Pakistan and the Muslim world

PAKISTAN—AFGHANISTANRELATIONS

Same Religion, History, Ethinicity & NeighborhoodThen WHY a tale of mostly SOUR relations??

EARLY RELATIONS

• PASHTUNISTAN issue—a major bone of contention

• Afghanistan—open supporter of an independent and sovereign Pashtunistan

• INTENTION—gaining territory• Afghanistan only country to oppose Pak’s

entry into UN• Consequences—Cross-border raids, bombing

of afghan village 1949

REJECTION OF DURAND LINE

• DURAND LINE AGREEMENT signed up between British Indian Foreign Secretary Sir Mortimer Durand and Amir Abdur Rahman Khan of Afghanistan in 1893

• 2640 km long

• Afghan Loya Jirga (Parliament) decides to repudiate all former treaties with British India, including Durand Line in 1949

• No government in Afghanistan has recognized the Line ever since

• http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/maps.htm

FURTHER STRAIN ON RELATIONS

• 1951—Assassination of Liaquat Ali Khan by afghan citizen Saad Akbar Babrak

• 1955—One Unit Scheme of Pakistan led to sacking of Pakistani embassy. 70,000 personnel mobilized by afghan army. Border closure for 5 months.

• Sardar Daud: “Border will remain closed until the Pashtunistan issue is solved”

Ayesha Jalal The State of Martial Rule: The Origins of Pakistan’s political economy of defence (Cambridge, 2008), p. 132-135http://ibidjournal.wordpress.com/

BRIEF LAPSE IN TENSION (1963-1971)

• Pakistan ally of USA and China. A militarily stronger Pakistan washed away Afghan hopes of gaining territory

• Sardar Daud, a strong proponent of Pashtunistan, left power.

• 1965 and 1971 wars—Kabul did not make any threatening moves against Pakistan

• Rational Actor Model: Pak’s strategic interests in maintaining friendly relations with Afghanistan: Strategic depth against India

BALOCHISTAN INSURGENCY & SOVIET INVASION

• Afghan govt. supported Balochistan insurgents• Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto equipped Islamic Jihaadists to counter

threat: Ahmad Shah Massoud, Barhuddin Rabbani and Gulbadin Hekmetyar. Pak’s interests in influencing Afghan politics (Rubin, Fragmentation of Afghanistan, p. 100. The key advisor

Naseerullah Babar. He would go on to advise Bhutto’s daughter Benazir along the same lines with respect to supporting the Taliban in the 1990)

• A pliable govt. in Kabul desired by Pakistan• Soviet invasion—an opportunity

to improve relations with Afghanistan. Pak support

• 3 million afghan refugees sheltered • Repercussions for PakistanAmerican historian Paul Kennedy, “Ten years of active involvement in the Afghan war has changed the social profile of Pakistan to such an extent that any government faces serious problems in effective governance. Pakistani society is now more fractured, inundated with sophisticated weapons, brutalized due to growing civic violence and overwhelmed by the spread of narcotics”.

• Terrorist bombings by Soviet KGB, RAW and KhaD ( afghan intelligence)

RISE OF TALIBAN—PAK’S ROLE

• Power vacuum in Afghanistan after Soviet withdrawal• Golden opportunity for Pakistan to help establish

stability in Afghanistan. A safe route needed to access Central Asian states

• Benazir Bhutto’s govt. laid foundation for Tehrik-e-Taliban whose goal : break power of warlords

• According to Roman historian Tacitus, the ultra orthodox ‐neo fundamentalist Taliban made a wilderness and ‐called it peace; but still, it was a kind of peace and as such it was welcomed by the war weary population

• Taliban into power in 1996

http://www.2point6billion.com/news/2008/07/14/central-asia-asias-central-focus-804.html

Gen Pervez Musharraf:“This is our national interest…the Taliban cannot be alienated by Pakistan. We have a national security interest there.”

BUT WAR ON TERROR CHANGES EVERYTHING

September 12, 2001, US Deputy Secretary of State Richard Armitage made a series of unilateral demands on Pakistan. The head of Pakistan’s ISI General Mahmood Ahmad pleaded with him to reconsider, stating, “You have to understand history.” “No,” Armitage responded, “History begins today”(Richard Armitage interview, Return of the Taliban, PBS Frontline, July 20, 2006)FOREIGN POLICY ANALYSIS:SYSTEMIC , NATION-STATE LEVEL

RELATIONS WORSEN

• Ties with Taliban in Pakistan’s strategic national interests. US pressure.

• 2003: Border clashes• 2006: Hamid Karzai accuses Pakistan of sheltering

terrorists• Feb 2006: Karzai on Durand Line: “a line of hatred”• 110,000 troops deployed by Pakistan• Taliban: Pakistan’s very own Frankenstein Monster• Suspicion on Pak govt. offering patronage to terrorists

WHY WOULD PAKISTAN DO THAT ???

