Introduction to AIESTIEM Academic Days, Kyiv

Dymytr Yovchev1 April 2016

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What are we doing?

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Sci-Fi AI?

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Why study AI?

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Trends BlockChain #AI #d14n #IoT

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Trends Automated Scoring #AI #d14n

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Trends Automated Design #AI #VR

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Trends Health #AI #VR #IoT #D14N

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Trends VR/AR #AI #VR #IoT

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Trends Sensors Everywhere #AI #VR #IoT

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What is Intelligence?

Intelligence: “the capacity to learn and solve problems” (Websters dictionary)

in particular, the ability to solve novel problems the ability to act rationally the ability to act like humans

Artificial Intelligence build and understand intelligent entities or agents 2 main approaches: “engineering” versus

“cognitive modeling”

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What is AI?

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What is AI?

(John McCarthy, Stanford University)

What is artificial intelligence? It is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs. It is related to the similar task of using computers to understand human intelligence, but AI does not have to confine itself to methods that are biologically observable.

Yes, but what is intelligence? Intelligence is the computational part of the ability to achieve goals in the world. Varying kinds and degrees of intelligence occur in people, many animals and some machines.

Isn't there a solid definition of intelligence that doesn't depend on relating it to human intelligence? Not yet. The problem is that we cannot yet characterize in general what kinds of computational procedures we want to call intelligent. We understand some of the mechanisms of intelligence and not others.

More in: http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/whatisai/node1.html

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Acting humanly: Turing Test

Telegram Social Network Bots! Marvin Minsky on Singularity 1 on 1: The Turing Test is

a Joke!

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Thinking humanly

1960s "cognitive revolution": information-processing psychology

Requires scientific theories of internal activities of the brain

How to validate? Requires 1) Predicting and testing behavior of human subjects (top-down)

or 2) Direct identification from neurological data (bottom-up)

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Thinking rationally

Aristotle: what are correct arguments/thought processes? Several Greek schools developed various

forms of logic: notation and rules of derivation for thoughts; may or may not have proceeded to the idea of mechanization

Direct line through mathematics and philosophy to modern AI

Problems: Not all intelligent behavior is mediated by logical

deliberation What is the purpose of thinking? What thoughts

should I have?

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Acting rationally

Rational behavior: doing the right thing The right thing: that which is expected to maximize

goal achievement, given the available information Doesn't necessarily involve thinking – e.g., blinking

reflex – but thinking should be in the service of rational action

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What’s involved in AI?

Ability to interact with the real world to perceive, understand, and act e.g., speech recognition and understanding and

synthesis e.g., image understanding e.g., ability to take actions, have an effect

Reasoning and Planning modeling the external world, given input solving new problems, planning, and making

decisions ability to deal with unexpected problems,

uncertainties

Learning and Adaptation we are continuously learning and adapting our internal models are always being “updated”

e.g., a baby learning to categorize and recognize animals

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Academic Disciplines relevant to AI

Philosophy Logic, methods of reasoning, mind as physical system, foundations of learning, language, rationality.

Mathematics Formal representation and proof, algorithms,

computation, (un)decidability, (in)tractability

Probability/Statistics modeling uncertainty, learning from data

Economics utility, decision theory, rational economic agents

Neuroscience neurons as information processing units.

Psychology/ how do people behave, perceive, process cognitive

Cognitive Science information, represent knowledge.

Computer building fast computers engineering

Control theory design systems that maximize an objective function over time

Linguistics knowledge representation, grammars

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A (Short) History of AI

1943: early beginnings McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean circuit model of brain

1950: Turing Turing's "Computing Machinery and Intelligence“

1956: birth of AI Dartmouth meeting: "Artificial Intelligence“ name adopted

1950s: initial promise Early AI programs, including Samuel's checkers program Newell & Simon's Logic Theorist

1955-65: “great enthusiasm” Newell and Simon: GPS, general problem solver Gelertner: Geometry Theorem Prover McCarthy: invention of LISP

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A (Short) History of AI

1966—73: Reality dawns Realization that many AI problems are intractable Limitations of existing neural network methods identified

