Integrated Science M3 Flower Structure

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The structure of flowers

Flowers – What are they for?

Floral parts of monocot flowers

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Flower StructureFlower Structure

Module 3 Module 3 Unit 7 Unit 7 Lesson 4 Lesson 4 Integrated ScienceIntegrated Science

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INTRODUCTION

Flowers really add so much beauty to our world, don’t they? But did you know they serve a more important function? Yes! Without flowers, many of our flowering plants would not produce any new plants at all, because they do not reproduce asexually.

And, there’d also be no new varieties of plants at all.

Oh! …. And we and many other animals wouldn’t have fruits and seeds to eat.

Come! Let’s explore the structure and function of flowers!

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Having completed this lesson, you should be able to:

state the function of flowers.

examine and describe the general structure of a flower.

state the function of each floral whorl.

compare the structure of a monocot and a dicot flower.

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1. Flowers – What are they for?

The only reason that plants produce flowers is to carry out sexual reproduction. By means of sexual reproduction, an existing plant can produce new plants that show genetic variation and continue the species.

The only function of flowers is to produce male and female gametes and to enable them to meet so that sexual reproduction can occur to form a new organism.

Go through the life cycle chart on the next slide; it shows the important place of flowers in the life of an angiosperm or flowering plant.

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1. Life Cycle of an angiosperm or flowering plant

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Life Cycle of an angiosperm

In the life cycle diagram you saw that two types of cell divisions occur –mitosis and meiosis.

You’ve forgotten what happens in each type of cell division haven’t you?

Well… take a quick look back at these divisions.

Look at the diagrams and click and watch the video: http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olc/dl/120074/bio17.swf

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3. The structure of flowers – A complete flower

When you look at a flower, what do you see? Of course! Right away, you see the beautiful, brightly coloured petals.

But there’s more to a flower than just beautiful petals!! Did you know that flowers have quite an elaborate structure?

Yes …Flowers have various structures to ensure that haploid male and female gametes are produced as well as to ensure that the gametes can be brought together for fertilization.

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Activity 1.1- Sexual reproduction in Activity 1.1- Sexual reproduction in organismsorganisms

The term ‘asexual’ means ‘without sex’ and describes the type of reproduction that doesn’t require the use of gametes. It is thus the opposite of sexual reproduction.

On the next three slides you will find a question on each slide. Type your response in the box and then click the CHECK button for feedback.

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QUESTION 1

QUESTION 2

QUESTION 3

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Feedback to Question 1Gametes are the haploid sex cells that unite during

fertilization, to form a zygote. Typically, the male gamete is called a sperm and the female is called the egg or ovum. QUESTION 2

Question 1: What are gametes?

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Question 2. What kind of cell division makes gametes and why is that cell division important?

All gametes are made within the reproductive organs of plants and animals during the cell division called meiosis. Meiosis is a “reduction division” in which the new sex cells formed have the number of chromosomes from the parent cell reduced to half or haploid number. (a) This ensures that when two sex cells/gametes fuse , the diploid number can be restored. So the offspring will have the full, normal number of chromosomes in each body cell. (b) Because chromosomes swop pieces during the early stages of meiosis, this ensures that each gamete has a somewhat different set of characteristics than the parent cell from which they were formed, and when the cells combine at fertilization, it gives rise to variation in the offspring. QUESTION

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Sexual reproduction is the fusion of male and female gamete to form a zygote that grows into a new organism by another type of cell division called mitosis.

Question 3: Define sexual reproduction.

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2: The structure of flowers

Many flowers are borne singly on their own stalk or pedicel, but quite often several flowers are borne together in an inflorescence.

Click and scroll down to see pictures of various inflorescences at > http://andromeda.cavehill.uwi.edu/flower_structure_and_function.htm

Did you know that we eat some inflorescences as vegetables? Can you think of any?