STEPS TOWARDS ECONOMIC TIES

July 2010: Memorandum of Understanding reached, supervised by US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton

October 2010: Afghan-Pak Transit Trade Agreement signed by Pakistani Commerce Minister Makhdoom Amin Fahim and Anwar ul-Haq Ahady, Afghan Ministry of Commerce.

November 2010: the two states formed a joint chamber of commerce to expande trade relations.

Afghan President Karzai, US President Obama and Pakistani President Zardari during a US-Afghan-Pakistan Trilateral meeting at White House

PAKISTAN – IRAN RELATIONS

First country that accorded official recognition to the independence of Pakistan in August 1947 Iran Pakistan and are bound together by faith, common heritage and shared values of love and peace, tolerance and humanity. Political Relations:1. first decade of independence - established bilateral relations 2. In the early 1970s, Pakistan's success in ending a powerful separatist

insurgency in Baluchistan due to support of the Iranian military. 3. 1990s, the relations declined as the rise of anti-Shi'ite terrorist activities in

Pakistan and the assassination of Iran's counsel general, Sadeq Ganji, in Lahore in 1990, and subsequently the coming to power of the Taliban in Afghanistan

4. 1999 : General Pervez Musharraf visited Tehran and promised to address the terrorist activities in Pakistan; subsequently relations between the two countries improved.

PAKISTAN – IRAN RELATIONS

5. February 2001: execution of Ganji's assassin by the Pakistan, Iran gained a new level of confidence in Pakistan's determination to curb anti-Shi'ite extremism in that country.

6. December 2002 president Mohammad Khatami's visit to Pakistan in, the first by an Iranian president in 10 years. Discussions on regional security, Pakistani-Indian relations. Iran and Pakistan signed four agreements and a memorandum of understanding (MoU) aimed at enhancing their bilateral relationship, mainly in the fields of trade, plant quarantine, science and technology.

7. October 2003: Pakistan's prime minister, Mir Zafarullah Khan Jamali, and reached a landmark preferential trade agreement. Another agreement was on the revitalization of a trilateral commission among Iran, Pakistan and Afghanistan. Jamali visited Iran again in February 2004 to attend the Developing Eight (D-8) meeting.

PAKISTAN – IRAN RELATIONS

8. March 2004, Iran's first vice president, Reza Aref, visited Pakistan. His talks centered on further strengthening the existing cooperation between the two countries.

Economic relations: 1. low level of economic exchange2. Trade between them during 2005 was barely more than half a billion US

dollars. 3. Trade deficit for Pakistan.4. The causes are : erection of unnecessary trade barriers, Pakistani transport

equipment, leather & wheat order cancelled because of reports of delays in shipments of its poor quality. Pakistan began to import Iranian electricity for Balochistan province.

5. petroleum smuggling Nuclear cooperation

PAKISTAN – IRAN RELATIONS

PAKISTAN-BANGLADESH RELATIONS

Pakistan was hostile to Bangladesh in the early 1970s1974 due to pressure from Islamic world Pakistan recognized Bangladesh. Diplomatic relations were established in January 1976, followed by the reestablishment of communications and transportation links later in the year. Bangladesh subsequently began to move closer to China and the West, stressed its Islamic cultural heritage, its interests became increasingly similar to those of Pakistan1979 : cultural agreementJoint economic, commercial, and technical pacts signed exchange of major exports of both countries: jute and tea from Bangladesh, and cotton and cloth from Pakistan. In 1980s, Bangladesh supported Pakistan's policy of opposing Soviet actions in Afghanistan.

PAKISTAN-BANGLADESH RELATIONS

Two major areas of disagreements remains between them and both stemmed from the dislocations resulting from the independence struggle.

1. The finances of united Pakistan. 2. The emigration of large numbers of people,

mostly Biharis (non-Bengali Muslims), to Pakistan.

PAKISTAN-BANGLADESH RELATIONS

Pakistan & Turkey

Pakistan and Turkey

•Pakistan and Turkey have always had warm and cordial relations.• Except when Pakistan recognized Taliban’s government in Afghanistan.•On October 26, 2009: President Zardari awarded Nishan-e-Pakistan to Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan in recognition of his visionary leadership and outstanding contribution to strengthen Pak-Turk relations.•Erdogan called Pakistan his second home by saying, “Istanbul, as much as being a Turkish city also belongs to Pakistanis. We too feel at home in Islamabad...in every corner of Pakistan.”•“The deep affinity and respect between the peoples of Turkey and Pakistan as well as solidarity between us have hardly any other examples across the world,”

http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Sports/24-Mar-2010/Turkish-PM-Erdogan-given-NishanePakistanhttp://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=88433&Itemid=1http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=turkey-rolls-up-sleeves-for-pakistan-help-2010-08-18http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=34286718&site=ehost-live

-Erdogan said, “We will particularly strive to accelerate our economic and trade relations and Inshallah we will raise our trade volume to US 2 billion dollars by

the end of 2012”.-A container train service was launched by the Prime

Minister of Pakistan Yousuf Raza Gilani between Islamabad and Istanbul on 14 August 2009.

