . 63. 71 . calculate rezultat. a1, a2, suma. , , , , , , , , . , . , , . . , . " ", . , , . , , . C#. - . - , . - , , - . - . , . , - , . , , . . - , a - . - , - , . , . , , " ?" . 64. - " ( C# Java)!". C#, .NETFramework ! Java Enterprise Service Oriented Architecture (SOA). BEA Systems Oracle Corporation. Sun, BEA Oracle. , J2EE, " " ". ". Oracle (, , , , ) J2EE . - IEEE. (). " Oracle Database : 10g 11g". : http://www.manchev.org. e-mail: nick@manchev.org. , SAP AG - ( Wikipedia ) **, . SAP AG "=++;". : http://indyana.hit.bg. , Mobiltel 5 10 , , , , , .., . . , . , , , . , , . - , . 65. 73 , . , , . , -, , , - , , , - . , , . C# Java . , - , , . . - . - , . ! "Data and Mobile Applications" , telecom . , . - . "" , . , software craftsman Telerik (www.telerik.com) - , . 66. Telerik Corporation ASP.NET AJAX, Silverlight,Windows Forms WPF (reporting), - (ORM), - (CMS) .NET , (agile project management), , Visual Studio . - , , , , Microsoft. 400 , . 2007 . 2010 . (, ) - . Telerik Corporation , , . - . , , academy@telerik.com . : 1. - " C#", (www.nakov.com) (veskokolev.blogspot.com).2. : - () " C#"; - -; - ; - ; 67. 75 3. - :http://www.introprogramming.info 4. , . 5. , . 3. :- ;- , , , , , , , www.introprogramming.info;- ( ), , , www.introprogramming.info. 4. :- , ;- , . 1. , -. 2. , , , . 3. , , . 68. 4. , , - . " C#" : http://www.introprogramming.info. , . , Google Groups :http://groups.google.com/group/telerikacademy. Telerik Academy, . , , . ( ). , , , . Telerik Academy (http://academy.telerik.com) , - "Fundamentalsof C# Programming". TelerikAcademy http://academy.telerik.com ( "C#Fundamentals"). " C#" - LinkedIn:http://www.linkedin.com/groupInvitation?groupID=1724867. , " ", Telerik Corporation, 69. 7726.06.2011 . 70. 1. ... C#. . . C# .NET - Microsoft . , C#. C#, , , Microsoft Visual Studio 2010 Express Edition. MSDN Library .NET Framework, - . 71. 1. 79 " "? - , , , , . , - , . , , - . , - . , , (), . - , . ? , , , , -. , . , . (RAM) , , . . , -, . , . . , , . . , . - ( RAM ), , . . -, , HTTP, HTML. 72. 80 C# . - , , . . - , , . . - , . , . . - ( ) . - (- Windows 7) , , -, - . - ( ). , - . , . . "" "" , . , . () - ( , ). , , . . . . , , ( ), C. , . C#, Java, C++,PHP, Visual Basic, Python, Ruby, Perl . C#, . 73. 1. 81. , C# . C# , - , - , . , . , . , , :- ;- ;- ( );- ();- ;- . , , . . , , . , , - Google Maps. . -, , . . , , . . , . , 74. 82 C# , () . , . - : - , (GUI, Graphical User Interface application), - , , Rich Internet Application (RIA) peer-to-peer ; - , , , SOA ; - , - C#, Java C++, ; - , : ( Microsoft .NET, Java EE, LAMP ), ( Oracle, SQL Server, MySQL ), ( Flash, JavaServer Faces, Eclipse RCP, ASP.NET, Windows Forms, Silverlight, WPF ), ( Hibernate, JPA LINQ- to-SQL), ( SQL Server Reporting Services, Jasper Reports ) - , . - , ( ); - , - , . - ( , , ..). , , . - . , - ., - , (). , - () () . "" , ( ). , 75. 1. 83 , . -, C# .NET Framework . () . , . , , . , -, , . -, , . () quality assurance (QA) . - () . , . - . . (deployment) . , - -. - . - , - . , , -. , - . Microsoft Windows - . - . , . 76. 84 C# , (DBA), , . , . - . - . . . -, , -, , , QA , . , -, . , , . , . . , . (, , QA ) . , - ,, , , , , -. , , . 77. 1. 