International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and Applications vol 2 issue 1

Animal Biotechnology & Applications

International Journal of

Jan 2016– JunIJABA

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Electronics and Telecommunication Chemical Engineering

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and Design¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation

« International Journal of Radio Frequency Design« International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology« International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies« International Journal of Digital Electronics« International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Signals

« International Journal of Housing and Human SettlementPlanning

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Applied Mechanics

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Computer Science and Engineering « International Journal of Wireless Network Security« International Journal of Algorithms Design and Analysis« International Journal of Mobile Computing Devices« International Journal of Software Computing and Testing« International Journal of Data Structures and Algorithms

Nanotechnology« International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology« International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures« International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

« International Journal of Solid State Materials« International Journal of Optical Sciences

Physics

« International Journal of Renewable Energy and itsCommercialization

« International Journal of Environmental Chemistry« International Journal of Agrochemistry« International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

Civil Engineering« International Journal of Water Resources Engineering« International Journal of Concrete Technology« International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis« International Journal of Construction Engineering and

Planning

Electrical Engineering« International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits« International Journal of Automatic Control System« International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives« International Journal of Electrical Communication

Engineering« International Journal of Integrated Electronics Systems and

Circuits

Material Sciences and Engineering « International Journal of Energetic Materials« International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials« International Journal of Ceramics and Ceramic Technology« International Journal of Bio-Materials and Biomedical

Engineering

Chemistry « International Journal of Photochemistry« International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry« International Journal of Green Chemistry« International Journal of Chemical and Molecular

Engineering

« International Journal of Electro Mechanics andMechanical Behaviour

« International Journal of Machine Design andManufacturing

« International Journal of Mechanical Dynamicsand Analysis

« International Journal of Fracture and damageMechanics

« International Journal of Structural Mechanicsand Finite Elements

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Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and

Biomaterials« International Journal of Plant Biotechnology« International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology« International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules« International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and

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Animal Biotechnology and Applications

International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and Applications covers all major areas of animal

biotechnology, and publishes peer-reviewed articles that give an insight in to the ongoing research and

recent advancement of the topic. Journal also covers stem cell technology, infectious diseases and probiotics

as additional fields under the scope of the journal.

Focus and Scope of the Journal! Animal genetics and genomics

! Transgenic technology

! Reproductive biotechnology

! Infectious diseases

! Bioinformatics and nutrition enrichment

! Transgenic animals

! Animal cell culture

! Probiotics & feed biotechnology

! Gene cloning and expression

! Stem cells

! Cryopreservation

! Animal tissue culture

! Recombinant DNA technology

International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and Applications is published twice a year (bi-annual) in

India by JournalsPub - An International Journals is an imprint of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. Ltd. The outlooks

stated in the articles do not essentially reflect of the publisher. The publisher does not endorse the quality or

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INTERNAL MEMBERS

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ChairmanMr. Puneet Mehrotra

Managing Director,JournalsPub,

New Delhi

Hidam Renubala

Ankita Singh

Akanksha Marwah

Deepika Bhadauria

Commissioning Editors

Priyanka Garg

Chhavi Goel

Shrawani Verma

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS

Dr. Saber Mohamed Abd-Allah Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell

Biology, CAS, China

Dr. Birendra Kumar BindhaniSchool of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Campus-XI, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India

Dr. Agnishwar GirigoswamiMedical Bio-nanotechnology, Faculty of Allied

Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research & Education, Chennai, India

Dr. Lingayya HiremathDepartment of Biotechnology, R.V. College of

Engineering, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

Leon PereiraUniversity of Mumbai, Bio-safety Committee of

Bharat Serums and Vaccines, India

Dr. Kumaresan MohanUdaya School of Engineering Tamil Nadu,

India

Dr. K Purushotham ReddyDepartment of Internal Medicine, University of

Missouri, Columbia

Dr. Manoj Kumar Singh Animal Biotechnology Centre National Dairy

Research Institute Karnal (Haryana), India

Dr. Bhagwan Das BulchandaniDepartment of Biotechnology, Sobhasaria Group of Institutions, Rajasthan Technical University,