-After Floods in Pakistan in 2010, Turkish Prime minister visited Pakistan and donated a sum of $11 million.

Pakistan & Central Asia

-Pakistan expressed ‘over enthusiasm’ at the time of independence of these states for establishing closer links with these states .

-As a goodwill gesture Pakistan sent 1000 tons of rice, $10 million credit, 100,000 worth of medicines for each Central Asian state.

-Economic Cooperation Organization framework was reinvigorated to admit six Central Asian states and Afghanistan in 1992.

-Agreements to import hydelpower from Tajikistan & Kyrgyzstan were also signed in 1992.-The civil war in Afghanistan and Pakistan’s support of the Pushtoon ethnic faction against

Tajik and Uzbek ethnic groups, especially after the emergence of the Taliban in 1994, adversely affected the development of bilateral relations.

-The 9/11 attacks changed the entire scenario when Pakistan distanced itself from the Taliban regime.

-Pakistan is keen to use its strategic geographic location to serve as a trade and energy corridor for Central Asia .

http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/coe21/publish/no16_1_ses/11_rahman.pdfhttp://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=31428266&site=ehost-live

PAKISTAN-LIBYA RELATIONS

http://www.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=4795&Cat=13&dt=3/22/201

AGENDA 1 .POLITICAL RELATIONS

PAST (DEVELOPMENT) RECENT ISSUES

2 .TRADE

3 .NUCLEAR

HOW DID IT START?

Along with anti-imperialism policies, Kaddafi supported Islamic causes as well which made him the great Islamic hero for Pakistan public in 1974.

Kaddafi found out a new way of ruling i.e. Jamahiriya. Also his no support for afghan mujahedeen and influence of soviet bloc collectively led to decline in bilateral relations with Islamic bloc including Pakistan.

He said: “the Islam of Islamabad whose ka’aba is Washington”

Thus the relations with Libya are balanced.

TRADEValue in Million US $

Years Exports Imports Balance

2003-2004 2.673 0.148 2.525

2004-2005 3.814 0.960 2.854

2005-2006 2.635 0.787 1.848

2006-2007 4.587 2.362 2.225

2007-2008 4.930 0.738 4.192

2008-09 Jul-Feb 4.809 0.145 4.954

http://www.mofa.gov.pk/libya/contents.aspx?type=statements&id=3

NUCLEAR The Risk ReportVolume 10, Issue 2 (March-April 2004

-2003 Qaddafi allowed IAEA, director elbaradei and British officials to inspect its nuclear projects. However at the end they were seemed to disagree on status of nuclear weapons in libya.

-According to director elbaradei, ““we haven’t seen any industrial-scale facility to produce highly enriched

uranium. We haven’t seen any enriched uranium”.

:// . . / / / - .http www wisconsinproject org countries libya libya nuc htm

The question is,“The fact that Libya could make substantial progress while

subject to strict U.N. sanctions, IAEA inspections and, presumably, the scrutiny of U.S. and Israeli intelligence raises serious questions about the ability to deter the spread of nuclear weapons.Pakistan's role .

:// . . / / / - .http www wisconsinproject org countries libya libya nuc htm

LIBYAN REVOLUTION AND THE PRESENT STATUS

(Thursday march 04, 2011)Foreign Secretary Salman Bashir said

“We have seen reports of ‘no fly zones’ and some forces moving to the Mediterranean. This is the internal political situation of Libya and Pakistan would not like to offer any comments. We wish peace and stability for Libya, as we are mindful of the Libyan history. There are strategic implications for the region and for the world. It is a complex issue but the people

of Libya will find their own equilibrium”

“The most pressing issue for us is the question of the safety and well-being of our nationals. We have concerns for their well-being”.

:// . . . / . ? =4382 =13 =http www thenews com pk TodaysPrintDetail aspx ID &Cat &dt

3/4/2011

“Pakistan is following, with serious concern, the developments in Libya in the wake of the military strikes. The loss of precious human lives is indeed regrettable. Peaceful political solution needs to be evolved by the Libyan people themselves in the spirit of mutual accommodation and national reconciliation,” Minister of State for Foreign Affairs Hina Rabbani Khar said in a policy statement. Staying short of a clear demand for a ceasefire, Ms Khar called for ensuring “stability, peace and

unity of Libya.”

:// . . /2011/03/22/ -http www dawn com pakistan criticises- - - - .wests intervention in libya html

PAKITAN AND SAUDIARABIA

AGENDA

1 .THE DEVELOPMENT STAGE

2 .PERIOD OF STRAIN

3 .PERCEPTUAL CHANGE (THREAT PERCEPTION)

4 .THE LARGEST MILITARY ISSUE

DEVELOPMENT

-In 40’s oil started to boom Saudis' economy but yet they were weak in exploitation and technical methods.

