International Journal of Agrochemistry - Vol 2_Issue 2

International Journal of

Agrochemistry

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Jul–Dec 2016

IJA

Mechanical Engineering

Electronics and Telecommunication Chemical Engineering

Architecture

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¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy andApplications

¬ International Journal of Production Engineering¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

and Design¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation

« International Journal of Radio Frequency Design« International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology« International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies« International Journal of Digital Electronics« International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Signals

« International Journal of Housing and Human SettlementPlanning

« International Journal of Architecture and InfrastructurePlanning

« International Journal of Rural and Regional PlanningDevelopment

« International Journal of Town Planning and Management

Applied Mechanics

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Computer Science and Engineering « International Journal of Wireless Network Security« International Journal of Algorithms Design and Analysis« International Journal of Mobile Computing Devices« International Journal of Software Computing and Testing« International Journal of Data Structures and Algorithms

Nanotechnology« International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology« International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures« International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

« International Journal of Solid State Materials« International Journal of Optical Sciences

Physics

« International Journal of Renewable Energy and itsCommercialization

« International Journal of Environmental Chemistry« International Journal of Agrochemistry« International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

Civil Engineering« International Journal of Water Resources Engineering« International Journal of Concrete Technology« International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis« International Journal of Construction Engineering and

Planning

Electrical Engineering« International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits« International Journal of Automatic Control System« International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives« International Journal of Electrical Communication

Engineering« International Journal of Integrated Electronics Systems and

Circuits

Material Sciences and Engineering « International Journal of Energetic Materials« International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials« International Journal of Ceramics and Ceramic Technology« International Journal of Bio-Materials and Biomedical

Engineering

Chemistry « International Journal of Photochemistry« International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry« International Journal of Green Chemistry« International Journal of Chemical and Molecular

Engineering

« International Journal of Electro Mechanics andMechanical Behaviour

« International Journal of Machine Design andManufacturing

« International Journal of Mechanical Dynamicsand Analysis

« International Journal of Fracture and damageMechanics

« International Journal of Structural Mechanicsand Finite Elements

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Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and

Biomaterials« International Journal of Plant Biotechnology« International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology« International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules« International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and

Applications3 more...

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Agrochemistry

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technologies applied in chemical composition of biochemical constituents, pesticides, fertilizers, agro-

products etc. Journal targets to publish original, high quality papers that are peer-reviewed by our expert

editorial team to ensure the publication of only good quality papers.

Focus and Scope of the Journal Chemical/biochemical composition of components

Chemistry, composition and processing of Agricultural pesticides and insecticides

Processing effects on the composition and safety of Agricultural products

Veterinary drugs

Plant growth promoting regulators (PGPR)

Fertilizers and other agro-chemicals, including their metabolism, toxicology and environmental

issues

Chemical processes involved in phytonutrients, aromas and flavors

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INTERNAL MEMBERS

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New Delhi

Hidam Renubala

Ankita Singh

Deepika Bhadauria

Rekha Rani

Commissioning Editors

Dr. Chhavi Goel

Manisha Dhoble

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS

Dr. Adriano Arrue MeloDepartment of Crop Protection,

Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil

Prof. Ateeq RahmanDepartment of Chemistry,\ Bindura University

of Science Education, Bindura, Zimbabwe

Dr. D. S. SrivastavaKrishi Vigyan Kendra-II, Sitapur,

Uttar Pradesh, India

Dr. Elayarajah BalasubramanianRNDBIO, A Division of RNDHerbals Pvt.

