International Journal of Energetic Materials (Vol 2 Issue 2)

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International Journal of

Energetic Materials

Jul–Dec 2016

eISSN: 2456-3978

IJEM

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Energetic Materials

International Journal of Energetic Materials is a peer-reviewed journal that establishes an international

forum for all aspects of energetic materials. Journal focuses on the emerging trends in the field of

propellants, thermal protection material and detonation. International journal of energetic material

publishes good quality original research articles and review papers.

Focus and Scope of the Journal

Explosives

Pyrotechnic compositions

Rocket and missile propellants

Synthesis and sensitivity of energetic materials

Molecular orbital calculations

Thermal decomposition and hazards testing

Detonation and/or deflagration processes

Rocket thermal protection materials

Combustion of energetic materials

Munitions use and demilitarization

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PUBLICATION MANAGEMENT TEAM

INTERNAL MEMBERS

Associate Manager

ChairmanMr. Puneet Mehrotra

Managing Director,JournalsPub,

New Delhi

Hidam Renubala

Ankita Singh

Deepika Bhadauria

Rekha Rani

Commissioning Editors

Dr. Chhavi Goel

Manisha Dhoble

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS

Dr. Anil Ramdas BariArts, Commerce & Science College, Bodwad,

Dist- Jalgaon (Maharashtra), India

Dr. Arindam BasakFilm Photovoltaic Lab, School of Electronics Engineering, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar

(Odisha), India

Dr. Lixin XueNingbo Institute of Material Technololgy and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences

Dr. Saad A. El-SayedMechanical Power Engineering Department,

Zagazig University, El-Sharkia, Egypt

Dr. Himadri ShekharDepartment of Applied Sciences, Haldia Institute

of Technology, Haldia, (West Bengal) India

Dr. G. K. PaulDepartment of Physics, Hooghly Mohsin

College, Hooghly (West Bengal) India, India

Dr. Surya Kanta BhowmikDepartment of Physics, Vidyasagar University,

Paschim Medinipur, (West Bengal) India

Dr. Himadri Sekhar DasDepartment of Applied Sciences, Haldia

Institute of Technology, Haldia, (West Bengal) India

Dr. Rajesh DasDepartment of Applied Sciences, Haldia Institute

of Technology, Haldia, (West Bengal) India

Dr. Atanu JanaDepartment of Physics, Vivekananda Mission Mahavidyalaya, Haldia (West Bengal) India

Dr. Nikhil DevYMCA University of Science and Technology,

Delhi

Dr. Shyam KhambholjaLecturerB & B Institute of Technology

India

Dr. Saad A. El-Sayed Assistant Professor Zagazig University

Egypt

Dr. suhas Assistant Professor Gurukula Kangri

Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar India

From the Editor's Desk

Dear Readers,

We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly

journal, International Journal of Energetic Materials. This journal is part of the Applied

Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Energetic Materials issues, from

theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging

technologies.

This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Energetic Materials as an

emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical

investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Energetic Materials Science community, addressing

researchers and practitioners in this area.

The core vision of International journal of Energetic Materials in JournalsPub is to propagate novel

awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research

societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Energetic Materials in general. JournalsPub acts as

a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, well-time & successfully.

International Journal of Energetic Materials focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of

Explosives, Pyrotechnic compositions, Rocket and missile propellants, Synthesis and sensitivity of energetic

materials, Molecular orbital calculations, Thermal decomposition and hazards testing, Detonation and/or

deflagration processes, Rocket thermal protection materials, Combustion of energetic materials, Munitions

use and demilitarization. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the

techniques of Energetic Materials and solutions in the area.

Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Energetic Materials

Science community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of

creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting

new developments in the field of Energetic Materials.

This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we

would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the

editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project.

It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Energetic Materials readers

and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Energetic Materials.