-Members of OIC.-Saudi support in Kashmir issue and indo-pak war.

-1960 Pakistan support to Saudi Arabia against Yemen.-1980 common mission to support afghan

mujahedeen.-1990-1991 Pakistan sent its army to protect holy sites

in persian gulf war.

PERIODS OF STRAIN

1 .Pakistan signing the Baghdad pact which included Iraq

2 .sympathy shown by Bhutto towards Palestine, Bhutto’s movement against Ayub khan who was a favorite of King Faisal and Bhutto’s choice of choosing an Ahmadi sect ambassador.

Perceptual change

Pakistan like an elder brother.

(1971 war and oil boom in 70’s)

Saudi as senior partner

THREAT PERCEPTION

ISRAEL (military assistance by Pakistan)

Egypt, Syria and Yemen

ISLAMIC REVOLUTION (Iran)(after gulf war, there has been decline in

importance of Pakistan military)

MILITARY

-First deal signed in 1982 under Zia-ul-haq.

-2006 ,revised, joint war exercises and transfer of war technology from Islamabad to Riyadh, under general Pervez Musharaf.

:// . - . / -1http www india defence com reports637

The secret agreement

Pakistan and Saudi Arabia have concluded a secret agreement on “nuclear cooperation” that will provide the Saudis with nuclear-weapons technology in exchange for cheap oil, according to a ranking Pakistani insider.

:// . . / /2003/ /21/20031021-112804-8451 /http www washingtontimes com news oct r

“It will be vehemently denied by both countries,” said the Pakistani source, whose information has proven reliable for more than a decade, “but future events will confirm that Pakistan has agreed to provide [Saudi Arabia] with the wherewithal

for a nuclear deterrent”.

As predicted, Saudi Arabia — which has faced strong international suspicion for years that it was seeking a nuclear capability through Pakistan — strongly denied the claim.

:// . . / /87373/ - - - - - - - /http tribune com pk story external actors saudi arabias covert role in pakistan

PAKISTAN- IRAQ RELATIONS

Pakistan-Iraq Relations

-1947 :Iraq was the first Arab country to recognize Pakistan.-1990 Gulf crisis: Pakistan government condemned Iraq's

invasion of Kuwait and responded positively to the Saudi request for dispatching troops for Riyadh's assistance for the defense of Saudi Arabia.

-However, once Iraq equated this issue with the Israeli occupation of Arab territories, public opinion shifted in

favour of Iraq. But ,In the words of the then foreign minister, Shehryar Khan, a stance that supported Saddam Hussain would have alienated the U.S., the Saudis and the world community and consigned 'Pakistan's fate to that of

Muslim Albania’.http://www.ipcs.org/pdf_file/issue/362210788IB06-SubaChandran-WarOnIraqPakistan.pdfhttp://www.millat.com/democracy/Foreign%20Policy/cs_fp_No1.pdf

-2003 American invasion of Iraq: Pakistan abstained from voting in the UN Security Council against the American invasion because of fears of US disapproval on one hand and public opinion on the other.

" At the end of the day, we would like to send Pakistan forces not to be seen as an extension of occupation but to be seen as a force which has gone there for the welfare of the people of Iraq," President General Musharraf said.

-February 2010: An Iraqi Defense Delegation arrived in Pakistan seeking to improve defense cooperation between the two countries. Pakistani Officials are believed to have offered a wide-ranging military training program for Iraqi servicemen in Pakistani military training establishments. Such arrangements are already in place to train military personnel from a number of countries Pakistan has traditionally had close relations with, but not with Iraq.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3136772.stmhttp://www.defaiya.com/defaiyaonline/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=500%3Airaq-a-pakistan-discuss-defense-cooperation-&catid=67%3Airaq&Itemid=27&lang=en

-Since the Baathists of Iraq followed a secular ideology, they have not had any particular interest

in the religious similarity aspect of Pakistan .-Also, Iraq had better ties with India which further

hindered a close relationship between Pakistan and Iraq.

-Hence the relationship between both the countries has been neither close nor hostile over the period of their existence.

PAKISTAN-KUWAIT RELATIONS

Pakistan- Kuwait Relations

-The relations between Kuwait and Pakistan cover political, diplomatic, religious, trade, economy and a host of other areas.

-Pakistani forces took active part in the liberation of Kuwait along with coalition forces in 1991.

-Kuwait was the first country to send aid to isolated mountain villages in Kashmir after the earthquake of 2005, also offering the largest amount of aid in its aftermath ($100m).

