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Interactions in the evolution of dispersaldistance and emigration propensity
Andreas Gros
29 October 2008
Interactions in the evolution of dispersal distance and emi grationpropensity
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
1. Introduction
• Thesis overview• Important factors
2. Detailed view on
(a) Local adaptations(b) Sex-biased dispersal
Introduction
Introduction - Dispersal
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
Why study dispersal?
Introduction - Dispersal
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
Image: c©User eco-photography CC-License: CC-BY-NC-ND 2006 via Flickr
Introduction - Dispersal
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
Image: c©User Imbaker CC-License: CC-BY-NC-SA 2007 via Flickr
Introduction - Dispersal
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
Image: c©User crustmania CC-License: CC-BY-NC-ND 2006 via Flickr
Introduction - Work overview
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
Work overview:
• With Thomas Hovestadt and Hans Joachim Poethke (Uni Wurzburg)
• Evolution of
• local adaptations in dispersal strategies• dispersal under distance dependent costs• sex-biased dispersal under sex-specific dispersal costs• sex-biased dispersal under asymmetric competition
• With Ulf Dieckmann (IIASA, Laxenburg)
• Evolution of dispersal kernels
• With Martin Wegmann (Uni Wurzburg)
• Analysis of patch irreplacibility
Introduction - Work overview
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
Work overview:
• With Thomas Hovestadt and Hans Joachim Poethke (Uni Wurzburg)
• Evolution of
• local adaptations in dispersal strategies• dispersal under distance dependent costs• sex-biased dispersal under sex-specific dispersal costs• sex-biased dispersal under asymmetric competition
• With Ulf Dieckmann (IIASA, Laxenburg)
• Evolution of dispersal kernels
• With Martin Wegmann (Uni Wurzburg)
• Analysis of patch irreplacibility
Introduction - Work overview
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
Work overview:
• With Thomas Hovestadt and Hans Joachim Poethke (Uni Wurzburg)
• Evolution of
• local adaptations in dispersal strategies• dispersal under distance dependent costs• sex-biased dispersal under sex-specific dispersal costs• sex-biased dispersal under asymmetric competition
• With Ulf Dieckmann (IIASA, Laxenburg)
• Evolution of dispersal kernels
• With Martin Wegmann (Uni Wurzburg)
• Analysis of patch irreplacibility
Introduction - Work overview
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
Work overview:
• With Thomas Hovestadt and Hans Joachim Poethke (Uni Wurzburg)
• Evolution of
• local adaptations in dispersal strategies• dispersal under distance dependent costs• sex-biased dispersal under sex-specific dispersal costs• sex-biased dispersal under asymmetric competition
• With Ulf Dieckmann (IIASA, Laxenburg)
• Evolution of dispersal kernels
• With Martin Wegmann (Uni Wurzburg)
• Analysis of patch irreplacibility
Introduction - Work overview
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
Work overview:
• With Thomas Hovestadt and Hans Joachim Poethke (Uni Wurzburg)
• Evolution of
• local adaptations in dispersal strategies• dispersal under distance dependent costs• sex-biased dispersal under sex-specific dispersal costs• sex-biased dispersal under asymmetric competition
• With Ulf Dieckmann (IIASA, Laxenburg)
• Evolution of dispersal kernels
• With Martin Wegmann (Uni Wurzburg)
• Analysis of patch irreplacibility
Introduction - Work overview
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
Work overview:
• With Thomas Hovestadt and Hans Joachim Poethke (Uni Wurzburg)
• Evolution of
• local adaptations in dispersal strategies• dispersal under distance dependent costs• sex-biased dispersal under sex-specific dispersal costs• sex-biased dispersal under asymmetric competition
• With Ulf Dieckmann (IIASA, Laxenburg)
• Evolution of dispersal kernels
• With Martin Wegmann (Uni Wurzburg)
• Analysis of patch irreplacibility
Introduction - Work overview
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
Work overview:
• With Thomas Hovestadt and Hans Joachim Poethke (Uni Wurzburg)
• Evolution of
• local adaptations in dispersal strategies• dispersal under distance dependent costs• sex-biased dispersal under sex-specific dispersal costs• sex-biased dispersal under asymmetric competition
• With Ulf Dieckmann (IIASA, Laxenburg)
• Evolution of dispersal kernels
• With Martin Wegmann (Uni Wurzburg)
• Analysis of patch irreplacibility
Introduction - Dispersal
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
Introduction - Dispersal
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