Ltd., Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

Prof. Gamal Abde-Nasser KhalilAlexandria University,

Egypt

Dr. Kanu MurmuDepartment of Agronomy, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Nadia, West Bengal,

India

Dr. R. Chandrasekharan NairPG College, Kerala, India

Dr. Rajendra SharmaDepartment of Applied Chemistry, Shri G. S. Institute of Technology & Science, Indore,

Madhya Pradesh, India

Dr. Ravindra W GaikwadPravara Rural Engineering College,

Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India

S. NarkhedeDepartment of Botany, Government Science

College, Gadchiroli, Maharashtra, India

Saphal Uttamrao PatilDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Government Polytechnic Pen, Raigad,

Maharashtra, India

Dr. Susarla Venkata Ananta Rama SastryMVGR College of Engineering, Vizianagaram,

Andhra Pradesh, India

Ms. Varsha Deshraj Food Corporation of India, Department of

Quality Control of Food Grains, Bulandshahar, Uttar Pradesh, India

Dr. Vishwanath B. ChachadiP.G. Department of Studies in Biochemistry, Karnatak University, Dharwad, Karnataka,

India

From the Editor's Desk

Dear Readers,

We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly

journal, International Journal of Agrochemistry. This journal is part of the Applied

Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Agrochemistry issues, from theoretical

aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies.

This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Agrochemistry as an

emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical

investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Agrochemistry, addressing researchers and

practitioners in this area.

The core vision of International journals of Agrochemistry in Journals Pub is to propagate novel awareness

and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to

industry practitioners in a range of topics in Agrochemistry in general. Journals Pub acts as a pathfinder for

the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, well-time & successfully. International

Journals of Agrochemistry focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Chemical/biochemical

composition of components, Chemistry, composition and processing of Agricultural pesticides and

insecticides, Processing effects on the composition and safety of Agricultural products, Veterinary drugs,

Plant growth promoting regulators (PGPR), Fertilizers and other agro-chemicals, including their

metabolism, toxicology and environmental issues. Chemical processes involved in phytonutrients, aromas

and flavors.

The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of

Agrochemistry and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation

and the success of the Agrochemistry. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who

supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many

others, reporting new developments in the field of Agrochemistry.

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would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the

editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project.

It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Agrochemistry readers and

will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Agrochemistry.

Puneet Mehrotra

Managing Director

1. Hydrogels Based on Guar Gum: A Review Sandeep Rai, Yashawant Bhalerao, Jinkal Mistry 1

2. Some Major Takeaways: International Year of Soils: 2015 Joystu Dutta 17

3. Post-Independence Agricultural Development in IndiaAruna Singh 20

4. Agriculture and Industry – Both Vital for a Nation to GrowAmit Kumar 22

5. Indian Agricultural Crops and Their CultivationAmit Agnihotri 24

Contents

IJA (2016) 1-16 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1

International Journal of Agrochemistry Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Hydrogels Based on Guar Gum: A Review

Sandeep Rai1,2*

, Yashawant Bhalerao2, Jinkal Mistry

1

1GRP Limited, GIDC Estate, Panoli, Bharuch, Gujarat, India 2Shroff S.R. Rotary Institute of Chemical Technology, Vataria, Bharuch, Gujarat, India

ABSTRACT

Polysaccharide-based hydrogels are potential materials for wide range of medical

applications i.e., tissue engineering, controlled drug delivery and local therapy etc. An

interesting fact related to hydrogels is their ability to be injected without any modification in

their chemical, mechanical and/or biological properties, due to their thixotropic behavior. It

is also feasible to alter the rheological and chemical-physical properties of polysaccharide

hydrogels by modifying the cross-linking agents and exploiting their thixotropic behavior. We

present here an overview of general chemistry, types, methods of preparation of hydrogels,

and a brief literature review of guar gum chemistry, production and applications of

hydrogels specially based on guar gum. Keywords: biocompatible, copolymer, guar gum, homo-polymer, interpenetrating network INTRODUCTION Hydrogels are formed either by physical or chemical interaction of cross-linked hydrophilic polymer chains, capable of absorbing large volumes of water. In hydrogels, water molecules penetrate into the interstitial spaces of the 3D polymer network, making the hydrogels similar to biological tissues. The amount of water absorbed by hydrogels is dependent on the porosity and hydrophilicity of the functional groups of polymers.[1,2] Based on the interactions involved in building up of the networks, hydrogels can be classified into physical and chemical hydrogels. In physical hydrogels, polymer chains are held together by molecular entanglement, ionic, hydrogen bonds and/or dipolar interactions. These physical hydrogels do not present structural repeatability due to non-covalent interactions which create dis homogeneity.[3–5] On the other hand, chemical hydrogels are mainly covalent cross-linked network, formed by the

