Internation relations history revision 2

CONTENT:GERMANY 1918-1945

WEIMAR REPUBLIC (REPUBLIC - NO KING/QUEENLEADER WAS KAISER WILHELM II (OF GERMANY)1919-1923 - CHALLENGES TO THE REPUBLIC1923-1929 - WEIMAR STABILITY 1929-1935 - DOWNFALL OF THE WEIMAR GOV

HITLERS GERMANY

1919-1923 - HITLER & THE NAZI PARTY (EARLY DAYS)1923-1929 - NAZI STEADY GROWTH1923- MUNICH PUTSCH1929-1933 - INCREASING SUPPORT FOR THE NAZIS + THE WALL STREET

CRASHJAN 30TH 1933 - HITLER BECOMES CHANCELLOR OF GERMANYJAN 1933 - AUG 1934 - CHANCELLOR TO DICTATOR

THE EFFECT OF WW1 ON GERMANY

EFFECT OF WW1ON GERMANY

The Reichstag was weak Working and even middle classpeople had little say in the way

Germany was run During the war, Germany

had been ruled as a militarydictatorship by the Kaiser and his

army leaders Lidendorff andHindenburg

Farming was disrupted as farmershad been drafted into the army

By 1918, Germany was producingonly 50% of the milk and 60%of the butter and meat it had

produced before the war The British blockade of Germany

prevented food getting into Germanyand people faced starvation

In the winter of 1916-17 the supplyof potatoes ran out and only turnips

were left. 750,000 died of hungerand disease.

Political Effects

Physical EffectsPsychological Effects

Before the war, Germans had been proud and ambitious for their country - they were now bitter and angry

Germans looked around for someone to blame for their defeat inthe war

A society that had been famous for its unity and the obedienceof its people now became famous for its squabbling and conflict

Germany was unstable. Many armed, demobilisedsoldiers were returning home bitter and angry.

They joined violent demonstrations against the warand the Kaiser.

Anarchy

THE EFFECT OF WW1 ON GERMANY

EFFECT OF WW1ON GERMANY

However, the allies were stronger, and Germany weaker than it seemed. The USA had

entered the war in 1917. Every month it was sending fresh

soldiers and equipment to buildup the allies forces. The Germanarmy had lost many of its best

officers in earlier battles, and its soldiers were poorly supplied

after years of the British naval blockade of its ports. In June 1918 the Ludendorff offensive slowed, then ground to a Holt.

ReversalDisaster

In August 1918, the allies counter-attacked. Within a fewweeks the allies had recaptured all the land that the Germans

had gained in the past 3 months. By September 1918 it was clearGermany had to make peace. Over a million Germans dead, people faced starvation. Allies offered peace but the Germans

had to get rid of the Kaiser as he was blamed for starting the war.

German divisions were now transferred from the Eastern Front to the Western front. They madea massive breakthrough all along the Western Front in the Ludendorff offensive. German

divisions were now, at last, advancing quickly through Belgium and Northern France. Theirleaders encouraged the German people to believe that victory would soon be theirs.

A Breakthrough

WAS THERE REALLY A REVOLULATION IN GERMANY IN 1918?1) One condition for peace at the end of WW1 was that Germans

had to get rid of Kaiser Wilhelm. However, he refused to abdicate. The German people were giving up the fight.

Kaiser A German or Austro - Hungarian emperorWilhelm A male given name, German form of WilliamAbdicated Give up your roleRevolution A change

Versailles City in and the Capital Yuelines NFrance. Peace treaty between allies and Germany 1919

Armistice A temporary suspension of hostilities by agreement Strike ProtestsUltimatum A final proposal or statement of conditionsWar A conflict carried on by force of armsReichstag Lower house of Parliament during second Reich and Weimar RepublicChancellor Head of German statePeace The normal, non warring condition of a nation, group of nationsMutiny Rebellion against any authority

It was a condition for peacethat the Germans got rid

of the kaiser, but he refusedto abdicate. This is howevents moved during

(October and November 1918)

Naval commanders at Kieldecided to send their ships

out to fight the Britishfleet in one last suicidal

bid for glory. Sailorsmutinied.

(25 October 1918)

The Kaiser and his government did not try to send the army to

crush this mutiny and it was quicklyfollowed by strikes and demonstrations

against the war and the Kaiser allover Germany. Soldiers mutinied

and joined protests.(28 October - 5 November 1918)

By now soldiers and workerscouncils had taken controlin many cities. Their main

aim was to end the war.(6 November 1918)

Social Democrat leadersent an ultimatum to the

Kaiser that unless heabdicated they would join

the revolution.(7 November 1918)

Strike in Berlin. Armed workersand soldiers roamed the streets.Ebert took over as chancellor.

(9 November 1918)

Kaiser Wilhelm fled intoexile in Holland and spent

the remainder of hisdays there.

(10 November 1918)

An armistice was agreedbetween Germany and

the Allies.(11 November 1918)

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1

Who Would Control Germany?

With the Kaiser gone, the Social Democrats were in charge, but they were not in control. Germany was extremely unstable. Armed, demobilised soldiers were returning home from the front and joining in the demonstrations and violence on the streets. And there was still the threat from the extreme left-wing revolutionaries

1. Communism A political system where everyone is equal and gets paid the same

2. Socialist Left wing political beliefs, supports the working class

3. Social Democrats The biggest party in the Reichstag in 1918

4. Ebert Chancellor of Germany in 1918

5. Spartacus League A communist group led by Rosa Luxemburg

The Social Democrats The Spartacus League

Who was their leader? Ebert (Friedrich Ebert) Rosa Luxemburg

What was their background?

Chancellor of Germany in 1918

Went to Germany in 1898Writer and SpeakerImprisoned for sending anti-war propaganda

Did they want the Kaiser in charge?

No, getting rid of the Kaiser was the end of the revolution

Who supported them?The rich, poor, the army?

Soldiers

Did they want a revolution?

No because they got rid of the Kaiser

Who would rule Germany?The Kaiser ruled Germany. But when Germany lost the war he had to abdicateThe German government, called the Reichstag were now in power, but they were not really in controlThere were lots of groups ready to start a revolution. Soldiers came home from the war with their guns and found their families starving. They were angry with the government for signing the Treaty of Versailles and wanted to get rid of the government.

Germany and the Treaty of Versailles

WW1 was fought between 1914-1918 At the end Germany lost, because of a number of factors,

including America`s entry into the war and the Naval Blockade which stopped food and supplies getting into Germany

The German (Kaiser) king was forced to be abdicated At the end of the war the victors met at the Paris Peace

Conference and came up with their terms for peace Germany was forced to sign the Treaty of Versailles. They

were not allowed to attend or negotiate the terms and felt that they were unfairly treated. They called the treaty a "DIKTAT"

The 3 countries involved in the Versailles negotiations were:1. Britain (Lloyd George)2. France (Clemenceau)3. USA (Wilson)(the 3 main leaders of the negotiations can be seen in brackets

next to the country)

Das Diktat - Why did the Germans hate the Treaty of Versailles?

