1. Shampoo is a FMCG(Fast Moving Consumer Goods) hair care product used for the removal of oils, dirt, skin particles, dandruff, environmental pollutants and other contaminant particles that gradually build up in hair. The goal is to remove the unwanted build-up without stripping out so much sebum as to make hair unmanageable. History The word shampoo in English is derived from Hindustani champi, and dates to 1762. The shampoo itself originated in the eastern regions of the Mughal Empire that ruled erstwhile India, particularly in the Nawab of Bengal where it was introduced as a head massage, usually consisting of alkali, natural oils and fragrances. Shampoo was first introduced in Britain by a Bengali entrepreneur from Bihar named Sake Dean Mahomed. Later, he together with his Irish wife, opened "Mahomed's Steam and Vapour Sea Water Medicated Baths" in Brighton, England. His baths were like Turkish baths where clients received a treatment of champi (shampooing). Very soon due to Sake Dean Mahomed fame as a bathing expert he was appointed Shampooing Surgeon to both George IV and William IV. Composition Shampoo is generally made by combining a surfactant, most often sodium lauryl sulfate and/or sodium laureth sulfate with a co-surfactant, most often cocamidopropyl betaine in water to form a thick, viscous liquid. Other essential ingredients include salt (sodium chloride), which is used to adjust the viscosity, a preservative and fragrance.[9] Other ingredients are generally included in shampoo formulations to maximize the following qualities. pleasing foam ease of rinsing minimal skin/eye irritation thick and/or creamy feeling pleasant fragrance low toxicity good biodegradability slight acidity (pH less than 7) no damage to hair repair of damage already done to hair Many shampoos are pearlescent. This effect is achieved by addition of tiny flakes of suitable materials, e.g. glycol distearate, chemically derived from stearic acid, which may have either animal or vegetable origins. Glycol distearate is a wax. Many shampoos also include silicone to provide conditioning benefits. Commonly used ingredients Ammonium chloride Ammonium lauryl sulfate Glycol Sodium laureth sulfate is derived from coconut oils and is used to soften water and create a lather. There was some concern over this particular ingredient circa 1998 about this chemical being a carcinogen, but that has been disproved[citation needed]. Sodium lauryl sulfate Sodium lauroamphoacetate is naturally derived from coconut oils and is used as a cleanser and counter-irritant. This is the ingredient that that makes the product tear-free. Polysorbate 20 (abbreviated as PEG(20)) is a mild glycol based surfactant that is used to solubilize fragrance oils and essential oils; meaning it causes liquid to spread across and penetrate the surface of a solid (i.e. your hair). Polysorbate 80 (abbreviated as PEG(80)) is a glycol used to emulsify (or disperse) oils in water (so the oils dont float on top like Italian salad dressing). PEG-150 Distearate is a simple thickener. Citric Acid is produced biochemically and is used as an antioxidant to preserve the oils in the product. While it is a severe eye-irritant, the sodium lauroamphoacetate counteracts that property. Citric acid is used to adjust the 2. pH down to approximately 5.5. It is a fairly weak acid which makes the adjustment easier. Shampoos usually are at pH 5.5 because at slightly acidic pH the scales on a hair follicle lay flat making the hair feel smooth and look shiny. It also has a small amount of preservative action. Citric acid as opposed to any other acid will prevent bacterial growth. Quaternium-15 is used as a bacterial/fungicidal preservative. Polyquaternium-10 has nothing to do with the chemical Quaternium-15. This chemical acts as the conditioning ingredient, providing moisture and fullness to the hair. Di-PPG-2 myreth-10 adipate is a water-dispersible emollient that forms clear solutions with surfactant systems Methylisothiazolinone or MIT, a powerful biocide and preservative. Specialized Shampoos Dandruff[edit] Cosmetic companies have developed shampoos specifically for those who have dandruff. These contain fungicides which reduce loose dander by killing Malassezia furfur. Colored Hair[edit] Many companies have also developed color-protection shampoos suitable for colored hair.These are shampoos that contain gentle cleansers. All-natural[edit] Some companies use "all-natural", "organic", "botanical" or "plant-derived" ingredients (such as plant extracts or oils), combining these additions with one or more typical surfactants. Baby[edit] Shampoo for infants and young children is formulated so that it is less irritating and usually less prone to produce a stinging or burning sensation if it were to get into the eyes. Solid[edit] Solid shampoos or shampoo bars use as their surfactants soaps or other surfactants formulated as solids. They have the advantage of being spill-proof. They are easy to apply; one may simply rub the bar over wet hair, and work the soaped hair into a low lather. Dry shampoo[edit] Powdered shampoos are designed to work without water. They are typically based on powders such as starch, silica or talc, and are intended to physically absorb excess sebum from the hair before being brushed out. Antibacterial[edit] Antibacterial shampoos are often used in veterinary medicine for various conditions,[21][22] as well as in humans before some surgical procedures.[23] [24] Traditional use in India In India, a variety of herbs and their extracts are used as shampoos. A very effective shampoo is made by boiling soapnuts with dried Indian gooseberry and a few other herbs. They leave the hair soft, shiny and manageable. Other products used for hair cleansing are shikakai (Acacia concinna), soapnuts (Sapindus), hibiscus flowers and arappu (Albizzia amara). Why we chose Shampoo as our product 3. Shampoos are about as big a subject as there is in Hair Care, it is the single biggest hair care product for sale and it is the single most asked about hair care subject so the importance is enormous. There are thousands of brands of shampoos ranging from special baby shampoos all the way to Shimmer Lights a shampoo made for the grey hair set and everything in between. They make them for dandruff and for redheads, for men and for blondes, for African Americans and Latina Americans... There's simply is not a category shampoos are not made for. Daily hair care regimens were once as simple as: Wet hair, lather, rinse, repeat. Today, however, your choices extend way beyond traditional shampoos and conditioners.