chemical bonding of polymer chains with the addition of various cross-linking agents reacting with specific functional groups on the polymer chain.[6–8] Every chemical hydrogel also present physical interactions, which is due to the aggregation of hydrophobic cross-linking agents and/or parts of the polymer. This leads to a certain degree of dishomogeneity in chemical hydrogels as well. However, unlike physical hydrogels, mechanical properties of chemical hydrogels are highly reproducible, thus offering the possibility to modulate their cross-linking degree. The density of cross-links is critical in determining both properties and applications of the hydrogels. Crosslink density is responsible for the swelling behavior and hence the combined solid-like and liquid-like characteristics of gels. For that matter, chemical hydrogels appear more attractive than physical hydrogels for various applications.



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Some Major Takeaways: International Year of Soils: 2015

Joystu Dutta

Department of Environmental Science, Sarguja University, Ambikapur, C.G., India BACKGROUND On December 5, 2015, hundreds of events and initiatives took place across the world to celebrate soils. This World Soil Day is special for more than a singular reason. The 68th UN General Assembly declared 2015 the International Year of Soils (IYS). The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations has been nominated to implement the IYS 2015, under the agenda of the Global Soil Partnership, together with the Governments and the secretariat of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD). The IYS 2015 aims to increase awareness and understanding of the importance of soil for food security and essential ecosystem functions. It has defined some definite broad based objectives to increase public awareness and participation to protect soils in the changing climate scenario. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) identified healthy soils as the foundation for food, fuel, fiber and even medicine as it kicked off International Year of Soils on the first-ever World Soil Day.[1,2] As FAO Director-General; José Graziano da Silva puts it; “We must manage soils sustainably. There are many ways to do this. Crop diversification which is used by most of the world’s family farmers is one of them; this gives time for important nutrients to regenerate.” Calling soils a “nearly forgotten resource,” FAO director Mr. Graziano da Silva urged all actors to invest in sustainable soil management that would be cheaper than restoration and is needed for the achievement of food security and nutrition, climate change

adaptation, mitigation and overall sustainable development. Echoing that call, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon said that without healthy soils, “life on Earth would be unsustainable.” Soils play a key role in the carbon cycle, storing and filtering water, and improving resilience to floods and droughts, and yet we are not paying enough attention to this important “silent ally,” the UN agency explained. Soil is also the largest pool of organic carbon and has great potentialities of carbon sequestration, which is essential for mitigating and adapting to climate change. In an era of water scarcity, soils are fundamental for its appropriate storage and distribution. 95% of our food comes from the soil. Soil Degradation: Causes and Impacts Since 1945, nearly 1.2 billion hectares of agricultural land have been moderately or tremendously degraded, roughly corresponding to the size of India and China combined. On an average, globally, human influence has triggered a 10-fold rise in erosion rates as calculated from long-term geologic rates. Causes of soil degradation are both natural and human-induced. Natural causes include disasters such as earthquakes, tsunamis, droughts, avalanches, landslides, volcanic eruptions, floods, tornadoes, and wildfires. Human-induced soil degradation results from land clearing and deforestation, inappropriate agricultural practices such as slash and burn agriculture, jhum cultivation, improper management of industrial effluents and wastes, over-grazing, unscientific forest management, surface

http://www.fao.org/



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Post-Independence Agricultural Development in India

Aruna Singh* Department of Engineering and Technology, Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi, India