85 -, -, . C# C# .NET, , C#:class HelloCSharp{static void Main(string[] args){ System.Console.WriteLine("Hello C#!");}} , , "Hello, C#!" . . - , . C# ? :- HelloCSharp;- Main();- Main(). HelloCSharp.- class, . HelloCSharp. , : {}. Main() Main(), . C# Main() ():static void Main(string[] args) 78. 86 C# , -, static void, Main string. args, . , . :static void Main() , , , . Main() , . System.Console WriteLine(), - ( ) "Hello, C#!". Main() , . " ", " ", " ".C# ! , class, static void , System.Console., ! , C# . Class class System.Console SYSTEM.CONSOLE. , , .. , -, , , 79. 1. 87 . ( Main() ):class HelloCSharp{static void Main(){ System.Console.WriteLine("Hello C#!");}} - . , :class HelloCSharp{static void Main(){System.Console.WriteLine("Hello C#!");}} :class HelloCSharp{static void Main(){System.Console.WriteLine("Hello C#!");}} : class HelloCSharp{static voidMain(){ System.Console.WriteLine("Hello C#!") ;} } , -, . ! . , : 80. 88 C# - - ; - - ; - { , ; - } ( ); - ; - ; - ; C# . , .cs. , . , HelloCSharp, () HelloCSharp.cs. C# .NET C# Microsoft 1999-2002 . 2002 , .NET, Windows -, " " "". Java, , C# .NET Microsoft Java . C#C# e - . C C++, , . C# .cs., . C# (csc) , - (.exe .dll). , 81. 1. 89HelloCSharp.cs, HelloCSharp.exe( , ). ( ). C# ( HelloCSharp.exe) , .NET Framework, . C# : abstractevent newstruct asexplicitnull switch baseexternobject this boolfalse operator throw break finally outtrue bytefixed override try casefloat params typeof catch for privateuint charforeach protectedulong checked gotopublic unchecked class ifreadonly unsafe const implicitrefushort continueinreturn using decimal int sbytevirtual default interface sealed volatile delegateinternalshortvoid doissizeof while doublelockstackalloc elselongstatic enumnamespace string . - . C# ( - ) , , , , , , . 82. 90 C# , , . - .NET Framework - . . , C#. .NET Framework CLR, " " " " (garbage collector). , . , ( ). C# , , . .NET , , .NET . C# , VB.NET, Managed C++ F#. , .NET , (). .NET - . C# - Windows Windows Windows Mobile Linux. Microsoft .NET Framework Windows, Windows Mobile Windows Phone , .NET . Mono (www.mono-project.com) - .NET Framework Linux. 83. 1. 91Common Intermediate Language (CIL) .NET . , , - , Common Intermediate Language (CIL). CIL , CIL , Common Language Runtime (CLR).Common Language Runtime (CLR) .NET .NET CommonLanguage Runtime (CLR) (CIL ). .NET .CLR ( ). , , - . CLR .NET , . CLR - , ..NET .NET , C#, CLR . - :- .NET Framework - .NET , , . , Windows , .- .NET Compact Framework (CF) "" - .NET Framework PDA ( WindowsMobile Edition).- Silverlight "" .NET Framework, - RIA (Rich Internet Applications). 84. 92 C#.NET Framework .NET - , , , , RIA , . .NET ..NET .NET . , , .NET Framework. - Telerik - , , ., .NET Framework, , .NET . , , . . , . .NET, . , , . . , ( , - ). - , , , . , - . , - , , - . .NET . (ASP.NET), .NET RIA (Silverlight), . 85. 1. 93.NET Framework (class libraries) , . , , ( System.Math). (System.Net), e-mail ( System.Net.Mail.MailMessage) ( System.Net.WebClient)..NET .NET , ,, , . .NET .NET , . .NET ADO.NET, ( MicrosoftSQL Server MySQL). System.Data.SqlClient, SQL Server ADO.NET. , , - . Microsoft .NET Framework. .NET . - (ORM ) ( NHibernate Telerik OpenAccess ORM), - .NETFramework. LINQ-to-SQL ADO.NET EntityFramework .NET 3.5 .NET 4.0.Application Programming Interface (API) .NET , . , , Application Programming Interface API. .NET API, .NET , , . .NET API. API, , API , API , API , API .. API, . 