What kind of treaty werethe Germans expecting?

After the 1st world war the Germans knew they would have to pay a price for peace.However, they had several reasons for

hoping that the peace treaty would not bea harsh one.

The Kaiser had gone: Germany had a newdemocratic government.

The new republic needed support

The social democrat leaders expected theywould have great problems settling

Germany down after the chaos of warand revolution. They assumed that theAllies would want to help them andgive their new government a good

chance to establish itself. A harsh treatywould make it far more difficult for -

- them to create a stable government

War Guilt

Article 231 of the Treaty said that Germanywas to blame for the causing of the war. This was the term that the Germans mostresented. To them the war had been one

of self-defence.

Reparations

As Germany was held to be responsible for the war, the Allies could claim compo for damage caused by the war. In 1921 a special commission fixed a

sum of £6600 million to be paid in annual instalments. Given that the Treaty also took away

from Germany around 10% of its industry and 15% of its agricultural land, there was

doubt as to whether Germany could actuallyafford this.


Military Restrictions

The French desire for security meant that the German armed forces had to

be drastically reduced.The air force had to be disbandedArmy limited to 100,000 soldiersNavy limited to 15,000 sailors

Only 6 battle shipsNo submarines

President Wilson believed in a fairtreaty

What kind of treaty did the Germansget?

When the allies assembled at Versaillesin 1919 to draw up the treaty, it soonbecame clear that the Germans were not going to get what they hoped for

despite Wilson`s hopes the emphasis -

- seemed to be punishing Germany. The French,in particular wanted a peace which would weaken

so much that there would be no chance of itattacking France in the future.

Additionally, the Rhineland would be occupiedby the allies for 15 years and no German troops

allowed in the area.

Territorial Losses

Germany lost 13% of its land, which containedabout 6 million of its people.

Alsace - Lorraine was returned to FranceWest Prissoa and Posen (polish corridor) were

lost to PolandAfter plebiscites in 1920-21 by the people wholived there, the following areas were also lost

Alsace - Lorraine returned to FranceNorthern Schleswig to DenmarkPart of upper Silesia to Poland

Danzig was taken over by the league of nationsas a free city


Territorial Losses

Danzig was taken over by the league of nationsas a free city

Memel was taken over by the league but waseventually taken by Lithunania in 1923

The Saalland was taken over by the league of nations for 15years.

There would then be a plebiscite to determine its future

How did Germany react to the treaty?

When the terms of the treaty first became known, the German government refused to sign it, and resigned. It was a hopeless gesture. The Allies made it clear that if the Germans did not sign, they would resume the war.

A new government was formed which did agree to sign the treaty. It did not believe that the treaty was fair any more than the previous government did, but knew it had no choice. As responsible politicians they had to sign. To allow war to restart would be suicidal for Germany.

But from the moment the treaty was signed, many promised to do all they could to overthrow it.

How did Germany react to the treaty?

The "stab in the back" myth

The Treaty of Versailles greatly weakened the new government of Germany. It suited many Germans to believe that Germany had never really lost the war. Army leaders like Ludendorff encouraged this view. He said the army would have fought on to preserve Germany`s honour, if only weak politicians and Communist revolutionaries had not demanded peace.

A powerful myth developed which said that the army had been "stabbed in the back" by weak politicians. Right-wingers who looked back fondly to the pre-war days when Germany was powerful were happy to blame the new democratic government for making peace.

The Treaty became a symbol of Germany`s humiliation and defeat. This aroused strong feelings.

Problems of the Weimar Government

1. 1919 - Spartacist uprising -Communists -stopped by Freikorps

2. 1919 - Signing of Versailles Treaty - German ppl very bitter and angry

3. 1920 - Kapp (Wolfgang Kapp) uprising - Freikorps - stopped by general strike

Problems of the Weimar GovernmentThe Weimar Constitution

The Presidentelected every 7 years

The ReichstagProportional representation: parties

got the same proportion of seatsas their proportion of votes

The German PeopleAll adults can vote, all have equal

rights

The ChancellorAppointed from the Reichstag by thepresident. Had to be supported by a

majority of the Reichstag Article 48:In an emergencyhe could makelaws withoutgoing to theReichstag first

ElectMake Laws

Opponen

ts

The invasion of the Ruhr and Hyperinflation

By 1923 Germany could no longer repay the reparation repayments.

When the Germans could no longer repay the £6.6 billion pounds in reparations repayments the French were angry.

They sent troops to an area called the Ruhr in Germany which was very industrial and produced iron. They then occupied this area to take resources from Germany.

Germans in the area went on strike to stop the French getting these resources. This was called, "passive resistance"

This meant that Germany had even less money as they were no longer making money in this area

Germany had to print more and more money to try and pay the reparation repayments.

This lead to hyperinflation

1923 - The Munich Putsch (The Beer Hall Putsch)

Hitler the Failure:8th November: What happened in the beer hall?

On November 8th Kahr, the Bavarian Prime Minister and this two most senior Bavarian officials were addressing a meeting of around 3000 businessmen at a beer hall in Munich. Hitler and Goering arrived with 600 storm-troopers. Hitler stopped the meeting and took Kahr and his ministers into a side room at gunpoint where he persuaded them to support him in overthrowing the Reich government.


Hitler the Failure:9th November: The March on Munich

The first part of Hitler`s plan had succeeded. But now he had made a big mistake. He let Kahr and his colleagues go, while he and Ludendorff planned how their supporters could seize Munich the following day it was soon clear that Kahr`s pledge of support, made at gunpoint, was worthless. When news of the Putsch reached Berlin the government ordered the army in Bavaria to crush it. Kahr would not attempt to stop it. The Nazis could not backtrack now, however. They would march on Munich the next day as planned. They would challenge the army and the police not to fire on them, but to support them. With Ludendorff as their leader, Hitler hoped they might succeed.


Hitler the Failure:The results of the Munich PutschThe Munich Putsch was a failure. As a result:The Nazi party was banned, and Hitler was prevented from speaking in public until 1927.Hitler went to prison, where he wrote 'Mein Kampf'. Millions of Germans read it, and Hitler's ideas became very well-known.Hitler decided that he would never come to power by revolution; he realised that he would have to use constitutional means, so he organised:The Hitler Youth Propaganda campaigns Mergers with other right-wing partiesLocal branches of the party, which tried to get Nazis elected to the ReichstagThe SS as his personal bodyguard, which was set up in 1925 It was this strategy of gaining power legitimately that eventually brought him to power.

To what extent did the Weimar Government recover after 1923?