Actively moving organisms “Dispersal is thepermanent movement an individual makes from itsbirth site to the place where it reproduces or wouldhave reproduced had it survived and found a mate.”(Howard,1960)
Introduction - Dispersal
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
Actively moving organisms “Dispersal is thepermanent movement an individual makes from itsbirth site to the place where it reproduces or wouldhave reproduced had it survived and found a mate.”(Howard,1960)
Sessile organisms “Dispersal includes all mechanismsleading to the displacement of offspring away fromthe position of the mother.” (Hovestadt, 2005)
Introduction - Costs and benefits of dispersal
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
Image: c©User spinedoc18 CC-License: CC-BY-NC 2007 via Flickr
• Costs:
• Dispersal mortality• Investment in
dispersal mechanisminstead of fertility
• Time spent ondispersal
Introduction - Costs and benefits of dispersal
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
• Costs:
• Dispersal mortality• Investment in
dispersal mechanisminstead fertility
• Time spent ondispersal
• Benefits:
• Avoidance of(kin-)competition
• Avoidance ofinbreeding depression
• Avoidance of badconditions
Introduction - Driving factor
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
Kin-competition
Introduction - Driving factor
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
Kin-competition
• Dispersal pays be-cause of demographicbenefits
Introduction - Driving factor
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
Kin-competition
• Does dispersal stillpay?
Introduction - Driving factor
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
Kin-competition
• Dispersal pays
• because you cancompete withnon-siblings
Introduction - Driving factor
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
Kin-competition
• Dispersal pays
• because you cancompete withnon-siblings
• and your relativeshave the chance torear more offspring
Thesis chapters
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
Detailed view on two chapters of my thesis:
• Evolution of
• local adaptations in dispersal strategies (Gros et. al, 2006)1
• sex-biased dispersal under sex-specific dispersal costs (Gros et.al, 2008) 2
1Gros, A., Poehtke, H.J., Hovestadt, T., 2006. Oikos 114: 544-552
2Gros, A., Hovestadt, T., Poehtke, H.J., 2008. Ecological Modelling 219: 226-233
Local adaptations
Evolution of local adaptations in dispersal strategies
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
• Evolution of local adaptations in dispersal strategies
Image: c©User Aaron Escobar 2008 CC-BY via Flickr
Evolution of local adaptations in dispersal strategies
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
• Evolution of local adaptations in dispersal strategies
Image: c©User Aaron Escobar 2008 CC-BY via Flickr
4 factors play a role:
Evolution of local adaptations in dispersal strategies
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
• Evolution of local adaptations in dispersal strategies
Image: c©User Aaron Escobar 2008 CC-BY via Flickr
4 factors play a role:
• increase in costs towards the border
Evolution of local adaptations in dispersal strategies
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
• Evolution of local adaptations in dispersal strategies
Image: c©User Aaron Escobar 2008 CC-BY via Flickr
4 factors play a role:
• increase in costs towards the border• decrease in competition towards the border
Evolution of local adaptations in dispersal strategies
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
• Evolution of local adaptations in dispersal strategies
Image: c©User Aaron Escobar 2008 CC-BY via Flickr
4 factors play a role:
• increase in costs towards the border• decrease in competition towards the border
• dispersal destroys local adaptation
Evolution of local adaptations in dispersal strategies
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
• Evolution of local adaptations in dispersal strategies
Image: c©User Aaron Escobar 2008 CC-BY via Flickr
4 factors play a role:
• increase in costs towards the border• decrease in competition towards the border
• dispersal destroys local adaptation• kin-competition drives dispersal
Evolution of local adaptations in dispersal strategies
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
• Evolution of local adaptations in dispersal strategies
Image: c©User Aaron Escobar 2008 CC-BY via Flickr
The questions:
• Do we find local adaptation?• If yes, under which conditions can local adaptation evolve?
Evolution of local adaptations in dispersal strategies
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
• The system: annual clonal plants on an island
Image: c©User Aaron Escobar 2008 CC-BY via Flickr
Evolution of local adaptations in dispersal strategies
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
• How far to disperse one’s offspring on an island?