Kota, India

Dr. Avinash CheekothManagement of the Scientific Centers, Department of the President's Affairs,

UAE

Dr. Rekha KhandiaDepartment of Science and Technology, High Security Animal Disease Laboratory, IVRI,

ICAR, Bhopal (MP), India

Dr. Soma RoyDepartment of Biotechnology, CBIT,

Hyderabad, India

Dr. Kakali PurkayasthaScientist, AIIMS, New Delhi, India

From the Editor's Desk

Dear Readers,

We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly

journal, International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and Applications. This journal is

part of the Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Animal Biotechnology

and Applications issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the

validation of emerging technologies.

This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Animal Biotechnology and

Applications as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of

scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of Animal Biotechnology and

Applications, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area.

The core vision of International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and Applications in JournalsPub is to

propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and

professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Animal Biotechnology and

Applications in general. JournalsPub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to publish their

papers at excellently, well-timed & successfully. International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and

Applications focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Animal genetics and genomics,

Transgenic technology, Reproductive biotechnology, Infectious diseases, Bioinformatics and nutrition

enrichment, Transgenic animals, Animal cell culture, Probiotics & feed biotechnology, Gene cloning and

expression, Stem cells, Cryopreservation, Animal tissue culture, Recombinant DNA technology etc.

The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Animal

Biotechnology and Applications and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed

to the creation and the success of Animal Biotechnology and Applications. We are very thankful to everybody

within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this

issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Animal Biotechnology and

Applications.

This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we

would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the

editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project.

It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Animal Biotechnology and

Applications readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Animal Biotechnology and

Applications.

Puneet Mehrotra

Managing Director

1. Eggshell as Calcium Supplement Tablet Aastha P. Chakraborty, Madhavi Gaonkar 1

2. Transgenic Animals Aashima Mathur 7

3. ProbioticsSushant Gupta 12

4. CryopreservationMandeep Saini 15

5. Gene CloningPrateek Sharma 18

Contents

IJABA (2016) 1–6 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1

International Journal of Animal Biotechnology & Applications ISSN: 2455–7315 (online)

Vol. 2: Issue 1

www.journalspub.com

Eggshell as Calcium Supplement Tablet

Aastha P. Chakraborty*, Madhavi Gaonkar Department of Chemical Engineering, Jawaharlal Nehru Engineering College, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar

University, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India

Abstract

Hen eggs are very nutritious food items but their shells are discarded as wastes from

different sources like hotels, houses etc. In this study these discarded eggshells were

collected. They were processed and a powder was obtained in final stage. This eggshell finds

applications in many fields due to its rich calcium content and here it was used as a calcium

supplement for females. Calcium extracted from different eggshells was characterized by

Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The data depicted the percentage of

calcium in different eggshells. The purpose of this particular project was to study the use of

eggshell in different applications like fertilizer, calcium supplement, etc.

Keywords: calcium supplement, eggshell

INTRODUCTION The outer shells of eggs of different birds

and some sea animals are having rich

content of calcium. Off these birds

eggshells are discarded very carelessly

everywhere. They are a part of biological

waste but they constitute to environment

pollution. For disposing them proper

disposal sites, cost effective methods need

to be found out. Also odor of eggshell

results in flies and abrasiveness. Everyday

million tons of eggshells are generated as

bio- waste around the globe. The sources

of these eggshells are houses and fast food

industries. The eggshell which contains the

highest amount of calcium that is nearly

90% is chicken eggshell.[1]

The application

of eggshell that has been studied in this

research work is : Eggshell as a calcium

supplement tablet. The chicken eggshell

which constitutes about 11% of the total

weight of the whole egg contains about

91% of CaCo3. In this study we will use

Eggshell as a calcium supplement for

females. This would give a better

substitute because in market the available

calcium supplement tablets are obtained

from oyster shell and we are using chicken

eggshell as a substitute for it.[2,3]

MATERIALS We used chicken eggshell as a raw

material in different applications like as a

fertilizer and as a calcium supplement

tablet. These eggshells are easily available

in the market. But eggs obtained from

different birds contain varying quantity of

calcium. Different birds eggshells were

collected from poultry farm, houses,

hotels, bakeries, fast food industries etc.