Gustav Stresemann He was a businessman and politician His political beliefs are not easy to define as they do

not conform to the usual "left/right" classification He had business links with the USA before the 1st

world war After the war he set up the German Peoples part

(DVP) supported by many middle - and upper - class protestants. The DVP stood for Christian family values, secular education, lower tariffs, opposition to welfare spending and agrarian subsides and hostility to Marxism. The DVP gradually began co-operating with centre and left-wing parties


Gustav Stresemann

Stresemann spent a brief period as chancellor but failed to deal firmly enough with the culprits of the Munich Putsch, and this lead the Social Democrats to leave the coalition that he led

For the next 8 years (the remainder of his life) he continued as Foreign Minister, whatever the make-up of the government

He was friendly with many foreign leaders and won the Nobel Peace Price in 1926 (shared with his French Counterpart Aristide Briand)

He died of a stroke aged 51 in 1929


Gustav StresemannSTRESEMENN`S SUCCESS AND HOW THIS

HELPED GERMANY

1. 1924 - The Dawes Plan2. 1925 - Locarno Pact3. 1926 - Germany joined the League of

Nations4. 1928 - Germany signed the Kellogg-

Briand Pact5. 1929 - The Young Plan

1924 - The Dawes Plan

How did this help Germany?

Stresemann was chancellor for just 4 months, but he was foreign minister for 5 years. It was in this office that he had his greatest success. In 1924 he negotiated the Dawes Plan with the allies. Under the terms of the plan, the USA agreed to loan Germany 800 million gold marks. Annual repayments reduced payment until 1988. Payments ceased in 1930.

1925 - Locarno Pact


These economic measures, together with further loans from the USA, helped the German economy to recover. Between 1924 and 1929 Germany received over 25 billion marks in loans, which enabled German industry to be rebuilt. Stresemann also had great success in improving relations with other countries. In 1925 he signed the Locarno Pact with France and Belgium, in which countries agreed to respect common orders.

1926 - Germany joined the League of Nations


In 1926 Germany joined the LEAGUE OF NATIONS.

1928 - Germany signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact


The international acceptance of Germany was reinforced in 1928 when it was one of 60 countries to sing the Kellogg Briand Pact, which renounced war as an instrument of foreign policy.

1929 - The Young Plan


The introduction of the young plan meant that Germany`s reparations were reduced by over 67% and the country was given a timetable for making payments. The allied powers adopted this in 1930, although the WALL STREET CRASH of 1929 had a major impact its implementation. Stresemann was strongly criticised for being too willing to co-operate with Germany`s further enemies. Believed the Treaty of Versailles could not happen over night.


SUMMARYHyperinflation Problems: Retenmark Got the French to leave the Ruhr

1924 - Dawes Plan - USA gave loans to Germany1925 - Locarno Pact - Agreed to maintain the borders of

countries1926 - League of Nations - Germany was allowed to join the

League of Nations1928 - Kellogg Briand Pact - 60 countries signed, they agreed

not to sort problems by war1929 - The Young Plan - Reparation repayments reduced, extra

time to pay

What did the Nazis stand for in the 1920`s?

What did the Nazisstand for in the

1920`s?

Increase old age pensions

Educate gifted childrenat the state`s expense

No non-Germans to be newspaper editors

Remove Jews from all positions of leadership in

Germany

Challenge terroror violence withyour own terror

or violence

Destroy Marxism

Destroy the

Weimar GovernmentsAbolish the Treaty

of VersaillesRe-arm Germany

Conquer Lebensraum

NationaliseImportantIndustries

Strong CentralGovernment

The Swastika


Hitler personally designed theNazi flag, with its symbol,the Swastika. The coloursred, white and black had alsobeen the colours of Germany`sflag under the Kaiser. Veryquickly the Swastika becamethe best known political symbolin Germany.RED - Social idea of

movement

White - Nationalist idea

Hitler as a leader


By 1922 Hitler was the undisputed leader of the party. He had a powerful, dominating personality. He was intelligent and decisive. Although he was a small man he had a great physical presence. He had piercing blue eyes which he would fix on his listeners and he was a charismatic public speaker. When giving a speech he would often arrive late at a meeting then stand silent for several minutes. He would start softly then gradually build up to a furious finish, driving the audience wild with enthusiasm. He rehearsed carefully for important speeches.

Hitler as a leader - Extra information


Mein Kampf was published in 1925. His national fame was nowsuch that it became a best seller.

The German word Chaff means useless

Additionally, Hitler did very little to solve the great depression. Aswell as this he tried to raise taxes which people were not happy about. Hitler also cut unemployment benefit.

COMMUNISM - Everyone gets same

(middle class didn`t turn to communism)

working class turned to communism

What was the depression?How did the Depression help the Nazis?

WhoSuffered

Factory Workers

40% of all factory workerswere unemployed by 1932.At the same time the governmentcut unemployment benefit tosave money. For the unemployedthis was a time of extreme poverty

Farmers

Farmers had not done well in the 1920`s. Prices had been fallingsince 1925. In the 1930`sfarmers slipped further into debt

Businessmen

Businessmen saw their business close.If they did manage to survive they sawtheir income fall - because in the depression people had less money tospend, even on essentials like food &clothes. To make matters worse thegovernment actually raised taxes to payfor looking after the increasing numberof poor people. However, businessowners were not hit as badly as eithertheir workers or farmers.

Young People

In 1933 over 1/2 of all Germans between the ages of 16 & 30 were unemployed. 60% of new universitygraduates could not get a job.

What was the depression? How did the Depression help the Nazis?

How did the Weimar Government deal with the Great Depression?

DESTROY DEMOCRACY

DICTATORSHIPFUHRER

NAZI 1 PARTY STATE

1. Increased taxes2. Cut benefits3. President Hindenburg used Article 48 to rule by decree

OCT 1929WALL STREET CRASH

JAN 30TH 1933

JAN 30TH 1933HITLER BECOMESCHANCELLOR

AUGUST 1934

3 YRS

18 MONTHS

How did these problems help the Nazis?

How did these problemshelp the Nazis?

Promise to Voters!Promised restoredprofits

Every sector of German society seemed to hearsomething it

wanted to hear

Farmers higherprices

Shop-keepers protection against competition. Therewas something for

everyone

Workers promised jobs (Hitler could point to how the Nazis [SA] had taken in the unemployed and fed & housed

them.



Use of Technology

Could now redoubletheir propaganda

Radio was usedfor the first time

1932, Presidentialelections, while

Hindenburggave just one

election speech

Radio broadcast carriedthe Nazi message. Millions,

election posters, rallies, parades and marches

Geobbells chartered planes tofly Hitler all over Germany in

order to speak to 4 or 5massive rallies a day



Support of the Industrialists

One of their aims - which was pretty successful - was toearn the support of the powerful industrialists. Traditionally,they had voted for the Conservative Party, which lost much ofits support after 1930. In 1931 Hitler made a deal with the othermain-right wing party, The Nationalists, by which the 2 partiesagreed to co-operate. The Nazi party also received some financialbacking from big businesses.


