Internet for Development

Roberto PolilloDepartment of Informatics, Systems and Communication

University of Milano Bicocca

Internet for development1

The discipline: ICT4D

Information and Communication Technologies for Development“The application of ICT within the field of socio-economic development, international development and human rights” (Wikipedia)

Interdisciplinariety, different approaches, philosophies, goals, ...

We bring with ourselves our story, …

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Agenda

1. What is development – and how to measure it

2. ICT penetration and digital divide3. Evolution of the Internet as a global

resource4. Internet for development: a quantic gap5. Case studies6. Some conclusions

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1. What is development – and how to measure it

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What does it mean "development"? Development means different things to

different people At its core, it involves concepts of

"progress" and "growth"

Development is a multi-dimensional entity, involving empowerment, participation, ….

It cannot be simply equated to the growth of GNP or personal purchasing power…

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However you measure it…

A world of differences

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GDP per capita, 20107

Blue: above world GDP per capita (USD 10,700, purchasing power parity)Orange: below world GDP per capita

Source: IMF International Monetary Fund, from Wikipedia

Country classification by yearly GNI per capita (World Bank, 2008)

8≤ 975≤ 3.855

≤ 11.905> 11.906

GNI per capita (US$)

48.000

35.500

(In 2010, tresholds increased by 3%)

Least Developed Countries10

In 2010:•49 countries•833 ml people

LDC in 2007, from Wikipedia

LDC defined by UN, based on 3 criteria:Low income Human resources weaknessEconomic vulnerability

Almost half the world live on less than $2.50 a day

http://www.globalissues.org

HDI: Human Development Index Developed by UNDP (United Nations

Development Programme, www.undp.org ), from 1992

Covering almost 200 countries Three basic dimensions :

HEALTH: Life expectancy at birth EDUCATION: Education Index

(various indices, changed in 2011) INCOME: Per-capita GNI Index

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HDI divide in 2011

See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index

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Other indicators14

Life expectancyPoverty ratesUnenployment ratesDisposable incomeEducation levels…

Natural resourcesPollution & wasteHuman health…

Satisfaction with lifeHealth conditionsStandard of livingFamily lifeJobs….

www.beyond-gdp.eu

2. ICT penetration and digital divide

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What a decade!

The first decade of the new millennium saw extraordinary progress in ICT – globally: Global mobile cellular penetration Global internet penetration Enormous technological improvements in ICT The Internet as a pervasive resource

The lag between developed and developing world can be considered to be less that 10 years – on average

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(can be downloaded from the net at no cost)

A fundamental source, highly recommended: www.itu.org

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The global picture

Mobile With 5.9 billion mobile-cellular subscriptions, global

penetration reaches 87%, and 79% in the developing world In LDCs two thirds of people have cellular coverage and

mobile cellular penetration has reached 34% - up from 5% five years earlier

Internet One third of the world population is online 45% of Internet users are below the age of 25 25% of internet users are in China

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Source: ITU Fact and figures, 2011

The global growth, 2000-2010

Source: ITU, Measuring the Information Society, 2011

12%

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2011 est:86.7%

Mobile cellular penetration growth

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Source: ITU

Mobile cellular subscription divide, 2000-2010


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6 yrs lag

Mobile cellular penetration by 2011*

http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/statistics/

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CIS: Commonwealth of Independent States

Much higher

that the USA

penetration in 2004 (43%)

Rural population covered by a mobile signal, 2002-2008

ITU, "Monitoring the WSIS targets. A mid term review", 2010

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Internet Users divide, 2000-2010


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This is higher than global fixed (16%) and mobile (12%) telephone penetration in 2000

Lag about 11 years

Internet penetration, by region, 2011*

http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/statistics/

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Global bandwidth growth29

7x in 5 years

Broadband: what is it?