After collection the shells were first

cleaned up with tap water and boiled. The

ratio being 12 eggshells boiled in 6 cups of

filtered water. Then they were cooked in

boiling water for 10 minutes. The water

was drained out of the shells. After this

they were dried overnight in open air by

spreading on a stainless steel sheet or glass

sheet. In the morning, they were heated in

oven at 200°C for about 10 minutes for

complete drying. The last step was to



Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Transgenic Animals

Aashima Mathur* Department of Biotechnology, Gautam Budhdha University, Uttar Pradesh, India

Abstract

A transgenic animal is one that carries a foreign gene that has been deliberately inserted into

its genome. The foreign gene is constructed using recombinant DNA methodology. In

addition to the gene itself, the DNA usually includes other sequences to enable it to be

incorporated into the DNA of the host as well as to be expressed correctly by the cells of the

host.

Keywords: applications, genetically modified organisms, transgenic animals

INTRODUCTION Transgenic animals are animals (most

commonly mice) that have had a foreign

gene deliberately inserted into their

genome. Such animals are most commonly

created by the micro-injection of DNA

into the pronuclei of a fertilised egg which

is subsequently implanted into the oviduct

of a pseudopregnant surrogate mother.[1-3]

This results in the recipient animal giving

birth to genetically modified offspring.

The progeny are then bred with other

transgenic offspring to establish a

transgenic line. Transgenic animals can

also be created by inserting DNA into

embryonic stem cells which are then

micro-injected into an embryo which has

developed for five or six days after

fertilisation, or infecting an embryo with

viruses that carry a DNA of interest.[4-7]

This final method is commonly used to

manipulate a single gene, in most cases

this involves removing or 'knocking out' a

target gene. The end result is what is

known as a ‘knockout’ animal.[2-5]

The process of genetically engineering

animals is a slow, tedious, and expensive

process. However, new technologies are

making genetic modifications easier and

more precise.



Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Probiotics

Sushant Gupta* Department of Biotechnology, Thapar University, Punjab, India

Abstract

Probiotics are live bacteria and yeasts that are good for health, especially digestive system.

Usually bacteria are thought of as something that causes diseases. But our body is full of

bacteria, both good and bad. Probiotics are often called "good" or "helpful" bacteria

because they help keep our gut healthy. Thus, probiotics are live microorganisms that may be

able to help prevent and treat some illnesses. Promoting a healthy digestive tract and a

healthy immune system are their most widely studied benefits at this time. These are also

commonly known as friendly, good, or healthy bacteria. Probiotics can be supplied through.

Keywords: helpful bacteria, probiotics

INTRODUCTION Probiotics are microorganisms that are

believed to provide health benefits when

consumed. The term probiotic is currently

used to name ingested microorganisms

associated with benefits for humans and

animals. The term came into more

common use after 1980. The introduction

of the concept is generally attributed to

Nobel recipient Élie Metchnikoff, who

postulated that yogurt-consuming

Bulgarian peasants lived longer lives

because of this custom. He suggested in

1907 that "the dependence of the intestinal

microbes on the food makes it possible to

adopt measures to modify the flora in our

bodies and to replace the harmful microbes

by useful microbes". A significant

expansion of the potential market for

probiotics has led to higher requirements

for scientific substantiation of putative

benefits conferred by the

microorganisms.[1-3]

The World Health Organization's (WHO)

2001 definition of probiotics is "live

micro-organisms which, when

administered in adequate amounts, confer

a health benefit on the host".[15]

Following this definition, a working group

convened by the FAO/WHO in May 2002

issued the “Guidelines for the Evaluation

of Probiotics in Food”. This first global

effort was further developed in 2010; two

expert groups of academic scientists and

industry representatives made

recommendations for the evaluation and

validation of probiotic health claims.[4-7]