How did these problemshelp the Nazis? Weakness of Opposition

Other parties were very weak and they consistentlyunderestimated the Nazis. The Social Democrats feared theywould attempt a putsch. But they thought that the Naziselectioneering was so absurd that ordinary Germans wouldsee through it. They`re own support was constant so they werenot eager to change. They quarrelled amongst themselves.



Organisation

Skilled leaders at almost

every level

Local workers well trained

and motivated

They brought to party work thesame obedience, organisation and

teamwork skills which they neededin the trenches.

Very well organised

Many Nazis had been

soldiers in WW1


How did these problemshelp the Nazis? Propaganda

Stirred up violence at election meetings so SA could crush it and be seen dealing with Communist threat.

Used every trick in

the book to get their

message home.

Leaders were masters of propaganda and carefully trained local groups in it.

Hitler pointed to the Nazis10 year track record inleading the fight against

Communism.

They knew their anti-communist stance was very

popular and their propagandafurther whipped up fear andhatred of the Communists.



Flexibility

One reason for the Nazis success was that they were flexible

If they found an ideawas losing them support

they would change it.

In the end, despite theextreme beliefs

expressed in the Nazis 25 points - of which they made no secret.

Germans wereactually very unsureas to what the Nazis

really stood for.

If all else failed the Nazis simply went for vague promises: They

would make Germany great again.

In one election speecha Nazi powerfully for

an nationalisationof industry - one of

Nazis beliefs - quicklydropped the idea, when

industrialists werealarmed.

They realised it doesn`t matter what

people promise as longas they trust you



Hitler the Superman

Only one thing really stayed consistent throughoutthis barrage of electioneering. The unblinking

focus on Hitler, the strong leader whom Germanyneeded and wanted.

He wore spectaclesto read but refused to be

seen wearing them inpublic and so his

speeches were typedin LARGE (12mm

high print)

Opposition had no1to match him

Hitler was the Nazistrump card

He developed hisspeech making skills

further

It no longer seemed to matter whathe said just HOW he said it

His physical appearance was

adopted (on postersat least)

Campaignsfocused aroundhis personality

and skills.

How did the Nazis gain popularity 1929-1933?

Left Wing Right wing unemployment

Communist Social Democrats

Democratic Party

Centreparty

Conservatives Nationalist NazisUnemploymentfigures

54 153 25 61 45 73122.6%

1.391.000

77 143 20 68 30 4110718.3%

3.076.000

89 133 4 75 7 3723037.3%

5.603.000

100 121 2 70 11 5219633.1%

81 120 5 74 2 5228843.9%

4.804.000

1928

1930

Jul 1932

Nov 1932

1933

The above table shows the Reichstag election results. 1928-1933 and unemployment figures 1925-1933.

How did the Nazis gain popularity 1929-1933?

1. How many seats did the Nazis have in the Reichstag in 1928?12

2. What event happened in October 1929?The Wall Street Crash

3. What happened to Nazi support following the event?Nazi support increased

4. What do you notice about Nazi popularity by July 1932?The popularity of the Nazis increased

5. What happened to the number of seats gained by the Nazis in the Nov 1932 elections?

Decreased by 33.1% from 230 seats to 1966. By 1933, what % of the seats did the Nazis have?

43.9%

Why was Hitler 'invited' to become Chancellor of Germany?By November 1932, Hitler was leader of the largest party in the

Reichstag. He now thought he should be given the role of chancellor.

The Problem:At the heart of the problem was that by 1932 the Nazis were the largest

party in the Reichstag. Normally the leader of such a party wouldbecome the Chancellor, but the other parties would not work with Hitler.

The constitution gave President Hindenburg the right to appoint thechancellor and he did not want Hitler as Chancellor.

President Hindenburg Franz von Papen General von Scheicher

Hated Hitler. Advisers wererich, conservativeindustrialists andarmy leaders

Rich Catholicnobleman. Afavourite ofHindenburg.Distrusted Hitler

Former army leader. The mainadvisor toHindenburg.Supported vonPapen to start with. DistrustedHitler.

Why was Hitler 'invited' to become Chancellor of Germany?

Highly respected WW1 hero 84 years old in 1932 Faced huge opposition from the Nazis and

Hitler who stood against him in the 1932 Presidential election.

Hindenburg won the 19 million vote to Hitler`s 13 million

Even-though Hitler lost, the election gave him an excellent opportunity to get his message across even more

Had the difficult job of trying to establish a stable government in Germany

1925 - 1934 (president)

President Hindenburg


Hindenburg`s 1st choice Member of the Centre Party Found he didn`t have enough support Called an election in July 1932 but this

backfired as the Nazis increased their support

He called another election in November 1932 and although the Nazis lost seats, he lost more

Was forced to resign, humiliated May - Nov 1932 (7 months president) Had a secret meeting with Hitler when

Schleicher was in-charge

Franz von Papen


Couldn`t rule effectively when the Nazis were so powerful

Lasted less than 2 months Nothing else to say! Nov 1932 - Jan 1933 (2-3 months

president)

General von Scheicher

When did Hitler become chancellor and what did this lead to?

Jan 30th 1933 (Hitler becomes Chancellor)Feb 27th 1933 (Reichstag fire)

Suspending all the articles in the constitution which guaranteed personal liberty

Freedom of speech Freedom of the press Freedom of assemblyNow in power Hitler could do the following things: Search houses Confiscate property Detain people indefinitely without trial It decreed the death penalty for a wide range of crimes Police could ban meetings Police could close newspapers Police could round up political opponents Police could drag them off to their hostly organised concentration camps

and detention centres Police seized the state Radio Station


Reichstag fire & emergency powersJoins NationalistsEnabling ActBans other Political Parties and Trade UnionsNight of the Long KnivesDeath of HindenburgArmy Oath


March 5th elections (1933) Nazis won 288 seats Hitler is still not happy as he has not got a majority and cannot

pass new laws. Therefore, he needs to think of something toget their votes.

He THEN BANS COMMUNIST PARTY (because of the Reichstag fire) Hitler then gets 50% of seats in the Reichstag AFTER THIS HE JOINS WITH NATIONALISTS This gives him 53% of the seats, which is a majority

Enabling Act

This gives the power personally to Hitler. The Chancellor can make newnew laws without telling the Reichstag.

Bans all other political parties Hitler bans all other parties including [Social Democrats], the party

that set up the Reichstag had now gone.

Night of the Long Knives

Hitler had an ultimatum and had to make a choice between the SA and the Army.

Hitler was finding the SA harder to control The SA had a violent reputation which Hitler did not

want to be associated with Rohm posed a particular threat - he was getting too

powerful Hitler would have to go along with ideas of the SA

On 29th June 1954 Hitler acted. He called a meetingof SA leaders for the following day at Wiessee inBavaria.30th June - becomes known as the Night of the Long

Knive.