-Moreover, in the aftermath of the 2010 Pakistan floods, the Kuwaiti government lifted a long-standing ban on llecting donations in public

http://www.arabtimesonline.com/NewsDetails/tabid/96/smid/414/ArticleID/168909/reftab/69/t/Pakistani-leader-lures-Kuwaiti-entrepreneurs/Default.aspx

http://www.daily.pk/saudi-flood-aid-to-pakistan-first-largest-not-politicized-21192/

-Pakistan exports merely $87 million against $2.1 billion of imports from Kuwait. (May 2010)

-The Kuwaiti foreign minister appreciated Pakistan’s role in the development of modern Kuwait by inviting investors

-Kuwait and Pakistan signed Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) in February 2011 to enhance trade relations.

http://www.kuwaittimes.net/read_news.php?newsid=ODcyNTM3OTY5

Economic Interdependence

PAKISTAN AND THE REST OF THE GULF STATES

Pakistan’s relations with other Gulf States

-Gulf states are an important area due to economic and political reasons.

-Pakistan has had close friendly ties with all of them especially UAE since their independence since UAE has been a major donor of financial assistance for Pakistan. Also, UAE was the single largest investor in Pakistan in 2008.

-All these states have a large number of Pakistanis living and working there.

-Pakistan provides military training services to most of these countries .

-All these states are part of OIC and also united under in the Arab-Israeli war.

Source: Class Readings

PAKISTAN AND THE SOUTH EAST ASIA

SEARCHING FOR STATE IDENTITY: PROBLEM FOR MOST POST COLONIAL STATES

-A sense of shared identity needs to be invented in order to bind together different sets of people, often with distinct ethnic and religious identities, within a united entity called a nation-State.

-Whether to reconcilie the “official” state identity or the the “informal” identity of the society on the other

-Islam-as a set of values, norms and principles has long become a reference with which the society identifies itself

-Post-independent governments want shared identity among groups of people with different religious beliefs

-The relationship between islam and politics :role of religion in formation of state identity and foreign policy

CONSIDERING INDONESIA’S CASE

-Home to more than 180 million Muslims, Indonesia is the largest Muslim country in the world. However, the identity of the Indonesian state has never been defined in terms of

Islam- .Tension in the relationship between Islam and the state has been evident since Indonesia's independence in August 1945: the dilemma of a dual state identity as Indonesia defines itself as neither theocratic nor secular

-Islam has not played a dominant role in the country's post-independent politics and policy making .

-Since the fall of military-backed Suharto's government in May 1998, Islam has become a potent political force in Indonesia .

ISLAM IN INDONESIAN FOREIGN POLICY by Rizal Sukma

PAKISTAN-INDONESIA RELATIONS

-Indonesia- the world largest Muslim country in terms of its population, Pakistan -the world second largest Muslim country .

-Both are members of the Organisation of Islamic countries.-Together Indonesia and Pakistan form 375 million Muslim populations,

which is almost 36 percent of the entire Muslim population the world over- ’ Pakistan s help during the Indonesian National Revolution,

(fight against the Dutch Empire colonization) Muhammad Ali Jinnah encouraged Muslim soldiers serving in British Indian army

; 600- to join hands with Indonesians Muslim soldiers of British Indian Army deserted.

-During the 1965 war with India, Indonesia offered to provide Pakistan with military help, and 'to seize Andaman and Nicobar Islands' so as to distract India from Kashmir.

Pakistan’s Vision East Asia(2003)

DEFENCE COOPERATIONS-Signed a memorandum of understanding on defense cooperation (DCA). It is an offer for Indonesia to take

part in joint-manufacturing between Pakistan and China of the JF-17 fighter jet.-Both countries also exchange military personnel for training.

TRADE RELATIONSHIP-Bilateral trade in the tune of US$1 billion.

-Pakistan exports Indonesia kinnow, seafood, textiles, cotton yarn, medical equipment, rice, wheat and carpets; Indonesia exports Pakistan palm oil.

-Pakistan-Indonesia joint venture(2007):Karachi to be the gate-way for Indonesian products- to promote exports of various Indonesian products in Pakistan ,Central

-Asia and Middle East; facilities in Jakarta to give greater access for Pakistani products in Indonesia and other ASEAN countries

-Indonesia at present-the 2nd largest trading partner of Pakistan in the ASEAN region after Malaysia .-Indonesia as Pakistan’s largest buyer in the ASEAN region by taking 20 percent share of Pakistan’s total

exports destined to this region. http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2008/06/24/pakistan-aims-better-relations-with-indonesia-beyond-politics.html

PEOPLE TRAFFIC

Pakistanis living in Indonesia, 100 Indonesian students studying in various Pakistani universities.several Pakistani military personnel training in Indonesian military academies and vice versa

Pakistanis in Singapore and Pakistanis in Malaysia also travel to Indonesia as short term tourist visitorMembers of Pakistani Tableeghi Jamaat also travel to Indonesia for religious propagation, and Islamic religious students from Indonesia come to Pakistan for religious education.

FACING SIMILAR SECURITY CHALLENGES: 2007,Pakistani authorities apprehended a number of terrorist suspects, who were Indonesian nationals, on its soil and handed them over to Indonesia.