Evolution of local adaptations in dispersal strategies
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
• How far to disperse one’s offspring on an island?
Evolution of local adaptations in dispersal strategies
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
• How far to disperse one’s offspring on an island?
Evolution of local adaptations in dispersal strategies
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
• How far to disperse one’s offspring on an island?
Evolution of local adaptations in dispersal strategies
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
• How far to disperse one’s offspring on an island?
Evolution of local adaptations in dispersal strategies
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
• How far to disperse one’s offspring on an island?
X
Evolution of local adaptations in dispersal strategies
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
• How do the corresponding phenotypes look like?
Image: c©User Roger Smith 2006 CC-BY-NC-ND via Flickr
Evolution of local adaptations in dispersal strategies
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
• How do the corresponding phenotypes look like?
0 1 2 3 4 5
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
dispersal kernel
distance
prob
abili
ty d
ensi
ty
mean distance = 1mean distance = 2
Evolution of local adaptations in dispersal strategies
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
• Resulting seed density
Evolution of local adaptations in dispersal strategies
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
• The system: plants on an island
• The model:
A4A3A2A1
Evolution of local adaptations in dispersal strategies
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
• The system: plants on an island Different dispersal functions:
kernel prob. density traits
Global (G) Gp
Nearest Neighbour (NN) Gp
Neg. Exp. (NE) Gd
Neg. Exp.+ (NE+) Gd, Gp
Skewed (S) Gd
Skewed+ (S+) Gd, Gp
Evolution of local adaptations in dispersal strategies
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
Results
12
34
56
area number
mea
n di
sper
sal d
ista
nce
A1 A2 A3 A4center rim
A4A3A2A1
Evolution of local adaptations in dispersal strategies
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
Results
12
34
56
area number
mea
n di
sper
sal d
ista
nce
A1 A2 A3 A4center rim
small patch (radius 25)
A4A3A2A1
Evolution of local adaptations in dispersal strategies
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
Results
12
34
56
area number
mea
n di
sper
sal d
ista
nce
A1 A2 A3 A4center rim
big patch (radius 150)small patch (radius 25)
A4A3A2A1
Evolution of local adaptations in dispersal strategies
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
Results
12
34
56
area number
mea
n di
sper
sal d
ista
nce
A1 A2 A3 A4center rim
big patch (radius 150)small patch (radius 25)
A4A3A2A1
island (patch) size is most important determinant fordispersal distance
Evolution of local adaptations in dispersal strategies
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
Results
12
34
56
area number
mea
n di
sper
sal d
ista
nce
A1 A2 A3 A4center rim
big patch (radius 150)small patch (radius 25)
A4A3A2A1
minimum patch size necessary for local adaptation
Evolution of local adaptations in dispersal strategies
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
Summary
• Island size strongly influences dispersal distances• Local adaptations evolve only above a certain habitat size• Below that size the cost-benefit profile of dispersal is too weak
and local adaptation is completely destroyed by dispersal
Evolution of local adaptations in dispersal strategies
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
Summary
• Island size strongly influences dispersal distances• Local adaptations evolve only above a certain habitat size• Below that size the cost-benefit profile of dispersal is too weak
and local adaptation is completely destroyed by dispersal
Evolution of local adaptations in dispersal strategies
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
Summary
• Island size strongly influences dispersal distances• Local adaptations evolve only above a certain habitat size• Below that size the cost-benefit profile of dispersal is too weak
and local adaptation is completely destroyed by dispersal
Sex-biased dispersal
Evolution of sex-biased dispersal: the role of sex-specificdispersal costs, demographic stochasticity, and inbreedi ng
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
• Sex-biased dispersal
1. female-biased (often in birds)2. male-biased (often in mammals)
Evolution of sex-biased dispersal: the role of sex-specificdispersal costs, demographic stochasticity, and inbreedi ng
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
• Sex-biased dispersal
1. female-biased (often in birds)2. male-biased (often in mammals)
Image: c©User nkenji 2007 CC-BY-NC-ND via Flickr
Evolution of sex-biased dispersal: the role of sex-specificdispersal costs, demographic stochasticity, and inbreedi ng
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
• Sex-biased dispersal
1. female-biased (often in birds)2. male-biased (often in mammals)
Image: c©User mecocrus 2006 CC-BY-NC-SA via Flickr
Evolution of sex-biased dispersal: the role of sex-specificdispersal costs, demographic stochasticity, and inbreedi ng
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
• Sex-biased dispersal
1. female-biased (often in birds)2. male-biased (often in mammals)
Image: c©User mecocrus 2006 CC-BY-NC-SA via Flickr
It is unclear
• under which circumstances sex-biased dispersalevolves, and
• which factors determine exactly which gender becomesmore dispersive 3
3Kokko, H. & Jennions, M. D., 2008. Parental investment, sexual selection and sex ratios. J. Evol. Biol. 21, 919-948.