On 13th July 1934 Hitler told the Reichstag that Rohm had been arrested and shot because he was plotting to seize power.

Circurquent Democracy

1st July 1934 - Hitler hosts a tea party

TreasonSA + Other enemiesCarr - (at Munich Putsch)Von Schliecher (chancellor)Rohm (shot in his cell)77 died (official record)400 died in reality

The message that this gives toGerman people is that Hitler is in charge and anyone who challenges it risks it at theirperel.


Hindenburg died on 2nd August 1932 ages 87. The eldest chancellor ever to rule Germany.

Hitler now gave himself a new title, FUHRER On the same day the army swears an oath of

personal loyalty to Hitler


4 THE ARMY AGAINST THE ARMY

The army was well trained, organised and disciplinedThe army had the support of big business and ConservativesAn efficient army was needed for Hitler to retake the land lost under the Treaty of Versailles

The army was the only organisation which had the power to remove HitlerThe army was small - it had only 100,000 men. However, due to the Treaty of Versailles the army to restricted to this number of soldiersHow loyal the army would be to Hitler was unknown

4 THE SA

Rohm, the leader of the SA, was an old friend of HitlerThe SA had fought for Hitler in the 1923 Munich Putsch and in later fights against CommunistsThe SA were committed NazisThe SA had grown to over 2,500,000 men - it was much larger than the army if it came to a fight

AGAINST THE SAThe SA was beginning to get out of hand. It was interfering in the running of the country and the law courtsThe SA disapproved of some of the Nazi leadersIf Hitler used the SA to control the army, then he would have to go along with their other demandsSome of the generals disliked Hitler and the NazisHitler did not agree with many of the SA`s anti-capitalist policies and working-class aims

Life in Nazi Germany?

How did the Nazis control Germany?

Some people went along with the Nazis simply because they were too scared to speak out against them. They did not necessarily support Hitler but feared the consequences of objecting to him. Special organisations even existed to terrorise people into accepting Nazi rules.

The SS

SS stands for "schutz staffel", which means "protection squad". Set up in 1925, the SS were originally Hitler`s private bodyguards. Gradually, it was built up to be the most important armed group in Germany. SS members were tall, fit, blond haied and blue eyed. You couldn`t even become a member if you had a tooth filled: Mainly, the SS had three sections: One section looked after security - they could arrest anybody without a good reason and search houses.

Education in Nazi Germany

Indoctrination - A set of beliefs constantly repeated to implant ideas in the mind

Ideology - A set of ideasEugenic - How to produce perfect off-spring

The second area of influence over young people was their school.The Nazis used their control over teachers to influence what children learned at school. Many teachers were already verynationalistic and accepted that they should teach Nazi ideas. Thosewho were not were usually sacked. Many teachers attended teachers` camps which concentrated on indoctrination and physical training.97% of teachers joined the Nazi Teachers Association.

Education in Nazi Germany - The Nazi Curriculum

The minds and bodies of young people were to be shaped to the Nazi cause. Certain subjects became more important than others.

Physical education was given 15% of school time, and some sports such as boxing became compulsory for boys. Pupils had to pass an examination, and unsatisfactory performance could lead to being expelled

History. This concentrated on the rise of the Nazi party, the injustices of the Treaty of Versailles and the evils of Communism and the Jews

Biology explained Nazi ideas on race and population control. Pupils were taught how to measure their skulls and to classify racial types: also that Aryans were superior and should not marry inferior races

German. This taught pupils to be conscious of their national identity by reading about German heroes of the Hitler Youth and First World War.

Geography taught about the lands which were once part of Germany and the need for more living space (Lebensraum) for Germans.

Religious Studies became less important and by 1937 pupil could drop the subject.

Education in Nazi Germany - The Nazi Curriculum

Girls usually had a different curriculum from boys. They also studied domestic science and eugenics (how to produce perfect offspring by selecting ideal qualities in the parents). Additionally, life in school became very difficult for those who were not Aryan, especially the Jews.

Teachers in Nazi GermanyMembership of the Nazi Teachers` Association became compulsory after 1933.1. This made the process of indoctrination much easier for the Nazi Party, with teacher`s.2. Virtually all Jewish teachers were dismissed in 1933 as it was deemed 'undesirable' to allow Jewish teachers to teach 'Aryan' pupils.3. Some teachers remained as teachers in Jewish schools until these schools were banned altogether in 1942. Those teachers who taught in 'Aryan' schools however suffered increasing levels of harassment and by 1935 no Jewish teachers were left in these schools at all.

What was life like in the Hitler Youth?

The Youth MovementThere were multiple tasks of which could be done as a result of The Hitler

Youth Movement. For example: model making Reading Der Sturmer Chariot races Practising carrying 'dead' comrades to the funeral pyre as a part of a

Mid Summer festival Hitler Youth leaping through fire at a festival to mark the Summer

Solstice Women/girls did slightly different activities for example,

javelin throwers in the League of German maidens. Girls also had to run 60m in 14 seconds, throw a ball 12m, complete somersaults, a tightrope walk and a 2 hour march or swim 100m: and know how to make a bed.


But how were the youths organised?Boys:

10-14 years oldDeutsches Jungvolk - DJ (Pimpfen)German Young People

Girls:

10-14 years oldJungmadelgund - JMLeague of Young Girls

Boys:

14-18 years oldHitler Jugend - HJHitler Youth

Girls:

14-18 years oldBund Deutscher Made (BDM)League of German Girls


Hitler wanted to turn the young into loyal Nazis. The three greatest influences on young Germans were their families, their schools and youth movements. The Nazis tried to control all three.

Youth movements had been popular in Germany for a long time. They usually involved hining, singing folk-solks, camping and sport. There were many groups to choose from - most were political or religious groups. The Nazis had formed their own Hitler youth in the 1920s.

After 1933 young people were encouraged to join the Hitler Youth and most other political youth organisations were closed down. By 1936 it was almost impossible not to join the Hitler youth.

There were separate organisations within the Hitler Youth for boys and girls, all under the command of Reich Youth leader. Baldur Von Schirach. Girls were encouraged to join the League of German Maidens. The Nazis believed the girls` youth organisations were less important than those of the boys because girls were not prepared for military service. Never the less, girls had to do similar activities and tests to the boys.

Opposition to the Nazis - The Youth

The Soldiers:

Nazi Youth policy throughout the 1930s was directed at preparing young Germans for war. When war came the Nazis had a strong army, but the rest of their youth policy was badly harmed. The best leaders of the Hitler Youth went away into the army leaving the organisation in the hands of teenagers.

The Hitler Youth concentrated exclusively on military affairs. Members got fed up with being policed and told what to do by people hardly older than themselves.