Puneet Mehrotra

Managing Editor

1. Development and Design of Fuel Cell System Structure – A Review Nikhil Dev 1

2. Noncrystalline Composite and Its Propellant Aditya Singh 6

3. Thermodynamic, Kinetic and Mechanistic Investigations of RutheniumShruti U. Mishra 9

4. Mechanistic and Catalytic Behavior of Os for the Chlorpheniramine Maleate and Bromamine-B Redox SystemSonal Singh 14

5. Catalysis Materials: Connecting the Academia to the IndustrySaptrishi Roy 30

Contents

IJEM (2016) 1–5 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1

International Journal of Energetic Materials eISSN: 2456-3978

Vol. 2: Issue 2 www.journalspub.com

Development and Design of Fuel Cell System Structure – A Review

Nikhil Dev*

Mechanical Engineering Department, YMCA University of Science and Technology, Faridabad, Haryana, India

ABSTRACT Hydrogen, a fuel for future, like other fuels require an energy conversion system to generate energy either in the form of electricity or power. In the present work different types of fuel cells are studied for their performance. Some of the factors responsible for fuel cell performance are also identified or categorized. These factors will be responsible for their performance in real life situation. Any system is a combination of sub-systems and components. In case of fuel cell manufactures are many and different types of cell are available. A lot of new fuel cells are under development. These new developments are also discussed. Keywords: AFC, fuel cell, PEFC, parameters, performance INTRODUCTION Alternative fuels such as hydrogen, alcohols, formic acid, etc. are utilized by fuel cells as their fuels to generate electricity. Fuel cells require a continuous source of fuel and oxygen or air to sustain the chemical reaction.[1] In a fuel cell system at the anode, fuel (usually hydrogen) is oxidized into electrons and protons, and at the cathode, oxygen is reduced to oxide species. Depending on the electrolyte, which is further dependent upon design criteria, either protons or oxide ions are transported through the ion-conducting electrolyte membrane.[2] Second membrane is electronically insulating electrolyte membrane. This electronically insulating electrolyte membrane helps to combine with oxide or protons to generate water and electric power. Line diagram for a typical fuel cell is shown in Figure 1. In a fuel cell fuel enters on one side and air enters from the other. Pure oxygen may also be supplied to fuel cell. But it is costly.[3] Therefore,

atmospheric oxygen is supplied. In a fuel cell anode and cathode membranes are present. Anode electrolyte membrane does not allow electrons to pass from it. Only proton or H+ ions are allowed to pass through membrane. The electron passed through anode membrane travels to cathode and combines with other parts present at cathode.[4] By combination water is generated. Fuel cells may be either low temperature or temperature. Two high-temperature fuel cells, solid oxide fuel cells and molten carbonate fuel cells (SOFC and MCFC), are used for large-scale (MW) stationary power generation. The proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is named from the special plastic membrane used as the electrolyte which conducts only proton not electron. The performance of proton exchange membrane relies on the presence of liquid water to be able to conduct protons effectively, and this limits the temperature up to which a PEMFC can be operated.[5]

IJEM (2016) 6–8 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 6



Noncrystalline Composite and Its Propellant

Aditya Singh* Department of Material Sciences, Jaypee Institute, Noida, India

ABSTACT

This study writes about forces in light of cross-connected HTPE folio plasticized with nitroxyethylnitramine (BuNENA) as vigorous material and HP 4000D as noncrystalline prepolymer. This fastener was directed with strong stacking in the 85%. The outcomes demonstrated a change in processability, mechanical properties and smoldering rate. Also, its charge conveys (around 6 seconds) higher execution (particular drive) than the best existing composite strong rocket fuel. Warm investigations have performed by (DSC, TGA). The warm bends have demonstrated a low glass move temperature (𝑇𝑔) of force samples, and there was no indication of fastener polymer crystallization at low temperatures (−50°C). Because of its high atomic weight and unsymmetrical or irregular atom conveyances, the polyether (HP 4000D) has been improved the mechanical properties of forces cover polymer over a vast scope of temperatures [−50, 50°C]. The fuels depicted in this paper have exhibited high volumetric particular motivation (>500 s⋅gr⋅cc−1). These elements joined make BuNENA-based composite fuel a possibly alluring option for various missions requesting composite strong charges. Keywords: conduct, noncrystalline, propellant INTRODUCTION Much research on composite strong forces has been performed in the course of recent decades and much advance has been made, yet a significant number of the major procedures are still obscure, and the improvement of new fuels remains exceptionally experimental. Approaches to improve the execution of strong charges for rocket and different applications keep on being investigated tentatively, including the impacts of different added substances and the effect of fuel and oxidizer molecule sizes on smoldering conduct. In perspective of higher vitality (𝐼sp > 264 s), composite fuels have been broadly utilized for rocket/rocket applications and space missions. A higher particular drive (𝐼 sp) of composite forces is gotten by

consolidating a most extreme conceivable measure of solids (oxidizer/metallic fuel) in the cover grid and substituting the dormant materials with fiery ones (vivacious plasticizers). Display day applications request charges of better mechanical properties what's more than higher vitality content. Because of these conflicting prerequisites hydroxy-ended polyether (HTPE) based forces are plasticized with lively plasticizers, for example, BuNENA, reinforce execution and mechanical properties.[1,2] HTPE with HP 4000D as prepolymer is capable of taking up solids up to 85% and impart superior mechanical properties without compromising on high storage life, due to its random molecule distributions that prevent crystallization at