86. 94 C#.NET API, . , . . , API . ..NET Framework , . .NET . MSDN Library Microsoft . .NET Framework MSDNLibrary : http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms229335(VS.100).aspx. : 87. 1. 95 , C#? .NET , .NET .NET , C# . , C# .NET Framework . C# , .NET Framework. . . Windows Notepad ( ) - Notepad++ (http://notepad-plus.sourceforge.net) PSPad (www.pspad.com). 88. 96 C# C# , C#. : - HelloCSharp.cs; - ; - HelloCSharp.cs HelloCSharp.exe; - HelloCSharp.exe. , ! , - .NET Framework ! . .NET Framework Windows, . .NET Framework , , (http://download.microsoft.com). , . . Linux , , Windows. C# Linux - . C# : HelloCSharp.csclass HelloCSharp{static void Main(){ System.Console.WriteLine("Hello C#!");}} C# Windows Windows, Command Prompt ( Windows Explorer Start -> Programs -> Accessories -> Command Prompt): 89. 1. 97 , . Command Prompt , Command Prompt (. ). , -. md cd : IntroCSharp C:. C:IntroCSharp HelloCSharp.cs, Windows Notepad. , : 90. 98 C#notepad HelloCSharp.cs Notepad :Notepad , . "Yes". (Copy /Paste): [Ctrl-S] Notepad [Alt-F4]. C# , 91. 1. 99C:IntroCSharpHelloCSharp.cs. . csc.exe., Windows csc. , C#. :- .NET Framework;- .NET Framework, Microsoft.NETFrameworkv4.0 Windows csc.exe, . .NET Framework ( 4.0). ( ) csc.exe, . C# :c:WindowsMicrosoft.NETFrameworkv4.0.21006csc.exe. , (HelloCSharp.cs): csc , C:IntroCSharpHelloCSharp.exe. , . "Hello, C#!", . , : 92. 100 C# Windows csc.exe, C# . , Windows . Windows :1. "System". :2. "Advanced System Settings". "System Properties": 93. 1. 1013. "Environment Variables" : 94. 102 C#4. "Path" , "Edit". , , .NET Framework: , .NETFramework. C:WindowsMicrosoft.NET, :C:WindowsMicrosoft.NETFrameworkv.4.0.21006 95. 1. 103 Path (;). , , Windows !5. csc.exe, . cmd.exe (Command Prompt) "csc". C# , : Visual Studio 2010Express Edition C# (Command Prompt). , - , , . - , - . - . , . , , , . , , 96. 104 C# , (Integrated Development Environment, IDE). - , , unit , , . Visual Studio 2010 Express Edition?Visual Studio 2010 (VS 1020) Windows .NET Framework.VS 2010 ( C#,VB.NET C++) (Win32,COM, ASP.NET, ADO.NET Entity Framework, Windows Forms, WPF, Silverlight Windows .NET ). VS 2010 , , , , (, , , ), , , , .VS 2010 Visual Studio 2010 ExpressEdition, Microsoft http://www.microsoft.com/express/. - VS 2010 Express . , , , . , - Visual Studio 2010. . , . Visual Studio 2010 . :- Start Page , C# , C#.- Solution Explorer , C# . , , C# , , , . 97. 1. 105 Visual Studio , . C# Visual Studio, . , . . Visual Studio :- File -> New Project ...- , . , Visual Studio, - , - , , VS: 98. 106 C#- Console Application. -, . , , , (.. ). (GUI), , , , RIA .- "Name" . IntroToCSharp.- [OK]. Solution Explorer. , . Program.cs. , , , . Program.cs, Solution Explorer "Rename". C# IntroToCSharp.cs. - [F2], Solution Explorer: 99. 1. 107 , . "Yes". 100. 108 C# IntroToCSharp HelloCSharp: Main(). HelloCSharp.cs . , HelloCSharp.cs Solution Explorer, . : 101. 1. 109 Visual Studio :- ;- , ;- C# (.NET ). .exe . Visual Studio [F6]. - , , "Error List"( "View" VisualStudio). , "" "Error List". , , . "Error List",Visual Studio , , . [Ctrl+F5] ( [Ctrl] [F5]). , "Press any key to continue . . .": 102. 