As sectarian violence escalated in the Middle East, Pakistani President General Pervez Musharraf in 2007 called for Arab and other majority Muslim nations such as Indonesia and Malaysia to help settle conflicts.The new peace initiative aimed to end fighting among Palestinians and to curb violence in Lebanon and Iraq.

"And since the West is looking and searching for methods and new ideas of bringing peace to the region, I think any new idea, any new initiative would be acceptable to them as long as it is workable, and as I said, it is credible and acceptable to all," Musharraf said.

General Musharraf stressed that non-Arab members of the world's largest group of Muslim nations, the Organization of Islamic Conference, could play a key role in renewed peace negotiations.

-Musharraf: Muslim countries need to club together in a new initiative to resolve turbulence and violence in the Middle East

He said such a grouping of "like-minded" Muslim nations would be listened to.-The two countries are important U.S. allies in the so-called "war on terror.”

-Delivering a lecture on Pakistan-Indonesia relations at the Institute of Management Sciences Peshawar, Santoso said that the main hurdle in the development of economic ties was the imbalance of imports and exports between the countries. “Indonesian exports to Pakistan are worth 500 million dollars, while Pakistani exports to Indonesia are less than 100 million dollars,” adding that Pakistanis’ investment in Indonesia amounted to 11 million dollars but Indonesians’ investment in Pakistan was just 80,000 dollars.

-The ambassador said that the people of both countries had more than just religion in common. “Indonesians are very appreciative of the help extended by the people of Pakistan during the tsunami,” he said.

http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2008/06/24/pakistan-aims-better-relations-with-indonesia-beyond-politics.html

BILATERAL TALKS :

Full dialogue talks and summit-level partnership with ASEAN and participation in other forums, including the East Asia Summit, President Yudhoyono and Gen Musharraf talks in 2007:

Talks with Indian leaders in New Delhi for the establishment of durable peace in South Asia through resolution of outstanding issues, including the Jammu and Kashmir dispute.

The two leaders: Reforming the Organization of Islamic Conference to make it a potent body, capable of addressing the challenges confronting the Muslim world; terrorism posed a threat to the whole region; Defense and trade cooperation also discussedFramework Agreement on Comprehensive Economic Partnership (FACEP) signed in 2005: raise the volume of trade ,towards the signing of Free Trade Agreement (FTA) MoU signed to combat terrorism and establishment of working groups.

Indonesia, Pakistan sign CEP(2007)

To cooperate in the field of quality control and standardization both in agricultural and non-agricultural productsExchange business information and trade delegationsCooperate at the levels of trade promotion organizations and apex bodies of the chambers of commerce and industryReduce tariff and eliminate non-tariff barriersBoth sides agreed to initiate the process of establishing comprehensive economic partnership that would eventually lead to a free trade agreement.

PAKISTAN–INDONESIA RELATIONS, Ghulam Murtaza Khoso, FESEA FACTILE,Sept. 2007,Vol.3, No.09

Humanitarian cooperation

Pakistan Army Task Force and the Pakistan Islamic Medical Association provided medical and relief items to Indonesia, following the 2004 TsunamiIndonesia sent15 tons of medicine and food supplies of $1 million and some doctors to Pakistan during the 2010 Pakistan floodsBoth also founders of the Afro-Asian Conference which helped in independence of colonized countries

PAKISTAN-MALAYSIA RELATIONS

after the Second World War, both Pakistan and Malaysia emerged with similar features: a predominately rural and enclave economy and a highly hierarchical and custom-bound society; both enjoyed rapid rates of economic growth, especially in the 1960sDiplomatic tiesBoth members of Organization of Islamic Conference (O.I.C,) and the Commonwealth of NationsTrade and cultural pact between the two countries, under which the import and export of various goods is done on fairly large scale.

CONTROVERSY

1965 :Pakistan as a mediator to unsuccessfully resolve the – Indonesia Malaysia confrontation

Malysia took sides with India in the United Nations Security Council after the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, partially because India was one of the sponsor to back Malaysia for the Algiers Non Aligned Movement (NAM) conference in June 1965. Pakistan severed ties.

While defending Malaysia's support for India, Malaysian former Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman is reported to have said, "Malaysia's international ties were more

important than its religious ties. "

“Cultural Agreement”, the “Avoidance of Double Taxation Agreement”, and the “Economic and Technical Co-operation Agreement” in 1980’s during an official visit by the Malaysian Prime Minister, Dato Hussein bin Onn, to Pakistan strengthened economic ties.Joint Economic Committee set up.

