Pathology is the hidden Science at the Heart of Modern Medicine, Vital for the Diagnosis & Clinical Management of Disease.

The Royal College of Pathologists London

= S TU DY A B NO R MA L S TA TE O F B O DY P A R T IC U L A R IN MO R P HO L O G IC A L & FU NC TIO NA L C HA NG E S O F O R G A N, T IS S U E C E L L S .

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diagnosis

•Why study? •This course will be used when?

General Pathology

Pathology What?Why study?Learn How?What are the basic requirements of knowledge.This course will be used when? How?

Pathology = Pathos + Logos

Suffering Study

Study of Disease

Scope of Pathology

Anatomical Pathology Clinical Pathology•surgical pathology•cytopathology•forensic pathology •Oral and maxillofacial pathology

•clinical chemistry•clinical hematology/blood banking •clinical microbiology

Veterinary pathology is concerned with animal disease Phytopathology is the study of plant diseases.

~ medical technologistsPathologists

A combination both anatomical and clinical pathology is known as general pathology

also called investigative pathology, experimental pathology or theoretical pathology

is a broad and complex scientific field which seeks to understand the mechanisms of injury to cells and tissues, as well as the body's means of responding to and repairing injury

THEORETICAL STUDY

Main object is to know the nature of DISEASE by study as the following :-

1. Etiology ( causes of diseases )

2. Pathogenesis (mechanism of diseases)

3. Pathological changes : structural change Lesion

6. Prognosis ( prediction the future of victim)

THEORETICAL STUDY

4. Clinical feature : functional & structural changes symptoms & signs of patients

5. Complication

Complications & sequelae

Morphological and functional features

Pathogenesis

Etiology S.aur

eus

Acute inflammation

Boil

Septicemia

Smoking , Polycyclic AHC

Genetic mutation

Lung cancer

Metastasis

HBV

Immune reaction to virus infected cells

Cirrhosis

Liver failure

Increased renin production

High BP

Cerebral hemorrhage

Abnormal stage of body Abnormal stage of body DiseaseDisease

•Disorderly function (show off as abnormal sign and symptom) of organ system of body (cell, tissue, organ)

Sign = objective symptom of disease

Symptom = subjective sign of disease

•Ascites, cachexia, cough, dysphagia, fever, gynecomastia, hemoptysis, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, icterus, lymphadenopathy, palmar erythema

•Chest pain, dizziness, loss of appetite, weakness, numbness, headache, toothache

CellTissueOrgan

Environmental factors

Genetic factors

Change with adaptation

Hypertrophy /hyperplasia

Atrophy

Metaplasia

Inability to adapt

Injury

Death

Structural change

Functional change

Lesion

Signs

Symptoms

The general main causes of disease

Congenital Diseases

Immune disorder: AIDS, Graves’ disease

Genetic Non genetic

* Familial diseases* Abnormal Growth & Development

Acquired Diseases

Iatrogenic disease

Inherited : cystic fibrosis

Spontaneous : Down’s syndrome

Environmental : rubella assoc mal-

Accidental : cerebral palsy ~ birth hypoxia

Inflammation: appendicitis, TB

Neoplasia: lung CA

Non neoplastic: BPHInjury, disordered repair: fracture, aspirin induced PU

Metabolic disorders: DM

Degeneration: osteoarthritis

Hemodynamic disorder : shock, MI

i ii

Cushing’s syndrome ~ X steroids

Aplastic anemia ~ chloramphenicol

Growth disorders

TACTICAL STUDYTACTICAL STUDY

Learn how?

The study "Comparison" between what is normal and abnormal human nature.

Compare the same thing. The same type of structure and function of organs and tissue cell.

Sample comparisonStructure Normal squamous cell VS abnormal squamous cell

Function of organ, tissue, cell

Normal blood sugar VS abnormal blood sugar

Sample comparison

BiochemicalMicrobiologicalHematologicalCell/ tissue culture

Learning objective1. The meaning of pathology and

scope of pathology.2. How to study pathology?

4. The general main causes of disease

3. Techniques of Pathology

REFERENREFERENCESCES1. General and systematic Pathology, 4th edition,

edited by J.C.E.Underwood, “Introduction to Pathology”

2. Concise Pathology, 3rd edition, edited by P. Chandrasoma ; C.R. Taylor, Introduction : The

Discipline of Pathology, pp xiii – xiv

3. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease, 7th edition, edited by Kumar; Abbas; Fausto;

“Introduction to Pathology” pp 4