ABSTRACT

India is a developing country and a land of agriculture. Here, agricultural is the main source

of occupation for the growing population as well as the total income of the country. The

agricultural sector has undergone through and has witnessed several developmental changes

since independence. This includes a growth rate of 1% before independence to nearly 4% as

of today. Here, is a brief scenario of the progress laid in the Indian agricultural sector since

independence. Keywords: agricultural, green revolution, growth rate India is a land of agriculture. The agricultural sector plays an essential role in the overall growth and economic development of India. Apart from fulfilling the nation’s food requirements, agriculture provides labor to large percentage of the population and contributes to markets of industrial goods and foreign exchange. Agricultural sector used to be the main source of country’s occupation and income before independence. Approximately, 72% of the nation’s population was engaged in agriculture and nearly 50% of the total income used to come from the agricultural sector alone. Since independence, India has made many developments in the field of agriculture. Though, the total share of agriculture in contributing towards the nation’s gross income had declined from 50% to only 18% during 1950–2008, the overall economy still depends upon the performance of agriculture to a great extent. Due to this, agriculture still plays dominant role in the Indian economy.

Prior to independence, our agricultural sector used to grow at the rate of 1% per annum. It showed a growth rate of 2.6% per annum in the post-independence era. Earlier, India used to be dependent on the imported food grains. But now, we are self-sufficient in yielding a variety of crops and essential food grains. India during the early 1960s, introduced the concept of ‘Green revolution’. This technology was based on the production of high yielding grain varieties, enhanced responsiveness to heavy doses of fertilizers, multiple cropping, improved measures for plant protection, integrated development and management of dry areas and the package of improved practices in selected areas with assured rainfall or irrigation facilities.[1] By mid-1990s, India became self-sufficient in food grain production. In India, post-independence, strategies have been laid down to enhance the agricultural sector not only in terms of yield and production of grains, but also structural changes have been made. These developments were carried out step-by-



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Agriculture and Industry – Both Vital for a Nation to Grow

Amit Kumar* Department of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India

ABSTRACT

There is always a debate as to which one is more important for the survival of a nation - the

agricultural sector or the industrial sector. In India, which is a developing country, nearly

two-third of the population is engaged in agriculture. Though, agriculture plays vital role in

providing occupation to majority of Indian population, enhancing gross income of the nation

and growth in terms of economy; industries are required for overall development of the

nation.

Agriculture forms a major integral part of developing countries like India. Today, nearly two-third of India’s land falls under agriculture with almost 60% of India’s gross income coming from agricultural sector. Earlier, when there were lack of available resources and comfort, our ancestors were totally dependent upon agriculture for the growth and development in terms of nation’s gross income and economic growth. Back then, agriculture was the prime source to feed the population and meet the nation’s needs. Agriculture is undoubtedly important for a nation to exist and survive. But, industries have significant role in the development of a nation. There has long been debate whether the agricultural sector is more vital or the industrial sector for a nation to grow and survive. Agriculture plays indispensable role in a nation’s economy growth, but putting industries out of radar is not good for the nation’s development. For an all-round development, agriculture and industries both are essential and required for a nation to flourish. In India, about 46% land is under cultivation, and approximately 70% of the population relies on agriculture for their

livelihood. In comparison to this, the industrial sector comprises less than 17% of the total land area. This shows that there exists a huge gap between the agricultural and industrial sector. With the increasing population, agriculture alone would not be able to sustain the life of people in India. Thus, policies should be made so as to promote both agriculture as well as the industrial sector. To promote both the agricultural and industrial sector is an important and challenging task. Several measures are suggested to maintain a balance between them. These include: Barren lands that are unsuitable for

agricultural growth should be used for developing industries. Such areas are found in western region of the country like Gujarat and Rajasthan.

Areas with infertile soil or those where agricultural growth is poor can also be utilized for industrial development. Regions of black soil like Deccan pleatue and those in central India are less fertile and thus can be utilized for industrial sector.