In 1993, Dr Mahathir visited Pakistan, discussed promotion of trade and the export of Pakistani manpower to MalaysiaVisits between the two countries increased since the establishment of the Organization of Islamic Countries (OIC) and the World Islamic Economic Forum

(WIEF) where the free trade agreement was finalized in November 2006  .Transport linksPakistan and Malaysia are linked by Air Transport. Pakistan International Airlines and

Malaysia Airlines operate many weekly flights between Karachi and Kuala Lumpur.

http://www.dawn.com/2007/10/31/index.htm

TRADE LINKS

Malaysia and Pakistan have signed a Free Trade Agreement known as Malayisa-Pakistan Closer Economic

Partnership Agreement (MPCEPA) in Jan 2008 .Since 1998,Pakistan has moved away from a strong protectionist inward- oriented import substitution trade regime to a more liberalized one, through tariff cuts and rationalization

   Trade per capita Trade: GDP ratio

Pakistan 172 33.1

Malaysia  10270   217.6

The World Trade Organization11 estimates these figures for the two countries

Year   Exports Imports   Total trade volume  Trade balance  

2000-2001 50.706 429.220 479.926 378.514

2001-2002 51.759 456.320 508.079 404.561

2002-2003 78.457 567.074 645.531 488.617  

2003-2004 83.480   602.525 686.005 519.045

2004-2005 59.77    621.31 681.093   561.535

Bilateral trade with Malaysia             (US $ millions)

Major items of export to Malaysia RiceMade-up articles of textile materialSynthetic fabricsWheatCotton yarnFish and fish preparationsArms and ammunitionHosierySports goodsHides, skins, and fur skins.

Major items of imports from Malaysia Fixed vegetable oil and fatsMachinery and partsChemical elements and compoundsAnimal and vegetable oils and fatsChemical materials and productsCrude rubberYarn and thread of synthetic fibresCork and woodManufactures of non-ferrous metalsArticles of rubber.

CONCLUSION

-Population: Pakistan needs to control its population growth to fully benefit from continued rates of high economic growth.

- Pakistan’s needs to improve its trade balance with Malaysia by encouraging it to invest in infrastructure, aviation, and other productive sectors that will have permanent benefit for Pakistan.

-Instead of spending on defence, investment in projects for a productive economy (such as water, sanitation, health, and education) and realign its trade policy to

ensure that short-term returns are reinvested in the economy .-People: Malaysia has consistently updated its 5-year plans to tackle specific goals to

overcome extreme poverty and brought minority groups into the mainstream; Pakistan should increase its expenditure on such people through education, health facilities, and training in various skills.

-Security: Pakistan, as a leading country in the war on terror, should broaden its scope eastwards, by incorporating regional security at the bilateral and

multilateral levels .-Regionalism: Pakistan can greatly benefit as a land route to Malaysia to trade with

the central and western Asian region .K. S. Jomo, (ed.) Malaysia’s economy in the nineties, (Malaysia: Pelanduk Publications, March 1995).

Pakistan and ECO

Economic Cooperation Organization Map

•Established in 1985 by Iran, Pakistan and Turkey

•It’s purpose is to promote economic, technical and cultural cooperation among the Member States.

•ECO is the successor organization of Regional Cooperation for Development (RCD) which remained in existence since 1964 up to 1979.

•In 1992, seven new members were added to ECO which are close neighbors, Muslim majority states and share a common historical and cultural heritage

•Current Membership: Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyztan,Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan

Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)

http://www.ecosecretariat.org/Detail_info/About_ECO_D.htm

ECO Activities

• Trade and Investment• Transport and Telecommunications• Energy, Minerals and Environment• Agriculture, Industry and Tourism• Project & Economic Research and Statistics• International Relations

Pakistan and ECO• Pakistan profits from several Free Trade Agreements

• ECO helps in providing Pakistan ‘Strategic Depth’ vis-à-vis India

• With the development of better infrastructure, Pakistan can provide port facilities to member countries and earn from the transit tariffs(Rabbani, 2002)

http://www.ecosecretariat.org/Detail_info/About_ECO_D.htm

http://www.fpcci.com.pk/trade-with-countries/TRADE%20BETWEEN%20PAKISTAN%20AND%20ECO%20COUNTRIES.pdf

http://www.fpcci.com.pk/trade-with-countries/TRADE%20BETWEEN%20PAKISTAN%20AND%20ECO%20COUNTRIES.pdf

http://www.fpcci.com.pk/trade-with-countries/TRADE%20BETWEEN%20PAKISTAN%20AND%20ECO%20COUNTRIES.pdf

Former Foreign Minister Shah Mahmood Qureshi

“We wish to see ECO Region transform into a prosperous trading bloc that stimulates and

promotes industrial growth, reduces and eventually eliminates tariff and non-tariff barriers, to promote free trade within the

region and becomes a factor of global peace, stability and prosperity.”

Tehran, October 3, 2009

http://pakistantimes.net/2009/03/10/top.htm

• Established on 25 September 1969 as a result of criminal arson of Al-Aqsa Mosque in occupied Jerusalem

• OIC has 57 members states and is the 2nd largest international organisation after the United Nations.