110 C# , , Visual Studio , . [F5], , . [Ctrl+F5] . . C#, Main() , . , , , .. . :- ();- , ;- , ;- , , . , . , , . Visual Studio , , . , (breakpoints). . , . . . - . , . -, ( - " ". :HelloCSharp.cs 103. 1. 111class HelloCSharp{static void Main(){ throw new System.NotImplementedException( "Intended exception."); System.Console.WriteLine("Hello C#!");}} [Ctrl+F5] : . , [F9] ( ). , , : ( ). Debug -> Start Debugging [F5]. , . . [F10] : 104. 112 C# , . . , , . [F10] , . Visual Studio , , , : , . . Debug > Stop Debugging [Shift + F5]. ( ) [Ctrl+F5]. 105. 1. 113 Visual Studio , Visual Studio , . , Visual Studio. Visual Studio ( ). ( , ). Visual Studio ( VS Express Edition), .SharpDevelop SharpDevelop (#Develop). : http://www.icsharpcode.NET/OpenSource/SD/. #Develop IDE C# . Visual Studio 2010, Linux . , , C# Visual Studio.MonoDevelopMonoDevelop .NET. ( ) : http://monodevelop.com/. MonoDevelop ASP.NET Linux, Mac OSX Windows. , Visual Studio, Mono . , . (.NET .exe .dll) . :- , , .- , . 106. 114 C#- , (), . , Visual Studio. - Red GatesReflector ( 2011). Telerik , Telerik :http://www.telerik.com/products/decompiling.aspx. JustDecompile Visual Studio. , . Telerik. ILSpy, IC#Code, Visual Studio, SharpDevelop. ILSpy : http://wiki.sharpdevelop.net/ilspy.ashx . ILSpy .NET Framework. File -> Open, .NET . GAC (Global Assembly Cache). : 107. 1. 115 . System.Currency.ToDecimal Currency System, ToDecimal. , C# . ILSpy. , , , .. . (ILSpy 1.0 beta) C# IL.JustDecompiler ILSpy , .NET . , , , .C# Linux ( ) C# Linux - Windows. , , Linux. C# Linux?-, , C# Linux .NET Framework. Microsoft .NET Framework Linux, .NET , Mono. Mono ( - ) :http://www.go-mono.com/mono-downloads/download.html. Mono C# Linux . C# , CLR, garbagecollector, .NET , Microsoft .NET Framework Windows. , Visual Studio Linux , #Develop monoDevelop. : http://www.monodevelop.com.1. Microsoft Visual Studio, Microsoft Developer Network (MSDN) Library Documentation. 2. System.Console .NET API (MSDN Library). 108. 116 C#3. System.Console.WriteLine() MSDN Library.4. () Visual Studio.5. , , " !".6. , .7. , 1, 101, 1001 .8. , .9. , 12345.10. , 100 2,-3, 4, -5, 6, -7, 8.11. , ( ) 10.12. C# .NET Framework.13. . C#?14. 5. 1. DreamSpark Microsoft, Microsoft Visual Studio. Microsoft Visual Studio, Visual C# Express Microsoft, .2. , .NET . . Google - .NET .3. .4. C#.5. C# , . 109. 1. 117 , . . System Locale "Region and Language" Windows.6. System.Console.Write().7. System.Console.WriteLine().8. System.DateTime.9. System.Math.10. C#.11. System.Console.ReadLine(), int.Parse() System.DateTime.AddYears().12. .13. - . C#.14. JustDecompile ILSpy ( ). , , . binDebug . , TestCSharp C:Projects, C:ProjectsTestCSharpbinDebugTestCSharp.exe. 110. 2. ... C# . , , , , . -, , , . C# . . 111. 120 C# ? , . , , . , , , . , , , , , . , , () . - . () , . byte - [0.255]. :- int;- ( ) 4 ;- (default value) 0. C# :- sbyte, byte, short, ushort, int, uint, long,ulong;- float, double;- decimal;- bool;- char;- () string;- object. (built-in types), C# - . - 112. 2. 