Probiotics have to be alive when

administered. One of the concerns

throughout the scientific literature resides

in the viability and reproducibility on a

large scale of the observed results, as well

as the viability and stability during use and

storage, and finally the ability to survive in

stomach acids and then in the intestinal

ecosystem.[5,7]

Probiotics have been the subject of

research to see whether the health claims

made for them have any supporting

evidence.[8,9]

Overall scientific

demonstration of probiotic effects requires



Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Cryopreservation

Mandeep Saini* Department of Biotechnology, PSG College of Technology, Tamil Nadu, India

Abstract

Cryopreservation depends on the capacity of certain molecules to enter cells and avert

drying out and arrangement of intracellular crystals, which can bring about cell death and

annihilation of cell organelles amid the solidifying procedure. Two basic cryoprotective

operators are dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and glycerol. Glycerol is utilized fundamentally for

cryoprotection of red platelets, and DMSO is utilized for assurance of most different cells

and tissues. A sugar called trehalose, which happens in animals equipped for surviving

amazing lack of hydration, is utilized for stop drying strategies for cryopreservation.

Trehalose balances out cell layers, and it is especially helpful for the protection of sperm,

foundational microorganisms, and platelets.

Keywords: animal cells, cryopreservation, DMSO, glycerol, sub-zero temperatures

INTRODUCTION

Cryopreservation is a procedure where

organelles, cells, tissues, extracellular

lattice, organs or some other natural

develops vulnerable to harm created by

unregulated substance energy are saved by

cooling to low temperature (ordinarily - 80

°C utilizing strong carbon dioxide or - 196

°C utilizing fluid nitrogen). At sufficiently

low temperatures, any enzymatic or

substance movement which may make

harm the natural material being referred to

is viably ceased. Cryopreservation

strategies try to achieve low temperatures

without bringing about extra harm brought

about by the arrangement of ice amid

solidifying. Customary cryopreservation

has depended on covering the material to

be solidified with a class of particles

termed cryoprotectants.[1-3]

New

techniques are always being explored

because of the inalienable poisonous

quality of numerous cryoprotectants. By

default it ought to be viewed as that

cryopreservation modifies or bargains the

structure and capacity of cells unless it is

demonstrated generally for a specific cell

populace. Cryoconservation of animal

genetic resources is the procedure in which

animal genetic material is gathered and put

away with the goal of preservation of the

breed.[2,4]

Cryopreservation is the utilization of low

temperatures to protect basically in place

living cells and tissues. Unprotected

solidifying is typically deadly and this

section looks to examine a portion of the

instruments included and to show how

cooling can be utilized to create stable

conditions that save life. The natural

impacts of cooling are ruled by the

solidifying of water, which results in the

centralization of the solutes that are broken

up in the staying fluid stage.[5]

Rival

hypotheses of solidifying harm have

conceived either that ice precious stones

puncture or tease separated the cells,

crushing them by direct mechanical

activity, or that harm is from auxiliary



Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Gene Cloning

Prateek Sharma* Department of Biotechnology, R.V. College of Engineering, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

Abstract

Gene cloning (DNA cloning) is a technique used for the generation of precise (clones) of a

specific quality or DNA sequence utilizing genetic engineering techniques. The DNA

containing the target gene(s) is cut into sections utilizing restriction enzymes. These sections

are then embedded into cloning vectors, for example, bacterial plasmids or bacteriophages,

which exchange the recombinant DNA to reasonable host cells, for example, the bacterium E.

coli. On the other hand, complementary DNA is embedded into the vectors, or "naked" DNA

pieces can be taken up directly by a host bacterium from its medium (this is less effective than

vector exchange).