Evolution of sex-biased dispersal: the role of sex-specificdispersal costs, demographic stochasticity, and inbreedi ng
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
Explanations for sex-biased dispersal:
• avoidance of inbreeding depression
Evolution of sex-biased dispersal: the role of sex-specificdispersal costs, demographic stochasticity, and inbreedi ng
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
Explanations for sex-biased dispersal:
• avoidance of inbreeding depression• differences in competition about reproductive resources
Evolution of sex-biased dispersal: the role of sex-specificdispersal costs, demographic stochasticity, and inbreedi ng
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
Explanations for sex-biased dispersal:
• avoidance of inbreeding depression• differences in competition about reproductive resources• differences in dispersal payoff
Evolution of sex-biased dispersal: the role of sex-specificdispersal costs, demographic stochasticity, and inbreedi ng
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
Explanations for sex-biased dispersal:
• avoidance of inbreeding depression• differences in competition about reproductive resources• differences in dispersal payoff ... or costs
Evolution of sex-biased dispersal: the role of sex-specificdispersal costs, demographic stochasticity, and inbreedi ng
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
Explanations for sex-biased dispersal:
• avoidance of inbreeding depression• differences in competition about reproductive resources• differences in dispersal payoff ... or costs
Differences in dispersal costs are an obvious reason forbiased dispersal, but can they explain big sex-biases indispersal propensity – especially when the cost differencesare small?
Evolution of sex-biased dispersal: the role of sex-specificdispersal costs, demographic stochasticity, and inbreedi ng
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
The model
Evolution of sex-biased dispersal: the role of sex-specificdispersal costs, demographic stochasticity, and inbreedi ng
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
The model
• patch-matrix world
Evolution of sex-biased dispersal: the role of sex-specificdispersal costs, demographic stochasticity, and inbreedi ng
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
The model
N=10
• patch-matrix world• N breeding territories per
patch• annual, sexually reproducing
species• monogamous pairs• pairs with territory get an
equal number of offspring• individuals have two loci:
dm, df
Evolution of sex-biased dispersal: the role of sex-specificdispersal costs, demographic stochasticity, and inbreedi ng
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
The model
N=10
c
c c
c
• patch-matrix world• N breeding territories per
patch• annual, sexually reproducing
species• monogamous pairs• pairs with territory get an
equal number of offspring• individuals have two loci:
dm, df
• dispersal mortality c
• disperser pick patchrandomly
Evolution of sex-biased dispersal: the role of sex-specificdispersal costs, demographic stochasticity, and inbreedi ng
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
Given the costs c, how many sib-lings should disperse?
Image: c©User Andrew Pescod CC-BY-NC-SA 2006 via Flickr
Evolution of sex-biased dispersal: the role of sex-specificdispersal costs, demographic stochasticity, and inbreedi ng
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
Given the costs c, how many sib-lings should disperse?
• Kin-selection theory states:
Image: c©User Andrew Pescod CC-BY-NC-SA 2006 via Flickr
Evolution of sex-biased dispersal: the role of sex-specificdispersal costs, demographic stochasticity, and inbreedi ng
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
Given the costs c, how many sib-lings should disperse?
• Kin-selection theory states:
Rb > c
Image: c©User Andrew Pescod CC-BY-NC-SA 2006 via Flickr
Evolution of sex-biased dispersal: the role of sex-specificdispersal costs, demographic stochasticity, and inbreedi ng
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
Given the costs c, how many sib-lings should disperse?