121 - , : sbyte0-128127byte 00 255short0-3276832767ushort 00 65535int0-2147483648 2147483647uint 0u 0 4294967295long 0L -92233720368547758089223372036854775807ulong0u 0 18446744073709551615float0.0f 1.510-453.41038double 0.0d 5.010-324 1.710308decimal0.0m 1.010-287.91028booleanfalse true falsechar u0000 u0000uffffobject null --string null -- C# .NET Framework C# (CTS) .NET Framework. int C# System.Int32 CTS Integer VB.NET, a long C# System.Int64 CTS Long VB.NET. (CTS) .NET Framework ( C#, Managed C++, VB.NET F#). int, Int32 System.Int32 C# 32 . sbyte, byte, short,ushort, int, uint, long ulong. . sbyte 8- (signed integer). , 28, .. 256 , , 113. 122 C#. , sbyte, SByte.MinValue = -128 (-27), SByte.MaxValue = 127(27-1). 0. byte 8- (unsigned) . 256 (28), . byte 0. Byte.MinValue = 0, Byte.MaxValue = 255 (28-1). short 16- . , , Int16.MinValue = -32768 (-215), Int16.MaxValue = 32767 (215-1). 0. ushort 16- . , , UInt16.MinValue = 0, UInt16.MaxValue = 65535 (216-1). 0. , , int. 32- . , , . 0. , , Int32.MinValue = -2 147 483 648 (-231), e Int32.MaxValue= 2 147 483 647 (231-1). int - . int, , 32- "" , . uint 32- . 0u 0U ( ). u , uint ( int). , , UInt32.MinValue = 0, UInt32.MaxValue = 4 294 967 295 (232-1). long 64- 0l 0L( , L, l 1). L , long ( int). , long Int64.MinValue = -9 223 372 036 854 775 808(-263), Int64.MaxValue = 9 223 372 036 854775 807 (263-1).- ulong. 64- 0u 0U ( -). u , ulong ( long). , ulong UInt64.MinValue = 0, UInt64.MaxValue =18 446 744 073 709 551 615 (264-1). 114. 2. 123 , , :// Declare some variablesbyte centuries = 20;ushort years = 2000;uint days = 730480;ulong hours = 17531520;// Print the result on the consoleConsole.WriteLine(centuries + " centuries are " + years +" years, or " + days + " days, or " + hours + " hours.");// Console output:// 20 centuries are 2000 years, or 730480 days, or 17531520// hours.ulong maxIntValue = UInt64.MaxValue;Console.WriteLine(maxIntValue); // 18446744073709551615 , - " " " ", . - - . byte, ulong. , - . C# , . (floating-point) IEEE 754 float double. , . float , , 32- float. (single precision real number). 0.0f 0.0F ( ). f , float ( double). " ". 7 ( ). 0.123456789 float 0.1234568. 115. 124 C# , float( 7 ) 1.5 10-45 3.4 1038.- float Single.MinValue =-3.40282e+038f, - Single.MaxValue = 3.40282e+038f.- 0 float Single.Epsilon =4.94066e-324. , , :- - (Single.NegativeInfinity). -1.0f 0.0f.- + (Single.PositiveInfinity). 1.0f 0.0f.- (Single.NaN) , . 0.0f 0.0f, . double C# double. (double precision realnumber) 64- 0.0d 0.0D ( d , C# double). 15 16 . , double ( 15-16 ) 5.0 10-324 1.7 10308.- double Double.MinValue = -1.79769e+308, - Double.MaxValue =1.79769e+308. - 0 double Double.Epsilon = 4.94066e-324. float, double Double.PositiveInfinity, Double.NegativeInfinity Double.NaN. , , :float floatPI = 3.14f;Console.WriteLine(floatPI); // 3.14double doublePI = 3.14; 116. 2. 125Console.WriteLine(doublePI); // 3.14double nan = Double.NaN;Console.WriteLine(nan); // NaNdouble infinity = Double.PositiveInfinity;Console.WriteLine(infinity); // Infinity ( ), a b c, a < c < b. . - ( ) ( ), . 9.109389*10-31 , 6.02*10 23. float double. ( ) ( - ). C# float double , , ( , ). 7, 15-16 . , , - . :// Declare some variablesfloat floatPI = 3.141592653589793238f;double doublePI = 3.141592653589793238;// Print the results on the consoleConsole.WriteLine("Float PI is: " + floatPI);Console.WriteLine("Double PI is: " + doublePI); 117. 