Keywords: cloning, gene expression, molecular biology technique

INTRODUCTION

Gene cloning is a technique used in

molecular biology that is utilized by

scientists to make duplicates of a specific

gene for downstream applications, for

example, sequencing, mutagenesis,

genotyping or heterologous articulation of

a protein. The conventional method for

gene cloning includes the exchange of a

DNA fragment of interest from one

species to a self-replicating genetic

element, for example, a bacterial plasmid.

This method is ordinarily utilized today to

isolate long or unstudied genes and protein

expression. One of the procedures is the

utilization of polymerase chain response

(PCR) for amplifying a gene of interest.

The benefit of utilizing PCR over

conventional quality cloning, as portrayed

above, is the diminished time required for

producing an unadulterated specimen of

the quality of interest. In any case, gene

confinement by PCR can just increase

qualities with foreordained successions.

Thus, numerous unstudied genes require

starting gene cloning and sequencing

before PCR can be performed for further

investigation.

Gene cloning is an arrangement of test

techniques in molecular science that are

utilized to gather recombinant DNA

molecules and to coordinate their

replication inside host organisms. The

utilization of the word cloning alludes to

the way that the strategy includes the

replication of one molecule to deliver a

populace of cells with indistinguishable

DNA particles. Gene cloning by and large

uses DNA groupings from two unique life

forms: the species that contains the DNA

to be cloned, and the species that will

serve as the living host for replication of

the recombinant DNA. Gene cloning

techniques are fundamental to numerous

contemporary zones of present day science

and drug.

In a gene cloning experiment, the DNA to

be cloned is taken from a living being of

interest, then treated with proteins in the

Animal Biotechnology & Applications


Jan 2016– JunIJABA

www.journalspub.com

Mechanical Engineering

Electronics and Telecommunication Chemical Engineering

Architecture

Office No-4, 1 Floor, CSC, Pocket-E,Mayur Vihar, Phase-2, New Delhi-110091, India

E-mail: [email protected]

¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy andApplications

¬ International Journal of Production Engineering¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

and Design¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation

« International Journal of Radio Frequency Design« International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology« International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies« International Journal of Digital Electronics« International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Signals

« International Journal of Housing and Human SettlementPlanning

« International Journal of Architecture and InfrastructurePlanning

« International Journal of Rural and Regional PlanningDevelopment

« International Journal of Town Planning and Management

Applied Mechanics

5 more...

1 more...

2 more...2 more...

5 more...

Computer Science and Engineering « International Journal of Wireless Network Security« International Journal of Algorithms Design and Analysis« International Journal of Mobile Computing Devices« International Journal of Software Computing and Testing« International Journal of Data Structures and Algorithms

Nanotechnology« International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology« International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures« International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

« International Journal of Solid State Materials« International Journal of Optical Sciences

Physics

« International Journal of Renewable Energy and itsCommercialization

« International Journal of Environmental Chemistry« International Journal of Agrochemistry« International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

Civil Engineering« International Journal of Water Resources Engineering« International Journal of Concrete Technology« International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis« International Journal of Construction Engineering and

Planning

Electrical Engineering« International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits« International Journal of Automatic Control System« International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives« International Journal of Electrical Communication

Engineering« International Journal of Integrated Electronics Systems and

Circuits

Material Sciences and Engineering « International Journal of Energetic Materials« International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials« International Journal of Ceramics and Ceramic Technology« International Journal of Bio-Materials and Biomedical

Engineering

Chemistry « International Journal of Photochemistry« International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry« International Journal of Green Chemistry« International Journal of Chemical and Molecular

Engineering

« International Journal of Electro Mechanics andMechanical Behaviour

« International Journal of Machine Design andManufacturing

« International Journal of Mechanical Dynamicsand Analysis

« International Journal of Fracture and damageMechanics

« International Journal of Structural Mechanicsand Finite Elements

5 more...4 more...

3 more...

Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and

Biomaterials« International Journal of Plant Biotechnology« International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology« International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules« International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and

Applications3 more...

Nursing « International Journal of Immunological Nursing« International Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing« International Journal of Neurological Nursing« International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing« International Journal of Oncological Nursing

5 more... 4 more...

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