"Broadband" is a technology neutral term, often used as a marketing buzzword, with different meanings

ITU defines broadband internet access as a [fixed or wireless] public access to the internet at a downstream speed equal or greater than 256 Kbps (March 2010)

Broadband is supported by different technologies with different speed

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Broadband requirements: examples YouTube:

min 500 Kbps; optimal: 1 Mbps or higher Skype:

voice call: 100 Kbps recommended video call: 128-500 Kbps group video call (3 people): 512 Kbps – 2 Mbps

download Streaming movies:

2,5 Mbps suggested 10 Mbps suggested for HD

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Broadband on Europe Digital Agenda By 2013:

bring basic broadband to all Europeans By 2020:

ensure that all Europeans have access to internet speed of above 30 Mbps and

50% or more European households subscribe to Internet connections above 100 Mbps

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Broadband divide

Fixed broadband subscribers Mobile broadband subscribers


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Cost: IPB (ICT Price Basket) Developed by ITU to compare the price of

TLC in different countries Based on a mix of use using fixed telephone,

mobile cellulare and fixed broadband Measured in % to the average monthly

income 2010:

Ranges from 0,2% (Monaco) to 71,6% (Niger)Italy: 0,9% (28th); USA: 0,6% (12th)

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Price divide by IPB values (2010)


Ultra-low cost mobiles40

IDI (ICT Development Index) Developed by ITU to measure the level

and evolution over time of ICT in different countries, and to measure the digital divide

Based on a 3 stage model of ICT development

Computed for 159 countries, 2002, 2007 & 2008

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The 3 stages model of IDI

1 2 3

Access sub-index

Use sub-index

Skillssub-index

11indicatorsIDI

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IDI components

Source: ITU, Measuring the Information Society, 2010Source: ITU, Measuring the Information Society, 2009

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Digital divide by IDI values (2010)

3. Evolution of the Internet as a global resource

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Evolution of the Internet49

1995+

Company web sites Web portals Search engines E-commerce Web as an interface ….

HYPERTEXT, eCOMMERCE

2005+

Blogs Social networks UGC Cooperative

creation Sharing Reusable

contents …

SOCIAL MEDIA

1985+

E-mail File transfer Newsgroups ….

COMMUNICATION NETWORK

Christmas 2006

Time person of the year50

Christmas 2010

Christmas 2011

Evoluzione di Internet51

2010+Mobile access

Internet for development52

E-governmen

t

E-entertainmentE-inclusion

Broadband Internet access Broadband

Internet access

E-healthE-

education

E-commerc

e

E-communicat

ion

ICT4D: two basic approaches

"TOP DOWN"

"BOTTOM UP"

- ICT for productivity- From the experience and models of developed countries - Emphasis on [large] organizations

- ICT for human development- From the needs of local communities and individuals- New models of services, collaboration and interaction based on local needs and experiences

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The application long-tail56

Source: www.kiwania.net

4. Internet for development: a quantic gap

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These tools can change completely the approach of ICT4D, and its results…

Three big revolutions… Three big revolutions…

Never, in the story of technology, we had at our disposal a set of powerful tools like those resulting from the evolution of the internet in the last few years…

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1. Communications

Cellular telephony SMS Mail Forum Chat Blog Social networks Microblogging IP telephony Web radio Tele-conference

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1. Communications

Cellular telephony SMS Mail Forum Chat Blog Social networks Microblogging IP telephony Teleconference Web radio/TV

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2011 est:86.7%


1. Communications

Cellular telephony SMS Mail Forum Chat Blog Social networks Microblogging IP telephony Web radio Tele-conference

2003: Skype, Linkedin, MySpace, 2004: Facebook, Flickr, Orkut2005: Youtube, Ning, Zoho2006: Twitter , Google Docs2007:2008: Livestream2009: Foursquare2010:2011: Google+

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2. Cloud computing

Computing power accessible from the net (cloud)

Large reduction of entry barrier to the implementation of ICT solutions: no hardware & software infrastructure needed

Sustainability of ICT solutions: low operation costs

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2. Software as a service

Computing power accessible from the net (cloud)

Large reduction of entry barrier to the implementation of ICT solutions: no hardware & software infrastructure needed

Sustainability of ICT solutions: low operation costs

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Application

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t

Entrybarrier

Before

Entry barrier (CAPEX)

- Hw & sw client & server- K-H (systems & apps) - Infrastructure- Organization set-up

Sustainability (OPEX)

- hw & sw maintenance- Recurrent fees- Technical support- Operations

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t

Entrybarrier

- Hw/sw client - Client maintenance- Recurrent fees (applications and connectivity)

Entry barrier (CAPEX) Sustainability (OPEX)

After

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2. Software as a service

Developing countryDeveloped country

A new role for NGO?