126 C#// Console output:// Float PI is: 3.141593// Double PI is: 3.14159265358979, , float, 7- , double 15- . , , double - float , . C# ( IEEE 754): (1 -1), (), . - - " ", - . , . - 2. , float double, 0.1, 1/3, 2/7 . C# , C#:float f = 0.1f;Console.WriteLine(f); // 0.1 (correct due to rounding)double d = 0.1f;Console.WriteLine(d); // 0.100000001490116 (incorrect)float ff = 1.0f / 3;Console.WriteLine(ff); // 0.3333333 (correct due to rounding)double dd = ff;Console.WriteLine(dd); // 0.333333343267441 (incorrect) , 0.1 (.. 1/10) IEEE 754 . - -, . float double , IEEE 754 - . 118. 2. 127 1/3 , 0.3333333. , double, . , . C# , 0.1 . - float double. 0.1 float 0.099999994. C# . . (decimal floating-point arithmetic), , . C# 128- decimal. 28 29 . -7.91028, +7.91028. 0.0 0.0. m , decimal ( double). - 0 , decimal 1.0 10-28. , decimal ( ), 0. , 10, -, . decimal , , , .. , decimal :decimal decimalPI = 3.14159265358979323846m;Console.WriteLine(decimalPI); // 3.14159265358979323846 decimalPI, decimal, , 21 , decimal . 119. 128 C# ( float double) decimal , . - , decimal - , ! , - . , . double , . decimal - , . decimal, float double. ! decimal , , -, double, . bool. , true false. false. - - . , , , :// Declare some variablesint a = 1;int b = 2;// Which one is greater?bool greaterAB = (a > b);// Is a equal to 1?bool equalA1 = (a == 1);// Print the results on the console 120. 2. 129if (greaterAB){Console.WriteLine("A > B");}else{Console.WriteLine("A y : " + (x > y));// TrueConsole.WriteLine("x< y : " + (x < y));// FalseConsole.WriteLine("x>= y : " + (x >= y));// TrueConsole.WriteLine("xb" : "b firstNumber){ biggerNumber = secondNumber;}Console.WriteLine("The bigger number is: {0}", biggerNumber);} 4 5, :Enter two numbers.Enter first number: 4Enter second number: 5The bigger number is: 5 if if-, , , -. , , . -. , :int a = 6;if (a > 5)Console.WriteLine(" - 5.");Console.WriteLine(" !");// Bad practice: unreadable code -, if, . { } if -, ! 200. 5. 211 if-else C#, , else : if-else. , :if ( ){ ;}else{ else-;} if-else : if, , , else, else-. else- , , . : ( ). true false. , . true, , else- . , false, else-, . if-else , if-else :static void Main(){int x = 2;if (x > 3){ Console.WriteLine("x - 3");}else{ Console.WriteLine("x - 3");}} 201. 212 C# : x>3, : "x - 3", (else) : "x - 3". , x=2, else-. :x - 3 - : x 3. :X -X - x - 33 3? if if-, . if if-else . if if-else if else . else - if . else if . , . 202. 5. 213 , (. ). if if :int first = 5;int second = 3;if (first == second){Console.WriteLine("These two numbers are equal.");}else{if (first > second){ Console.WriteLine("The first number is greater.");}else{ Console.WriteLine("The second number is greater.");}} : , , -. :The first number is greater. if-else-if-else-... if , else if . if, o . else if, . :char ch = X;if (ch == A || ch == a){Console.WriteLine("Vowel [ei]");}else if (ch == E || ch == e){Console.WriteLine("Vowel [i:]"); 203. 214 C#}else if (ch == I || ch == i){Console.WriteLine("Vowel [ai]");}else if (ch == O || ch == o){Console.WriteLine("Vowel [ou]");}else if (ch == U || ch == u){Console.WriteLine("Vowel [ju:]");}else{Console.WriteLine("Consonant");} -, . - . , if , else , :ConsonantIf , if :- , { } if else .- if else , .- switch-case if-else-if-else- if-else , . switch-case . switch-case switch . 204. 5. 