Neural network research almost disappears

1969—85: Adding domain knowledge Development of knowledge-based systems Success of rule-based expert systems,

E.g., DENDRAL, MYCIN But were brittle and did not scale well in practice

1986-- Rise of machine learning Neural networks return to popularity Major advances in machine learning algorithms and applications

1990-- Role of uncertainty Bayesian networks as a knowledge representation framework

1995-- AI as Science Integration of learning, reasoning, knowledge representation AI methods used in vision, language, data mining, etc

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A (Short) History of AI

1966—73: Reality dawns Realization that many AI problems are intractable Limitations of existing neural network methods identified

Neural network research almost disappears

1969—85: Adding domain knowledge Development of knowledge-based systems Success of rule-based expert systems,

E.g., DENDRAL, MYCIN But were brittle and did not scale well in practice

1986-- Rise of machine learning Neural networks return to popularity Major advances in machine learning algorithms and applications

1990-- Role of uncertainty Bayesian networks as a knowledge representation framework

1995-- AI as Science Integration of learning, reasoning, knowledge representation AI methods used in vision, language, data mining, etc

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Success Stories

Deep Blue defeated the reigning world chess champion Garry Kasparov in 1997

AI program proved a mathematical conjecture (Robbins conjecture) unsolved for decades

During the 1991 Gulf War, US forces deployed an AI logistics planning and scheduling program that involved up to 50,000 vehicles, cargo, and people

NASA's on-board autonomous planning program controlled the scheduling of operations for a spacecraft

Proverb solves crossword puzzles better than most humans

Robot driving: DARPA grand challenge 2003-2007 2006: face recognition software available in consumer

cameras 2016 AplhaGo win Go game.

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What can AI Do?

Play a decent game of table tennis? Play a decent game of Go? Drive safely along a curving mountain road? Drive safely along center part of the town? Buy a week’s worth of groceries on the web? Buy a week’s worth of groceries at Khreshatyk Street? Discover and prove a new mathematical theorem? Converse successfully with another person for an

hour? Perform a surgical operation?

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 What AI Can Do: Robotics

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Challenges-1

Kaggle.com https://www.quora.com/Are-there-any-other-competition-platforms-like-Kaggle-for-other-fields-in-computer-science

russianaicup.ru blackboxchallenge.com www.xprize.org/ai www.quora.com/What-are-the-most-interesting-online-AI-competitions

www.hackerrank.com/domains/ai/introduction

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Challenges-2

vindinium.org/starters theaigames.com/ www.battlecode.org/ www.codecup.nl/intro.php sscaitournament.com/

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Conferences

http://ijcai-16.org/index.php/welcome/view/accepted_tutorials

http://cig16.image.ece.ntua.gr/ http://aigamedev.com/

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Online Courses

https://www.udacity.com/course/artificial-intelligence-for-robotics--cs373

https://www.udacity.com/course/intro-to-artificial-intelligence--cs271

https://www.edx.org/course/artificial-intelligence-uc-berkeleyx-cs188-1x

https://www.coursera.org/course/aiplan https://www.class-central.com/search?q=Artificial+Int

elligence http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-

computer-science/6-034-artificial-intelligence-fall-2010/

http://courses.nucl.ai/courses/pmgai/ https://developer.nvidia.com/deep-learning-courses

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BooksS. Russell and P. Norvig Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach Prentice Hall, (Last Edition)

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Questions?

Thank you for your attention!

Fb: YovchevDKSkype: dimitr_yo

Telegram: +380964347667

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Sources

https://www.edx.org/course/artificial-intelligence-uc-berkeleyx-cs188-1x

http://www.comp.nus.edu.sg/~cs3243 http://oim.asu.kpi.ua/courses/msai/ http://iLab.usc.edu/classes/2002cs561/ http://www.ics.uci.edu/~smyth/courses/cs271/ http://www.slideshare.net/tceh_com/it-2016 Images: google.com

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Trends+

Telegram Bots Windows&Skype Bots (Skype Bot SDK) http://blogs.skype.com/2016/03/30/skype-bots-preview-comes-to-consumers-and-developers/

Microsoft.com/cognitive Cloud AI (Azure, Watson)