To find out three of them, click link and read information found at: http://www.infovisual.info/01/045_en.html

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The structure of flowers - The floral The structure of flowers - The floral whorlswhorls

A flower has several floral parts, arranged in whorls, like this: The outermost whorl is the calyx and is made up of the sepals.

The next whorl, on the inside of the calyx, is the corolla, made up of petals.

Immediately on the inside of the petals the male parts – stamens - are arranged in a whorl forming the androecium.

In the centre is the female part, called the pistil or gynoecium, made of one/several carpel/s.

Complete the labels of the diagram on the next slide to check your understanding of the location of the parts of each floral whorl.

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The structure of flowers - A Complete Flower

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StigmaStyle

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The structure of flowers - A Complete Flower

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A. FilamentB. Anther

StigmaStyle

D. Ovary

E. Pistil

F. PetalG. SepalH. Ovule

C. Stamen

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StandardPetal

SepalPetal

The structure of flowers – A complete flower

Examine a Pride of Barbados flower; find all these parts: sepal, petal, stamen, standard petal, petals, pistil.

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The structure of flowers – The corolla

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In Normal View, enlarge this slide to 200%. In both pictures you can see all floral whorls. Notice however, that sometimes the floral parts are free (left) and sometimes fused together (right). Find a flower with fused corolla, similar to the picture on the right, among the flower samples that you have.

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Activity 2.1 – Looking at floral parts

Now, click open this website below > http://leavingbio.net/the%20structure%20and%20functions%20of%20flowers.htm

Examine the diagram and read the first section on the ‘Structure and Function of Flowers’. (Do NOT start the section on ‘Formation of Sex Cells’ as yet.)

Next, examine (at least two) different flower samples that you have and identify and compare the number, size, shape, colour etc. of the various floral whorls in each flower.

What are the coloured parts of Bougainvillea and Poinsettia (Christmas flowers)?

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2. Feedback to Question in Activity 2.1

Question: What are the coloured parts of Bougainvillea and Poinsettia (Christmas flowers)?

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The Bougainvillea is an example, the flowers are very small and white and are surrounded by bracts.

To see two other examples – Heliconia and shrimp plant – click the weblink below, and scroll down to the third set of pictures at > http://andromeda.cavehill.uwi.edu/flower_structure_and_function.htm

Some flowers have brightly-coloured, showy bracts that look like petals.

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Structure of Flowers – The perianth tube

In lilies the calyx and corolla are not differentiated but develop as one structure called a perianth tube. The brightly coloured parts are called tepals.

Click this website to see a photo of a Day lily. http://www.daylilies.org/ahs_dictionary/perianth_tube.jpg

See if there are similar flowers among your samples and examine them.

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2. The Structure of Flowers – The stamens

Click open the link below and look and read about stamens: http://www.daylilies.org/ahs_dictionary/stamen.html

Make sure to also click on each underlined word.

Pick off and examine a stamen from each of at least two different flowers. Find each part you read about i.e., the anther and the filament. The anther makes pollen which contain the male gametes.

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2. The structure of flowers - The stamens

Not all stamens are found separated. Look at a Hibiscus flower. What do you notice about the stamens?

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Feedback:

The Hibiscus has a staminal tube (formed from fused filaments) which surrounds the pistil, whose five red stigmas show through the top of the staminal tube.

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Click and scroll down to see a photo of another gynoecium at http://smccd.net/accounts/leddy/flower.htm

2. The structure of flowers – The pistil

In the middle of the flower, the gynoecium or pistil can be found. It is made up of one or several carpels, each carpel consisting of the stigma, style and ovary.

The stigma is the structure on which the pollen is deposited.

The style connects the stigma to the ovary and is the section through which the pollen tube grows to deliver the male gametes to fertilize the female gamete in the ovule.

The ovary is at the base, attached to the receptacle of the flower. The ovary contains the ovule/s attached to the placenta.