• Kin-selection theory states:
Rb > c
⇒ d∗ =
{
R−cR−c2
if R > c
0 if R ≤ c
Image: c©User Andrew Pescod CC-BY-NC-SA 2006 via Flickr
Evolution of sex-biased dispersal: the role of sex-specificdispersal costs, demographic stochasticity, and inbreedi ng
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
Given the costs c, how many sib-lings should disperse?
• Kin-selection theory states:
Rb > c
⇒ d∗ =
{
R−cR−c2
if R > c
0 if R ≤ c
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
relatedness R
disp
ersa
l pro
babi
lity
d
c = 0.4
Evolution of sex-biased dispersal: the role of sex-specificdispersal costs, demographic stochasticity, and inbreedi ng
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
How does it look like for sex-specific costs?
Image: c©User Andrew Pescod CC-BY-NC-SA 2006 via Flickr
Evolution of sex-biased dispersal: the role of sex-specificdispersal costs, demographic stochasticity, and inbreedi ng
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
How does it look like for sex-specific costs?
d∗f =
{R−cf
R−c2f
if R > cf
0 if R ≤ cf
d∗m =
{
R−cm
R−c2mif R > cm
0 if R ≤ cm
Image: c©User Andrew Pescod CC-BY-NC-SA 2006 via Flickr
Evolution of sex-biased dispersal: the role of sex-specificdispersal costs, demographic stochasticity, and inbreedi ng
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
How does a difference in dispersal mortality influence dispersal?
Evolution of sex-biased dispersal: the role of sex-specificdispersal costs, demographic stochasticity, and inbreedi ng
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
How does a difference in dispersal mortality influence dispersal?
Results from the numerical model
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
difference = 2 %
d f ,
d m
c
a
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
difference = 5 %
c
b
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
difference = 10 %
N =
10
c
c
Evolution of sex-biased dispersal: the role of sex-specificdispersal costs, demographic stochasticity, and inbreedi ng
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
How does a difference in dispersal mortality influence dispersal?
Results from the numerical model
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
difference = 2 %
d f ,
d m
c
a
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
difference = 5 %
c
b
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
difference = 10 %
N =
10
c
c
Evolution of sex-biased dispersal: the role of sex-specificdispersal costs, demographic stochasticity, and inbreedi ng
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
How does a difference in dispersal mortality influence dispersal?
Results from the numerical model
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
difference = 2 %
d f ,
d m
c
a
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
difference = 5 %
c
b
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
difference = 10 %
N =
10
c
c
Evolution of sex-biased dispersal: the role of sex-specificdispersal costs, demographic stochasticity, and inbreedi ng
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
How does a difference in dispersal mortality influence dispersal?
Results from the numerical model
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
difference = 2 %
d f ,
d m
c
a
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
difference = 5 %
c
b
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
difference = 10 %
N =
10
c
c
Evolution of sex-biased dispersal: the role of sex-specificdispersal costs, demographic stochasticity, and inbreedi ng
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
How does a difference in dispersal mortality influence dispersal?
Results from the numerical model
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
difference = 2 %
d f ,
d m
c
a
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
difference = 5 %
c
b
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
difference = 10 %
N =
10
c
cSmall differences in dispersal mortality can cause bigdifferences in evolving dispersal propensities.
Evolution of sex-biased dispersal: the role of sex-specificdispersal costs, demographic stochasticity, and inbreedi ng
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
How does the evolutionary outcome depend on inbreeding-depression?
Evolution of sex-biased dispersal: the role of sex-specificdispersal costs, demographic stochasticity, and inbreedi ng
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
How does the evolutionary outcome depend on inbreeding-depression?
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
mal
e di
sper
sal
female dispersal
high inbreeding > c, no difference
Evolution of sex-biased dispersal: the role of sex-specificdispersal costs, demographic stochasticity, and inbreedi ng
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
How does the evolutionary outcome depend on inbreeding-depression?
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
mal
e di
sper
sal
female dispersal
high inbreeding > c, no difference
male dispersal > female dispersal
female dispersal > male dispersal
Evolution of sex-biased dispersal: the role of sex-specificdispersal costs, demographic stochasticity, and inbreedi ng
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
How does the evolutionary outcome depend on inbreeding-depression?
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
mal
e di
sper
sal
female dispersal
high inbreeding > c, no difference
male dispersal > female dispersal
female dispersal > male dispersal
Evolution of sex-biased dispersal: the role of sex-specificdispersal costs, demographic stochasticity, and inbreedi ng
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
How does the evolutionary outcome depend on inbreeding-depression?