IJEM (2016) 9-13 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 9



Thermodynamic, Kinetic and Mechanistic Investigations of Ruthenium

Shruti U. Mishra*

Department of Studies in Chemistry, Karnatak University, Karnataka, India

ABSTRACT

The kinetics of ruthenium(III) catalyzed degradative oxidation of methylparaben by the copper complex, diperiodatocuprate(III) in alkaline medium is studied at 25ºC and at a ionic strength of 8.0 × 10−2 mol dm−3. In the presence of catalyst rutheniumIII), the reaction between methylparaben and diperiodatocuprate(III) in aqueous alkaline medium exhibits 1:1 stoichiometry. The oxidation products were identified by UV–visible, GC-MS and IR spectroscopy. The reaction exhibited unit order in case of diperiodatocuprate(III) and ruthenium(III) concentrations, while less than unit order with respect to methylparaben and alkali concentrations. The added periodate retards the rate of reaction. The effect of added products, ionic strength and dielectric constant on the rate of the reaction were studied. The active species of diperiodatocuprate(III) and ruthenium(III) in alkaline media are [Cu(H2IO6)(H3IO6)]2

− and [Ru(H2O)5(OH)]2+ respectively. The activation parameters with respect to the rate determining step and the thermodynamic quantities with respect to the equilibrium steps are evaluated and discussed. The plausible mechanism in consistent with the experimental results is proposed and discussed in detail. Keywords: kinetics, oxidation, diperiodatocuprate(III), ruthenium(III), methylparaben INTRODUCTION Copper is very significant as a microelement in biological systems [1]. Copper salts are also fundamental mechanisms of catalytical mixtures castoff in industry to mediate the oxidation of organic compounds by oxygen, e.g., in the Wacker process [2]. Several number of the unanalyzed and catalyzed works on the kinetics of oxidation of different substrates by using diperiodatocuprate(III) in alkaline medium have been studied, e.g., oxidation of L-Tryptophan, L-leucine, sulfacetamide, acyclovir, etc. The distinctive oxidative effect of trivalent copper-periodate complex, diperiodatocuprate(III) (DPC), K5[Cu(HIO6)2] on methylparaben at low concentration is studied in alkaline

medium. The Cu3+/Cu2+ reduction potential is −1.18 V in alkaline solution [3]. So there is much more possibility of oxidation of substrates by DPC(III) with such a higher reduction potential compared to that of other oxidants in either alkaline or acidic medium. Copper(III) has received extensive attention recently because of its apparent involvement in various biological processes [4]. The use of DPC as an oxidant in alkaline medium is restricted to a few cases due to its limited solubility and stability in aqueous medium. DPC is used as an oxidant in the establishment of mechanism of oxidation of various amino acids [5] by kinetic method. Hydroxybenzoates (parabens) are esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA) with




Mechanistic and Catalytic Behavior of Os for the Chlorpheniramine Maleate and Bromamine-B Redox System

Sonal Singh*

Department of Chemistry, Jyoti Nivas College, Bangalore, India

ABSTRACT

Chlorpheniramine maleate (CPM) is an important antihistamine agent. To the best of our knowledge there is no report in the literature about the oxidation of CPM with halogen + 1 oxidant from the stand point of its kinetics and mechanistic chemistry. Hence, a systematic kinetics and mechanistic study on the oxidation of CPM with bromamine-B (BAB) in the presence of NaOH and Os(VIII) catalyst has been carried out at 303 K. The reaction exhibits a first-order dependence of rate on [BAB]o and [Os(VIII)]. The order with respect to [CPM]o is zero, whereas it is fractional on [NaOH]. Activation parameters were evaluated. The stoichiometry of the reaction is 1:1 and the oxidation products were identified as (4-chlorophenyl)(pyridine-2-yl)methanol and 2-(dimethylamino)acetaldehyde from GC-MS analysis. The Os(VIII) catalyzed reaction is about four-fold faster than the uncatalyzed reaction. Based on the experimental results, possible reaction mechanism and kinetic model have been proposed. Keywords: chlorpheniramine maleate, bromamine-B, oxidation-kinetics, Os(VIII) catalysis, mechanism INTRODUCTION Chlorpheniramine maleate (CPM), chemically known as (S)-γ-(4-Chlorophenyl)-N,N-dimethyl-2-pyridine propanamine maleate salt, is an effective antihistamine drug. CPM is widely used in the treatment of allergic and vasomotor rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and mild urticaria [1]. Due to its importance in pharmaceutics, several analytical techniques have been reported in literature for its determination [2–5]. Except for the work of Savanur [6] and Khudaish [7] so far no other kinetics and mechanistic data are available on the oxidation of CPM. Therefore, it is of much interest and importance to understand the oxidation mechanism of CPM drug with halogen +1 oxidant through the study of reaction kinetics. This research knowledge gives an