• The basic objective of the OIC is to strengthen Islamic solidarity and co-operation in the areas of economic, social, cultural and knowledge among its members

Activities of OIC

• Strengthening human resources development, small and medium sized enterprises, financial sector and economic management

• Promoting cross border investment opportunities• Trade, technology and technical co-operation programs• Developing physical infrastructure

ORGANIZATION OF ISLAMIC CONFERENCE

http://www.oic-oci.org/page_detail.asp?p_id=52

Pakistan and OIC

Pakistan’s Role in OIC

•Founding member of the OIC (Systemic level- liberal)

•Hosted the second Islamic Summit Conference in Lahore on 22-24 February 1974

•Continuous support for Palestine (nation-state level)

•Mr. Sharif-ud-Din Pirzada a former Foreign Minister of Pakistan was elected as the Secretary General of the OIC from 1984 to 1988 (Individual)

•President Zia-ul-Haq presented a Six Point Formula for the restoration of the pride of the Ummah focusing on Non-Alignment in 1981 (Individual)

•President Musharraf presented resolution on Enlightened Moderation with was unanimously accepted in 2005 (Individual-level) http://www.foreignaffairscommittee.org/includes/content_files/PAKISTANANDTHEOIC.pdf

http://www.foreignaffairscommittee.org/includes/content_files/PAKISTANANDTHEOIC.pdf

"We must follow the true spirit of Islam and seek

knowledge in fields of science and technology to speed up our development. We must

not confine 'ilm' (knowledge) to religious knowledge

alone - obscurantist thinking does not offer a way forward

- we should follow moderation and enlightenment”

Address of President Pervez Musharraf to the OIC Commission of Eminent Persons (CEP) May 29, 2005

Role of OIC

•Bangladesh Recognition (Systemic level)

•Three Resolutions on Kashmir Issue (Systemic level)

•Military Cooperation (Rational Actor model)Army, Naval and military technology collaboration

•Trade Opportunities Intra-OIC imports 2009 –Pakistan (13.65 billion US dollars; 6.24%)Intra-OIC exports 2009- Pakistan (7.4 billion US dollars; 3.5%)

•Financial Aid 2005 earthquake and 2010 floods.

Pakistan and OIC

http://www.foreignaffairscommittee.org/includes/content_files/PAKISTANANDTHEOIC.pdfhttp://www.icdt-oic.org/pdf%5CAnnual%20Report%20executive%20summary%20final.pdf

Financial Aid

-In 2005, Muslim countries played a prominent role in helping Pakistan cope with the horrendous after effects of the earthquake

-The OIC convened an emergency session of its 57-member countries where it launched an appeal to the governments of Muslim counties to come to Pakistan’s rescue at this moment of trial.

-This led the Islamic Development Bank to allocate $11.2 million as assistance for Pakistan

-Countries like Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Turkey and UAE donated hefty sums of money .

-Similarly, the Muslim countries helped Pakistan in the wake of floods in 2010.

:// . - . / _ . ? _ =5335 _ =http www oic oci org topic detail asp t id &x key pakistanhttp://www.oic-oci.org/external_web/pakistan_flood/en/docs/sg_statement_en.pdf

“During these difficult times, Pakistan deserves our aid, comfort, understanding and action, to

manage the consequences of the disaster.At this juncture, I would like to express my thanks

and gratitude to the OIC Member States which have come forward and extended a

helping hand to Pakistan.. I therefore call upon the rest of the Member States and

institutions to join in this humanitarian campaign.”

(August 18, 2010)

http://www.oic-oci.org/external_web/pakistan_flood/en/docs/sg_statement_en.pdf

Statement by H.E. Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu (Secretary General to the OIC) Permanent Representatives Emergency Meeting on Pakistan

“Much to the surprise of many OIC member countries that instead of President Asif Ali Zardari, Minister of State for Foreign Affairs

Nawabzada Malik Amad Khan represented Pakistan in the Commerce Economic Summit of Organisation of Islamic Conference (OIC) in

Istanbul on November 9.

The summit hosted by Turkish President Abdullah Gul was also attended by Afghan President Hamid Karzai, President of Iran

Mehmood Ahmadinejad and OIC Secretary General Prof Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu.”

http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Politics/12-Nov-2009/Has-Pakistan-downgraded-OIC

Present state

Liaquat Ali Khan declared that:

"The underlying idea of the movement for the achievement of Pakistan was not just to add one more patch of color to the

multicolored global map. Pakistan came into being as a result of the urge felt by the Muslims of this sub-continent to secure

territory, however limited, where the Islamic Ideology and way of life could be practiced. A cardinal feature of this ideology is to make Muslim brotherhood a living reality. It is, therefore, part of the mission which Pakistan has set before itself to do

everything in its power to promote closer fellowship and cooperation between Muslim countries."

Karachi, February 18 1951

Pakistan News, Karachi, February 18, 1951

Basis on Friendly Relations with the Muslim World (ISLAMIC IDEOLOGY)