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
mal
e di
sper
sal
female dispersal
inbreeding = 0.6, c = 0.4, difference = 10 %
Evolution of sex-biased dispersal: the role of sex-specificdispersal costs, demographic stochasticity, and inbreedi ng
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
How does the evolutionary outcome depend on inbreeding-depression?
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
mal
e di
sper
sal
female dispersal
inbreeding = c = 0.4, difference = 10 %
Evolution of sex-biased dispersal: the role of sex-specificdispersal costs, demographic stochasticity, and inbreedi ng
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
How does the evolutionary outcome depend on inbreeding-depression?
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
mal
e di
sper
sal
female dispersal
inbreeding = c = 0.4, difference = 10 %
Evolution of sex-biased dispersal: the role of sex-specificdispersal costs, demographic stochasticity, and inbreedi ng
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
How does the evolutionary outcome depend on inbreeding-depression?
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
mal
e di
sper
sal
female dispersal
inbreeding = c = 0.4, difference = 10 %
Small cost differences in dispersal can explain big biasesin dispersal propensity, especially in combination withinbreeding depression
Summary
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
Summary
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
• Small cost differences in dispersal can explain big biases in dispersalpropensity.
Summary
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
• Small cost differences in dispersal can explain big biases in dispersalpropensity.
• In combination with inbreeding depression the dispersal biasincreases.
Summary
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
• Small cost differences in dispersal can explain big biases in dispersalpropensity.
• In combination with inbreeding depression the dispersal biasincreases.
• Local adaptations to habitat conditions are only possible, if the habitatis big enough.
Outlook
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
Questions for future research
Outlook
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008Image: c©User Ron Layters CC-License: CC-BY-NC-SA 2008 via Flickr
Outlook
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
Image: c©User Kevin Saff CC-License: CC-BY-SA 2005 via Flickr
Outlook
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
Image: c©User Kevin Saff CC-License: CC-BY-SA 2005 via Flickr
• There’s now not only heterogeneity in space, butincreasingly also in time.
Outlook
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
Image: c©User cliff1066 CC-License: CC-BY 2008 via Flickr
• What are the rates of change of habitat conditions in spaceand time that species can adapt to?
• What are the predictions for changes in dispersal strategies?• Do we need to develop dedicated protection strategies for
genders?
Thank you to
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
Image: c©User TerenceKearns.com CC-License: CC-BY-NC-SA 2007 via Flickr
Thank you to
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
Image: c©User TerenceKearns.com CC-License: CC-BY-NC-SA 2007 via Flickr
• Thomas Hovestadt and Hans Joachim Poethke
Thank you to
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
Image: c©User TerenceKearns.com CC-License: CC-BY-NC-SA 2007 via Flickr
• Thomas Hovestadt and Hans Joachim Poethke• all people from the Field Station
Thank you to
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
Image: c©User TerenceKearns.com CC-License: CC-BY-NC-SA 2007 via Flickr
• Thomas Hovestadt and Hans Joachim Poethke• all people from the Field Station• my partner Pleuni Pennings
Thank you to
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
Image: c©User TerenceKearns.com CC-License: CC-BY-NC-SA 2007 via Flickr
• Thomas Hovestadt and Hans Joachim Poethke• all people from the Field Station• my partner Pleuni Pennings• all family members
Thank you to
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
Image: c©User TerenceKearns.com CC-License: CC-BY-NC-SA 2007 via Flickr
• Thomas Hovestadt and Hans Joachim Poethke• all people from the Field Station• my partner Pleuni Pennings• all family members• all the people that I forgot to mention
Thank you to
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
Image: c©User TerenceKearns.com CC-License: CC-BY-NC-SA 2007 via Flickr
• Thomas Hovestadt and Hans Joachim Poethke• all people from the Field Station• my partner Pleuni Pennings• all family members• all the people that I forgot to mention• the DFG for financial support (DFG PO 244/3-1)
Thank you
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
Image: c©User Elron6900 CC-License: CC-BY-NC 2007 via Flickr
Thank you for your attention!
Questions?
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
Questions?
Andreas Gros 29.10.2008
Questions?