impetus as the substrate CPM is a potent drug since organic N-haloamines is quite similar to HOCl, which is a biologically more relevant oxidant, in its oxidative and mechanistic behavior. It should also be noted that the role of platinum metal ions as catalysts for the oxidation of this drug has not so far been examined. The diverse nature of the chemistry of aromatic sulfonyl haloamines (organic N-haloamines) is due to their ability to act as sources of halonium cations, hypohalite species and N-anions which act as both bases and nucleophiles [8]. As a result, these reagents react with a wide range of functional groups affecting an array of molecular transformations. Sodium-N-chloro-p-toluenesulfonamide, well known as chloramine-T (CAT), is a very




Catalysis Materials: Connecting the Academia to the Industry

Saptrishi Roy* BITS, Hyderabad, India

ABSTRACT

This article emphasizes the importance of catalysis technology and catalysts particularly in Indian perspective. The growth of the catalysis technology used in the existing industries in India is enormous and also the catalysis research in Indian academia is significant. However, in pedagogical teaching catalysis is always being neglected in the chemistry syllabus in this country. A conclusion has been drawn addressing the importance of teaching catalysis to the undergraduates and postgraduates and in demand of more research contribution in this field. Keywords: catalysis, industry, technology INTRODUCTION Since Berzelius coined the term “catalysis”, the catalytic science and technology have come across a long way. Nearly 95% of the chemical manufacturing processes including production of fuels and chemicals, fertilizers, plastics, pharmaceuticals use catalysts.[1] Other than chemical production, there is a colossal use of catalysts in environmental protection and energy conversion processes.[2] Catalysis is a rapidly growing multibillion-dollar industry. The total catalyst market value, which was 7.4 billion dollar in 1997, has now turned into 16.3 billion dollars,[3,4] among which, 40% is devoted to automotive sector and environmental catalysis. In United States chemical industry alone, the catalysis accounts for around three billion dollars per annum and calculation shows that each US$1 spent on catalysts generated US$155 worth of products.[5,6] Because of the implementation of stringent environmental laws, it is predicted that by 2015, automotive emission control catalyst itself will constitute more than $7 billion. The importance of catalysis will continue to grow in our century due to ever increasing energy demand, to sustain the environment

and also due to the developments in material science like the invention of meso-porous and nano materials. Catalytic reactions are carried out using homogeneous, heterogeneous and enzyme catalysts but the production of the majority of the bulk chemicals involves solid (heterogeneous) catalysts. Though homogeneous catalysts are intrinsically more active and selective compared to most of the heterogeneous catalysts, still heterogeneous catalysis is the choice in industry for manifold advantages like: catalyst recovery is cost effective and easy, and good thermal stability. The key success of industrial heterogeneous catalysis depends on the catalytic materials. The synthesis and processing of materials play a pivotal role. Therefore, the primary emphasis is given on optimizing the reactor, effective way of synthesizing bulk catalyst materials and characterizing the materials. Nowadays, the ever-increasing research efforts have now led to a situation where the

Mechanical Engineering

Chemical Engineering

Architecture

Applied Mechanics

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1 more...

2 more...2 more...

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Computer Science and Engineering

Nanotechnology« International Journal of Solid State Materials« International Journal of Optical Sciences

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Civil Engineering

Electrical Engineering

Material Sciences and Engineering

Chemistry

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3 more...

Biotechnology

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Nursing « International Journal of Immunological Nursing« International Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing« International Journal of Neurological Nursing« International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing« International Journal of Oncological Nursing

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Article 2

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Energetic Materials

Jul–Dec 2016

eISSN: 2456-3978

IJEM

www.journalspub.com

Education

International Journal of Energetic Materials (Vol 2 Issue 2)