215 switch-case ? switch-case (- -). :switch (){case --1:; break;case --2:; break;case --3:; break;case --4:; break;// default: ; break;} , , , string. switch switch case . - case , ( ). , default ( ). switch . . , case break, switch .C# break case-, . case-- , break case- .. break. default , break . default , , switch. switch switch (, ). , . , string enum. , , , 205. 216 C#switch . if . , . :int number = 6;switch (number){case 1:case 4:case 6:case 8:case 10: Console.WriteLine(" !"); break;case 2:case 3:case 5:case 7: Console.WriteLine(" !"); break;default: Console.WriteLine(" !"); break;} case break , 6, case . . , default . : ! switch-case- switch default , - .- case , - . case -, , - . 206. 5. 217 - case , . - case , - case . - default , . - default , , .1. if-, , - .2. , (+ -) , . if .3. , - , .4. 3 . if .5. , (0-9), , .6. , (a, b c) : ax2+bx+c, ( ). 0, 1 2 .7. , - 5 .8. , int, double string. int double, 1. string, "*". . switch .9. . , , 0. : - {3, -2, 1, 1, 8}, -2, 1 1 0. - {3, 1, -7, 35, 22}, 0. 207. 218 C#10. , [1..9] : - 1 3, 10. - 4 6, 100. - 7 9, 1000. - 0 9, .11. * , [0..999] , . : - 0 "" - 12 "" - 98 " " - 273 " " - 400 "" - 501 " " - 711 " " 1. if .2. , . , . , .3. if .4. - , . - , .5.- switch .6. , . (D) : D = b 2 4ac . , b : x1,2 = . - 2a , , : 208. 5. 219b b 2 4ac x1,2 =. 2a , .7. if . for, .8. , , .. 0 int, 1 double 2 string.9. if , 15 ( ).10. switch .11. switch . 0 19 , 0. 209. 6. ... , . - (while do-while ) for-. , . , - , ( ). 210. 222 C# ""? . (loop) , - . , ., , (infiniteloop). , , break, . -, C#. while - - while.while (){ ;} - , (true) (fasle). (loopcondition). , () , .. , . while : while - true, 211. 6. 223 . , . false. . while , (pre-test loop). while , . , . while while. - 0 9 :// Initialize the counterint counter = 0;// Execute the loop body while the loop condition holdswhile (counter 0);Console.WriteLine("n! = " + factorial);}} n=100, 100, 158- :n = 100n! = 93326215443944152681699238856266700490715968264381621468592963895217599993229915608941463976156518286253697920827223758251185210916864000000000000000000000000 [N...M] , -, do-while . [nm]. :Console.Write("n = ");int n = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine());Console.Write("m = ");int m = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine());int num = n;long product = 1;do{ product *= num; num++;}while (num 412. , .13. , .14. , .15. , - . 231. 6. 24316. , N 1 N, .17. , , - .18. , n, :123 4 12 13 14 5 n=4 11 16 15 6 1098 7 1. for .2. for % . num 3 7 , (num % (3*7) == 0).3. , n. n for . - - .4. 2 14 ( 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, J, Q, K, A). 1 4 (1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ). 2 .5. 0 1, . n for 1 n, , ( ).6. K+1 N.7. - . , ! , . , .8. . 232. 244 C#9. for- k=0n, factoriel, power sum, k- k!, xk k . , - .10. , . 1 N, + N - 1.11. n! , 10 . 1*2*3*n 2, 5, 10 = 2 * 5, n! , 5 1*2*3.*n. 5, 25- 5 .., n! : n/5 + n/25 + n/125 + 12. :http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numeral_system. . - -. , " ".13. .14. .15. .16. System.Random. ( ). N 1 N. ( ) .17. .18. . "" 233. 7. ... - . - , , , - . . , . , . 234. 246 C# ""? . , : 5 01 234 C# 0, 1, 2, ... N-1. . . , . . , - . , . C# , - . , . C# :int[] myArray; myArray , (int[]), .. .