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Application virtualization

“Ecosystems” of open-source software components, developed and maintained by large communities

Online services easily integrable to provide higher level services (embedding & mashup technologies)

3. I building block per le applicazioni 3. Applications building blocks

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5. Case studies70

Case study: Web portal + mobile phoneCGNet Swara Voice-based portal, freely accessible via mobile

phone (Chhattisgarh, India) Allows anyone to report and listen stories of local

interest Reported stories are moderated and become

available for playback online as well as over the phone

http://cgnetswara.org http://www.youtube.com/watch?

feature=player_embedded&v=kbAFwZMs4vA http://www.thinkinnovation.org/it/innovation/

innovation.php?c=5&id=105

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http://rise.mahindra.com/cgnet-swara-the-rise-of-the-citizen-journalist/

Case study: Laptop + mobile for communication via SMS: FrontlineSMS73

VIDEO: http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=hEK0dTWgqzQ#!

www.kiwanja.net

75 http://medicmobile.org/2010/01/11/art-with-impact/

76http://medicmobile.org/2011/03/02/help-extend-medical-care-in-india-with-3-simple-clicks/

Case study: Children hospital La Mascota, Managua (Nicaragua)

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The network

Policlinico Milan

La Mascota Managua

VPN

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Case study: E-health Points in Punjab

http://www.thinkinnovation.org/it/innovation/innovation.php?c=2&id=70

Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SZItaMLGP0s&feature=player_embedded#!

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www.cure4kids.org: growth

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Start: Oct 2002

Oggi: 23.000 utenti in 176 Paesi

Case study: crowdsourcing

Crowdsourcing to mobile phone owners simple jobs requiring cellular (e.g. translation in local language,, input of local data,…)

http://txteagle.com , Kenia

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Case study: job requests

Posting requests of low-skilled jobs to web sites and SMS

http://www.babajob.com , India

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6. Some conclusions87

The pace of change

ICT is changing fast…

My grandaddy (born 1883) typewriter: I learned typing on it

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…and now I use this

• Piattaforme open source• Servizi di hosting• Servizi online per costruzione e hosting• Servizi di pagamento online• Social network sites• Photo, video, slides and document sharing sites•Telefonia IP• Microblogging• Online application suites• Online intranet• Geolocalizzazione

The pace of change…

Drupal

Word

press

Joomla

Altervi

sta Word

press.

com

W

ikia

Webs

Ning

Weebly

Skyp

e

Twitter

Google

Apps

Linke

dIn

Fac

ebook

YouTube

Slid

eshar

e

Fl

ickr

G

oogle D

ocsZo

ho

Paypal

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Four

squa

re

The pace of change

People is changing slowly… …but the world is getting younger and

younger …and the new generations have grown

(and will grow) with technology

We must target the new generations as the driving force for change

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Internet is a lot more…

The “new” ICT (Internet) is different, and can give a lot of value…

…for a low cost The main enabler will be broadband

[mobile] access to the Internet … because it gives access to lots of

things (definitely, not only information!)

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An agenda for change

Invest in broadband [mobile] access The software is there, and is (almost) free Develop skills to identify, mix and

integrate existing software and services Take advantage of utility computing to

avoid building local infrastructures Concentrate on applications requirements,

prototyping and experimentation Share results over the net

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In three words…

1. Connect, connect, connect

2. Learn and experience the new paradigms

3. Understand local needs

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Thank [email protected]

www.rpolillo.it

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