In several ways the Hitler Youth became less and less attractive and many young men turned away from it. These young people often formed gangs or groups. There were two main 'alternative' or opposition groups - the 'Edelweiss Pirates' and the 'Swing Youth'.


Swing Youth:

These were middle class youths who wanted to dance and listen to swing music which was a blend of black jazz and white dance-band music. During the war 'swing clubs' sprang up in most cities where members met in cafes and night clubs. They wore English style bomber jackets, girls wore make up and Jews were accepted into their groups. A common greeting was 'Heil Benny' after band leader Benny Goodman. The Nazis were outraged and tried to stamp out such behaviour. Some of these young people were harshly punished - such as Hasso Schutzendorff, who in October 1942 was put in a concentration camp. had his hair cut off. was thrashed by an iron bar and forced to push trolleys full of earth up a hill for a fortnight.


Edelweiss Pirates:

The edelweiss flower was a symbol of opposition adopted by many groups of working class youths. Groups such as the 'Roving Dudes' and the 'Nacajos' all regarded themselves as 'Edelweiss Pirates'. They included girls and boys. At weekends they would go on hikes, meet other groups, camp, sing, talk and hope to beat up Hitler Youth patrols.

Some of the Edelweiss Pirates also got involved in direction opposition to the Nazis. In Cologne the 'Navajos' sheltered army deserters and concentration camps escapees, and attacked military targets and Nazi officials. A group of them killed the head of the Cologne Gestapo but were caught soon after and executed in November 1944.

Women in Nazi Germany

These campaigns were particularly aimed at Aryan women. They were the ones whom the Nazis really wanted to have large families. They wanted to mould Aryan women into their ideal mothers who:

Did not go to work:

In all the jobs they were directly controlled. They

began to get rid of women.15% of

teachers, all womendoctors and civil

servantswere sacked.

Looked like this:

Blonde, heavy-hipped, and athletic,

in a full shirt, wearing flat heels and no make-up

Cooked like this:

Always using up left-overs: once a month on a Sunday they had to prepare a one-dish meal, a sort of stew made of cheap meat and left overs that everyone

was meant to eat. The SA could come round and

check on whether this was being observed.

Dressed likethis:

Always usinghome -

producedsubstitutes for imported wool,cotton and silk


Kinder, Kuche, Kirche (children, kitchen, church)

1934, head of womens beneaue

The government offered special loans to new brideswho agreed not to take a job. 800,000 took this up.

Women who had large families were given the "Honourcross of the German mother"

Bronze - 4 childrenSilver - 6 childrengold - 8 children


The 3H`s

Laws against abortions were strictly enforced From 1936 the Nazis opened maternity homes,

designed to be breeding centres for the production of pure Aryan babies - racially approved Aryan women were matched with men from the SS.

From 1933 women started to be sacked from jobs. Doctors and Civil servants were first. Numbers of female teachers were drastically reduced and from 1936 women could no longer be judges.

How did the Nazi`s control Germany?

Some people went along with the Nazi`s simply because they were too scared to speak out against them. They did not necessarily support Hitler but feared the consequences of objecting to him. Special organisations even existed to terrorise people into accepting Nazi rule.


SS stands for 'Schutz Staffel', which means 'protection squad'. Set up in 1925, the SS were originally Hitler`s private bodyguards. Gradually, it was built up to be the most important armed group in Germany. SS members were tall, fit, blond-haired and blue-eyed. You couldn`t even become a member if you`d had a tooth filled! Mainly, the SS had three sections: one special looked after security - they could arrest anybody without a good reason and search houses. Another section was the Waffen SS - providing elite units in the army. The final section was the Death`s Head Units - they ran the concentration camps and, later, the death camps.


Himmler was the man in charge of all aspects of 'Nazi terror', a loyal Nazi who had known Hitler since 1923. He was appointed leader of the SS in 1929. He was ruthless when dealing with oppositon to Hitler and the Nazi Party.


The secret police were known as the Gestapo. Their major job was to crush anyone who was against Hitler. They spied on people they thought were a threat, tapped telephone lines and opened mail. They had the power to arrest, imprison without trial and torture anyone. They set up a huge network of informers who would report any 'grumblers' to them. Even children were encouraged to report their parents or teachers if they moaned or made an anti-Hitler joke.

Gestapo agents would pretend to be rebels and would visit people who were suspected of being disloyal to the government. They would attempt to trick them into incriminating themselves and their friends.


The ordinary police continued their regular work but ignored most crimes committed by Nazi`s. The law courts were under Nazi control too. New laws meant that the death penalty could be given for, among other things, telling an anti-Nazi joke, having sex with a Jew or listening to a foreign radio station. In 1934 Hitler set up the People`s Court which tried people for 'crimes against the state' - any opponent of the Nazis was an enemy of the state.


Lots of thee were set up as soon as Hitler took power. They were like large prisons where any 'enemies of the German state' could be held for any length of time. Anyone the Nazis did not like was sent there - Jews, homosexuals, gypsies, old political opponents and anyone who had criticised Hitler. Inmates were forced to work hard and listen to Nazi ideas all day long. Some were even tortured or worked to death.

Note: These camps are different to the extermination camps.


The Nazis encouraged a climate where nobody ever criticised the government or Hitler. German people learnt to 'speak through a flower' - always saying nice, positive things whatever their private thoughts might be. Before 193, though, there was very little opposition to Hitler and what did exist was soon destroyed. The SS and the Gestapo terrified most Germans.

Propaganda in Nazi Germany

Josef Geobbels, appointed as Nazi Minister of Propaganda and National Enlightenment on Hitler`s rise to power. He was vain and ambitious, a womanise and a bitter antisemite. This photograph was taken in 1931. It shows him leaving a polling station after voting in a general election. The photograph was banned after 1933 because it showed Goebbels club foot.

Propaganda in Nazi GermanyWhat were the problems facing Goebbels in 1933?

Newspapers:Germany had no real national newspaper in 1933

but had 4700 local newspapers. Some were owned by big Jewish publishing firms. All the political parties had newspapers. The circulation of Nazi newspapers was small.

Goebbels took over most of the publishers, put controls on what journalists could write and set up a press agency to tell newspapers what the news should be. The propaganda ministry issued daily orders to newspapers, such as that in source 3. SOURCE 3 ORDERS FROM THE PROPAGANDA MINISTRY, 6TH APRIL 1935.

"Photos showing members of the Reich government at dining tables in front of rows of bottles must not be published in future. Recently, because

of a great number of photos, the utterly absurd impression has been among the public that members of the government are living it up"


Newspapers:Anti Nazi newspapers were closed. By 1944 there

were only 1000 daily newspapers and most of these were controlled by the Nazi Party. Newspapers were put up in pubic display boxes. Some Nazi newspapers threatened people who cancelled their subscriptions. Even newspaper sellers at train stations were checked on to see if they were following Nazi instructions.