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Indian Agricultural Crops and Their Cultivation

Amit Agnihotri*

Department of Chemical Engineering, ITM, Gwalior, India

ABSTRACT

The agricultural crops in India undergo different challenges. These include uncertainty due

to climatic changes, seasonal changes, soil texture and quality, natural calamities and

rainfall. Here, we summarize the various seasons in India suitable for cultivation of major

crops. Keywords: agricultural crops, Kharif season, Rabi crops India is an agricultural land with approximately 2/3rd of its population working under agricultural sector. Our country has witnessed several agricultural developments since independence. Some of these include: development of high-yielding varieties, improved irrigation facilities, improvement in adequate use of fertilizers and pesticides, improved soil texture and abolishment of zamindari system. Inspite of several strategies laid down to improve our agricultural production, yield and quality, we still have to depend on nature to fulfill our agricultural needs. Our country has to depend on monsoons, climate changes, soil, relief etc. Political issues and poor-marketing are other issues that prevail in our country. The major agricultural seasons that prevail in India are: Kharif season: This season begins as south-west monsoon from May to July, during which crops are grown. This season ends during September–October period and in this the crops are harvested. Major crops of this season include rice,

maize, bajra, ragi, jowar, jute, cotton, groundnut and tobacco. Rabi season: The sowing season in this is from October to December as the climate during this is cool which is required for proper growth of the crops. Crops are then harvested from February to April months, in which the climate is warm and thus ideal for seed germination and maturation of crops. Major crops include wheat, mustard, gram, barley, pulses, linseed and peas. Zaid season: This season prevails throughout the year and as such has no particular period. This season is classified based on the fact that certain major crops are required to fulfill the appetite of large percentage of the Indian population. So, such crops have to be grown irrespective of specific season and hence are grown all-year round by artificial irrigation. Zaid crops are however, divided into 2 categories: Zaid Kharif and Zaid Rabi crops. Zaid Kharif crops are sown during August-September and harvested from December–January. Examples of this type


Agrochemistry

www.journalspub.com

Jul–Dec 2016

IJA

Mechanical Engineering

Electronics and Telecommunication Chemical Engineering

Architecture

Office No-4, 1 Floor, CSC, Pocket-E,Mayur Vihar, Phase-2, New Delhi-110091, India

E-mail: [email protected]

¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy andApplications

¬ International Journal of Production Engineering¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

and Design¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation

« International Journal of Radio Frequency Design« International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology« International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies« International Journal of Digital Electronics« International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Signals

« International Journal of Housing and Human SettlementPlanning

« International Journal of Architecture and InfrastructurePlanning

« International Journal of Rural and Regional PlanningDevelopment

« International Journal of Town Planning and Management

Applied Mechanics

5 more...

1 more...

2 more...2 more...

5 more...

Computer Science and Engineering « International Journal of Wireless Network Security« International Journal of Algorithms Design and Analysis« International Journal of Mobile Computing Devices« International Journal of Software Computing and Testing« International Journal of Data Structures and Algorithms

Nanotechnology« International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology« International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures« International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

« International Journal of Solid State Materials« International Journal of Optical Sciences

Physics

« International Journal of Renewable Energy and itsCommercialization

« International Journal of Environmental Chemistry« International Journal of Agrochemistry« International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

Civil Engineering« International Journal of Water Resources Engineering« International Journal of Concrete Technology« International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis« International Journal of Construction Engineering and

Planning

Electrical Engineering« International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits« International Journal of Automatic Control System« International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives« International Journal of Electrical Communication

Engineering« International Journal of Integrated Electronics Systems and

Circuits

Material Sciences and Engineering « International Journal of Energetic Materials« International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials« International Journal of Ceramics and Ceramic Technology« International Journal of Bio-Materials and Biomedical

Engineering

Chemistry « International Journal of Photochemistry« International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry« International Journal of Green Chemistry« International Journal of Chemical and Molecular

Engineering

« International Journal of Electro Mechanics andMechanical Behaviour

« International Journal of Machine Design andManufacturing

« International Journal of Mechanical Dynamicsand Analysis

« International Journal of Fracture and damageMechanics

« International Journal of Structural Mechanicsand Finite Elements

5 more...4 more...

3 more...

Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and

Biomaterials« International Journal of Plant Biotechnology« International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology« International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules« International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and

Applications3 more...

Nursing « International Journal of Immunological Nursing« International Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing« International Journal of Neurological Nursing« International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing« International Journal of Oncological Nursing

5 more... 4 more...

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