International Relations in the 20th Century

World War One, World War Two and the Cold War

The ALLIES: Britain, France, Russia, Italy and the USA

The CENTRAL POWERS: Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Turkish (Ottoman) empire

The two sides in the War

Some people were very happy when World War One started….

It was all a laugh at the start…

But by the end….

1914 – Murder of Archduke of Austria triggers start of

war. Other countries are “dragged in” 1916 – Battle of the Somme – biggest battle of the war 1917 – USA enters war on side of the Allies 1917 – Russian Revolution, Russia leaves the war 1918 – Stalemate and end of war 1919 – Versailles Treaty officially ends war

Timeline

Formally ended World War One Very harsh on Germany – had to pay reparations

(compensation) to its enemies in the war Germany had to give up land to its neighbours German Army restricted to 100,000 men Was blamed for starting the war

Germans felt very bitter about this – Adolf Hitler used this bitterness to get himself into power in the 1930s

Treaty of Versailles

Former warring countries came together in an

international organisation called the League of Nations Aim was to prevent war between its members Was a failure because it was weak – many countries

ignored it. America took no part in it – tried to stay away from

Europe’s problems – this was known as isolationism

League of Nations

2011 Junior Cert

League of Nations German LeaderVersailles Number of war deadReparations Tasty treat in the trenchesThe Great War Peace treaty signed hereEight Million Winners of World War 1Trenches Compensation for war damageRats Another name for WW1Allies Losers of World War 1Central Powers Fighting took place in theseKaiser International organisation to prevent war

Matchup

The Russian Revolution – Communism takes over

The Russian Revolution – Communism takes over

Worker

Rich businessman

Until 1917, Russia was ruled by Tsar Nicholas II Ordinary Russians were very poor and worked long hours

– richest did very little work War against Germany had made things worse In Feb 1917 the Tsar was overthrown and a Russian

Republic was declared

The Russian Revolution – Communism takes over

New Government failed to stop war with Germany Second uprising in October – this time the Bolsheviks

(a.k.a. Communists) took control, led by Vladimir Lenin

October 1917

Lenin died of a stroke in 1924 – replaced by Josef Stalin Stalin tried to modernise the USSR through collective

farms and a 5 year plan to develop industry Collective farms – farms owned by the government

This impressed the rest of the world but was very harsh on ordinary people in the USSR

Lenin dies, Stalin steps up..

“Comrades, join our Collective Farm” – Soviet Propaganda Poster

And the reality…famine victim in Russia

The five year plan – “do it in 4 years!”

NKVD providing motivation to “lazy” Russian workers

Mussolini – an Italian Fascist

Improved relations with the Catholic Church – signed a

treaty that set up Vatican City as a “mini country” separate from Italy

At first opposed to Hitler, later became his ally (the Rome-Berlin axis). Signed “Pact of Steel” with Hitler in 1939

Invaded Abyssinia (Ethiopia) – condemned by France and Britain

Eventually overthrown by Italians during WW2

Mussolini

Across6. where a country has only one ruling party 7. Country Mussolini was leader of Down Mussolini hated other races: thus he was a ...... 2. Mussolini's secret police 3. Fascist youth movment 4. Mussolini's followers 5. Mussolini hated people like these

Mussolini Fascist/Blackshirt Communist Pact of Steel Communism Lenin Stalin Propaganda Dictatorship Lateran Treaty Abyssinia League of Nations

Key Terms

Germany became a Republic after World War 1 – known

as “Weimar Republic” after town of Weimar As the new Democratic Government was seen as weak

and unable to solve Germany’s problems, it became unpopular

Threats from Communists meant that anti-communists (like Hitler) became more popular

Economic Depression after 1929 led people to turn away from democracy….

The Weimar Republic

A disabled War Veteran begging in Weimar Germany

Economic Depression in Germany – money becomes worthless

Born in Vienna, fought in World War One for Germany Very anti-semitic (hated Jewish People) – blamed them

for Germany’s problems & for the war Joined the German Worker’s Party and renamed it the

National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi Party) Great Public Speaker

Hitler

The Sturmabteilung (SA) – Hitler’s Henchmen

The Schutzstaffel (SS) – Hitler’s most fanatical followers at work

Munich Putch (Beer Hall Putch) – Hitler’s unsuccessful

attempt to seize control of Germany in 1923

Mein Kampf – “My Struggle” – Hitler’s book which promoted his racist ideas and demands for Anschluss (German Domination of Europe)

Munich Putsch and Mein Kampf

1929 – the “Wall Street Crash” and economic recession

Economic Depression makes German banknotes worthless – banknotes used as wallpaper

Hitler’s Nazi party (NSDAP) became the largest party in

the German Parliament (Reichstag) elections Hitler was appointed Chancellor by President Hindenburg

1933 – Hitler becomes Chancellor (Prime Minister)

(Nazis)

Hitler and Hindenburg

Bans Communist Party Gets Reichstag (German Parliament ) to pass the Enabling

Act law – becomes dictator of Germany Night of the Long Knives – leader of Stormstroopers (SA)

Ernst Rohm is murdered by Hitler (to stop him becoming too powerful)

Hitler in Control

Hitler blamed the Jews for all of Germany’s problems During World War 2, Hitler decided to end the Jewish

“problem” by murdering all of them – the Final Solution Hitler’s deputy (Heinrich Himmler) was in charge of this First step was to herd the Jews into overcrowded Ghettos

(e.g. Warsaw ghetto)

The Holocaust

Second step was the construction of extermination

camps Concentration Camps – worked people to death Extermination Camps – just killed people People were murdered using poison gas (Zyklon B) and

their bodies burned 6 Million Jewish people died this way

The Holocaust

Holocaust – murder of mother and child

Arrival of Jews at a Concentration Camp

Holocaust – Gassing of civilians took place here

Holocaust – disposal of bodies by burning

Mass Grave of Jewish Holocaust Victims

Hitler believed that Germany should expand into other

countries for “living space” (Lebensraum) After World War 1, he wanted to build up Germany into

an empire which he called the Third Reich He began to break the Versailles Treaty by building up a

bigger army and air force (Luftwaffe) The French and British were afraid of him and tried to give

him what he wanted – this was known as appeasement

Hitler’s Foreign Policy

Fuhrer Mass murder of Jews

Anti-Semitism A Concentraton CampWeimar Republic Hitler’s AutobiographyMein Kampf “Father” – e.g. HitlerKristallnacht Democratic Germany Dachau Hitler’s HenchmenHolocaust Hatred of JewsBrownshirts Night of Broken Glass

Matchup