Radio

Problem: Hitler and Goebbels believed the spoken word was more effective than the written word, so radio was very important. The problem was that much radio was local. States like Prussia and Bavaria had their own radio. Hermann Goering, who was Minister for Prussia, was determined he should control radio in Prussia. Goebbels wanted control of all radio in a Reich Radio company. The other problem was to make sure people listened to the radio. Few people owned radios as they were expensive.


Radio

Goebbels: Goebbels won the power struggle for the control of radio and formed the Reich radio companywhich controlled all local radio stations. Millions ofvery cheap radios called 'The People`s Receiver' were made. These could not pick up foreign broadcasts.

By 1939 70% of German households had a radio. For those who did not, 6000 loudspeaker pillars were erected in public squares all over Germany where Nazi propaganda programmes could be heard.

Local radio wardens encouraged the spread of radio and made sure orders such as the newspapers announcements were obeyed.


Films

Problem: These were seen as another very important means of propaganda. The problem wa that Germans were used to films which were made to a high standard and were very entertaining. The 1920`s had been a golden age in German film-making, with Germany producing some of the most celebrated directors and stars. Would people watch political films if they were used to such good films?


Films

Goebbels: The cinema was popular so Goebbels encouraged new films. Well over a thousand films were made during the Third Reich. Most of these were love stories, comedies or adventure films; the rest were political films. Two examples of propaganda films are Jud Suss which told the story of an 'evil' Jew, and Ohm Kruger, an anti-British films about the Boer War. Admission to cinemas was only allowed at the beginning of the entire programme, so you also had to watch newsreels and short documentary films which carried the Nazi message.


Festivals & Celebrations

Problem: Goebbels had successfully used marches, rallies and festivals to attract people in the battle to win power. Now they had to be used to keep people loyal, to make people feel important and part of the New Germany. They needed to be impresive. But what should the rallies and parades be like? What events from the history of the Nazi party could be celebrated each year?

Propaganda in Nazi GermanyFestivals & Celebrations

Goebbels: People were encouraged to celebrate a new list of important days. On such days people were expected to attend parades and speeches and hang out flags.January - 'DAY OF SEICING POWER' - MASS TORCHLIGHT PROCESSIONSFebruary - FOUNDING OF THE NAZI PARTY DAYMarch - WAR HEROES DAYApril - HITLERS BIRTHDAY - ARMY PARADES, FLOWERS FOR HITLERS PORTRAIT IN SCHOOLSJuly - GERMAN CULTURE DAYSeptember - REICH PARTY DAY - A WEEK RALLY AT NUREMBERGNovember - ANNIVERSARY OF THE MUNICH PUTSCH - SILENT MARCH THROUGH MUNICH

The Nuremberg Rallies:The week-long rally at Nuremberg was the highlight of

the year, with thousands of people watching parades and displays and listening to speeches.


Culture

Problem: The Nazis were very critical of the culture (the music, theatre, literature and art) of Weimar Germany. They thought it undermined what they saw as traditional German values. But how do you control the work of artists and writers? And what do you do about existing art, books, films and plays that Hitler does not approve of?


Culture

Goebbels: Goebbels set up the Reich Chamber of Culture. Musicians, writers and actors had to be members of the chamber. Goebbels could stop any musician, actor, writer or artist from workng by ending his or her membership of the Chamber of Culture - many who were thought to be unsuitable were banned. Some left Germany in protest, some buckled under and started to produce work which was acceptable to the Nazis.


Music

Goebbels drew up guidelines for what was acceptable. Music should be German: folk songs, marching music and classical music by Bach, Beethoven and Mozart were to be preferred. Some popular music was permitted, but never jazz which was 'black' music and therefore racialy inferior.


Theatre

Theatre should concentrate on German history and political drama. Cheap theatre tickets were available. If you joined the Nazi 'cultural association' you could see ten plays at half price, but you could not choose which plays or when; Goebbels controlled that too.

Propaganda in Nazi GermanyLiterature

Goebbels drew up a list of banned books which were removed by the Gestapo from bookshops and libraries. In May 1933 the Nazis encouraged students to burn the books they believed were un-German and Jewish. Goebbels wanted books about race, war and the Nazi movement. One popular topic was the heroic actions of German soldiers in the First World War. Such books described the thrill of combat and how Germans should be prepared to die for the fatherland.

A model Nazi book was written by Goebbels in 1924. A novel with the title Michael, It contained the following Nazi themes:

The comradeship of the battlefield The superriority of Nardic blood The evil influence of Communists and Jews The idea of motherhood and the home The inspired leadership of Hitler The heroic way of life under the Nazis

25 Point PlanRein Kampf

RadioNewspapers - Der SturmerFilms

Shops + businesses

Nuremburg Laws

Kristallnacht

WW2

Nazi treatment of the Jews

Background:

Anti-semitism (hatred of the Jews) had been common in Europe for many centuries. In the early Twentieth Century it was particulary harsh in Russia and many Russian Jews moved to Germany and other European countries where the attitude to Jews was more tolerant.

Many German Jews were poor but some had done well. In 1933 although Jews made up less than 1% of the German population they were prominent in some professions - for example 16% of lawyers and 17% of bankers were Jews. There were 10,000 Jewish doctors.

How far did life improve for people in Nazi Germany?

2nd August 1934 - Army swore oath to Hitler. Hitler is now fuhur.

The Depression/Wall Street Crash Hyperinflation Treaty of Versaillies - Reparations Jews (according to the Nazis)


Unemployment under Hitler:

January 1933 - 6,014,000January 1934 - 3,773,000January 1935 - 2,974,000January 1936 - 2,520,000January 1937 - 1,853,000January 1938 - 1,052,000January 1939 - 302,000


The National Labour Service [RAD]

Hitler`s first job once he came to power was to setup the National Labour Services (rad) to provide the jobs he had promised the German people.

This organisation gave men jobs in public works schemes, for example, building schools, hospitals and motorways and digging drainage ditches. Men in the RAD had to wear a uniform and live in work camps. Their wages were only really pocket money, but for thousands, was an improvement of a life with no work, at least they got free meals.


The German Laabour Front (DAF)

Within months of taking power, Hitler decided to abolish all trade unions, in their place he set up the German Labour Front which was run by Dr Robert Ley. It put in place a number of rules:

bosses could no longer sack workers on the spot workers could not leave a job without the

government`s permission workers could no longer bargain for higher wages strikes were made illegal limitations on the hours a person could work were

abolished. Many Germans were working 60-72 hour weeks by 1939.


Military Service

Hitler wanted to make Germany strong and independent. This meant that the army needed increasing in size and strengths. In March 1935, Hitler introduced compulsory military service and set up an air force (luftwaffe). Those doing military service did not count as unemployed - this took 1,300,000 off the unemployment registers. The army grew from just 100,000 men in 1933 to 1,400,000 in 1939. These soldiers needed equpping, so 46 billion marks were spent on weapons and equipment, providing jobs for thousands of Germans.


What was invisible unemployment?

Under the Nazis there hadbeen much visible unemployment. The number of unemployed jews is great, but these are not counted as unemployed. Another source of 'invisible source' hade been the discharge of women whose husbands are employed.

The people that were not counted on the unemployment regisiter include:

Jews not counted Women not counted if husbands were employed Unmarried men under 25 not counted

Were most people better off under Nazi rule?

When Hitler came to power, the Germany economy was in ruins as a result of the World Depression which followed the Wall Street Crash. unemployment stood at six million, and Hitler took stops to bring this figure down. After all, he had promised in 1933 to beat unemployment within 4 years.

Strength Through Joy

The leisure time of the workers was also taken care of. An organisation called "Kraft Durch Frarde" (kdf) took care of this. Ley and the KDF worked out that each worker had 3,740 hours per year free for persuing leisure activities - which the state would provide. The activities provided by the state were carefully and systematically recorded. For the Berlin area (1933-1938)


Type of event Number of events Number of people involved

Theatre Performances 21,146 11,507,432Concerts 989 705,623Hikes 5,896 126,292Sports Events 388 1,432,596Cultural Events 20,527 10,518,282Holidays and Cruises 1,196 702,491Museum tours 61,503 2,567,596Exhibitions 93 2,435,975Weekend Trips 3,499 1,007,242Courses/lectures 19,060 1,009,922


Rearmament and Public Work Programmes

A number of methods were used to win the battle against unemployment. Hitler`s re-armament policy led to increased production in the iron and steel industry, and in companies making weapons. Obviously more workers were needed for this. Hitler also reduced the number of unemployed men by putting them into the army. The Nazis also helped create jobs by spending money on public works. For example, a network of autobahns across Germany was bugun. Help was also given to private firms to build houses. These measures help reduced unemployment to only 218,000 by July 1938.


Employment rises but wages fall

Things were not as rosy as they looked. Unemployment fell in all European countries as the Depression came to an end. Also, there was no improvement in the level of wages. People`s average working week rose from 45 hours in 1928 to 50 in 1939 and over 60 towards the end of the war. Yet wages were lower in 1938 than they had been in 1928.


Conditions for workers

German workers lost the right to have their own trade unions. Instead the government set up the German Labour Front. Two other organisations 'Beauty of Labour' and 'Strength Through Joy', were set up to promise better working conditions and give rewards for good work, but there is no doubt that under the Nazis workers worked harder and for less reward. There was also a shortage in consumer goods for Germans to buy as the German economy became increasingly linked to preparing for war.

By 1939 the Nazis had reduced unemployment and brought political slability to Germany. But this was achieved at a very heavy cost. Hitler`s totalitarian regime has abolished many of the rights that citizens in other countries took for granted.


Best houses, preferential treatment and good jobs.


Economic policies gave full employmentSeemed to be no poverty in Germany

Strength through Joy programme gave people fun and holidays

Beauty of Work gave people pride in what they doLaw and orderAutobahns improved transportPropaganda gave people hopeWages fell and strikers could be shotLoss of personal freedomAll culture had to be German


Idealised women as the child-bearer and creator of family

Mothers who had more than 8 children given a gold medal

Law of Encouragement gave newly-wed couples a loan of 1000 marks, and allowed them to keep 250 marks for each child they had

Job discrimination


HJ and BDM made they youth feel special

Many parents scared children would report them to the Gestapo which gave children power

Nazi culture very youth-orientated

Youth opposition groups formed


Used fear and horror against anyone who opposed the regime

Banned trade unions and political parties

Persecuted

Sent to concentration camps

Many Germans, however, welcomed this as it brought stability


Jews were systematically persecuted. Forced in to walled ghettos and condemned to death in the Final Solution

Gypsies killed

Black people sterilised and killed

Mentally disabled people killed

Physically disabled people and families sterilised and often killed

Beggars, homosexuals, prostitutes, alcoholics, hooligans and criminals were also regarded as anti-social and put in concentration camps

Were people better off under Nazi rule? Summary

NO

Trade unions werebanned

Small businessessuffered

Women & Jewish peoplewere taken off the lists ofunemployed people

Women lost theirjobs and malecandidates for workwere always givenpreference over female

300,000 people wereforcibly sterilised under Nazirule. Most of these people were disabled

Conscription was re-introduced so that allmen had to join the army


YES

Industrial productionincreased

New autobahns, hospitals, schools, sports stadiums and other public buildings were built

Employment increasedfrom 13.1 million(1933) to 18.8million (1938)

National incomeincreased from 42.6billion reichsmarks (1932) to 79.8 reichsmarks(1938)

Big businesseslike Volkswagenand Mercedes madehuge profits

Germany achieved self-sufficiencyin important food stuffs such as grain. This meant that Germany could produce all its own food


YES

The 'Strength Through Joy' programgave working people the chance togo on holiday, somefor the first time intheir lives, with cheaptrips to the coast and tocountries like Norway

Women were given money for having children, and encouraged to have many children with rewardslike the Motherhood Cross. The gold cross went to women who had 8 kids, silver for 6 and bronze for 4.

Unemploymentfell from 5.6million (1932)to 2 million (1938)


NOT SURE

Public expenditure increased from17.1 billion Reichsmarks in 1932 to37.1 billiion in 1938

Wages were lower in1938 than in 1928. The length of the day rose byan average of 10% in1939 compared to 1928

Agreements with the ChurchesHitler chose not to aggrevate the churches when he came to power - in a speech to the Reichstag he described the church as being vital to the moral welfare of the German people.

In june 1933 the Catholic Church signed an agreement - a concordat - with the Nazis. Hitler promised to leave the Catholic Churches, schools and youth organisations alone and as a result the church would keep out of politics in Germany.

Hitler united all the Protestant churches into a single Reich church under the control of a Nazi Bishop, Muller. They became known as German Christians and adopted Nazi style salutes and uniforms. The motto of the church was "the swastika on our breasts and the cross in our hearts.

Nazified the churches by the Swastika and Hitler behind the halter like the Vicar.

The Nazi formed a faith movement as an alternative to the church - it involved a Pagan style.

The 20 July Bomb Plot - a summary

Count Stauffenberg loses faith

Fighting in Tunisia in 1943

1. What do you know about the Stauffenberg plot?

At some point in early 1944, Stauffenberg joined a group of German officers intent on bringing the war to a quick end and negotiating a peace wth the allies. Their biggest obstacle was of course Hitler.

About to attend the meeting, Stauffenberg, lacking time to prepare two devices, only managed to prepare one bomb. With it set to detonate after ten minutes.

4 people diedHitler was examined