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2. Activity 2.4 – A virtual dissection

1. Click the following link and do the quiz which consists of 10 multiple choice questions: http://biology.about.com/library/quiz/bl_plantpart_quiz.htm ‘Parts of a Flower Plant Quiz’

2. Try a ‘bitesize’ that will enable you to do a virtual dissection of a flower, then also label the flower. Click this link:

http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/ks2/science/living_things/life_cycles/play/popup.shtml

3. Click to this website and look at the diagram to see how you could learn to draw and annotate a ‘typical’ complete flower >

http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/plants/printouts/floweranatomy.shtml

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3. Activity 3.1 - Floral parts of monocot flowers

What floral whorls can you see on this Tulip flower?

Did you notice that they are in multiples of three? That shows that it is from a monocot plant!

Find a similar monocot flower among your samples and examine it.

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3. Activity 3.1 - Floral parts of monocot flowers Example - Grasses

1. Click link below to open and watch the video. http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&v=kWwKOcsG64U&feature=endscreenHave you seen structures like those in the video on the ends of grass, corn or sugar cane? What did you think they are?

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Well….They’re the inflorescences!You surely must have seen inflorescences that look like

these on the tips of grass plants? No?

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2. Go outside now and look around for grasses with inflorescences that look like any one of those on the previous slides. Examine them with a hand lens. You should be able to see the spikelets. Click below to see an enlarged spikelet.

http://www.countrysideinfo.co.uk/grass_id/spike5.htm

3. Click open, scroll down to ‘The Grass flower’,

http://www.countrysideinfo.co.uk/grass_id/grasses.htm Look at the diagrams and read about grass flowers. To see what grass spikelet and floret look like, click on ‘image here’ within the text.

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A grass inflorescence has spikelets in which are florets, which are reduced and modified flowers. The flowers do not have calyx and corolla. Instead, the reproductive parts of the flower are protected by scales.

In this picture you can see the scales and large, yellow anthers hanging out of the florets.

Now click and look at the structure of grass florets from

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bfv37_9kQ-w

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Activity 3.2 - Glossary of flower terms

Use the information at this website to prepare your own Glossary of terms related to flowers. Most of the words can be found at this website below: http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/plants/glossary/index.shtml

Draw up a two-column Glossary table in your notebook, like to ones in your SIM, then look up each word and write a meaning that you will understand and be able to remember.

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angiosperm, anther, bract, bud, calyx, carpel, complete flower, composite flower, corolla, dicot, fertilization, filament, flower, flowering plant, gamete, grain, grass, haploid, hermaphrodite flower, imperfect flower, incomplete flower, inflorescence, lemma, meiosis, mitosis, monocot, nectar, ovary, ovule, ovum, peduncle, perianth, petal, pistil, pistillate flower, pollen, pollination, sepal, spike, stamen, staminate flower, stigma, style, symmetry, tepal, whorl, zygote.

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By now you should have realized that flowers have a basic structure, but can vary in a number of ways from what we could consider to be the ‘typical’ structure.

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SUMMARY Structure and function of a flower

Sepals: enclose and protect flower while it is a bud; can be fused/separate, coloured/green.

All sepals = calyx Petals: usually colorful and scented to attract

pollinators.

All petals = corolla

Petals can be fused with calyx into a perianth tube. In grasses, they are represented by scales.

Stamen: male reproductive structure, which together are called the androecium. Each has: Filament: stalk that supports anther. Anther: structure in which pollen is formed by meiosis. Pollen: dry/sticky grains containing cells that become

sperm cells. 32

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Pistil/Gynoecium: female reproductive structure; made of carpel/s comprising:

Stigma: sticky/feathery tip; traps pollen.

Style: tubular portion through which pollen tube grows down to the ovary.

Ovary: contains ovules attached to the placenta; ovary develops into the fruit.

Ovule: contains egg cell which develops into a seed when fertilized.

Entire flower sits on/in a receptacle.

Flower is attached by a stalk or pedicel.

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Are you ready to test yourself?

There are two Review Activities that require you to label a diagram and also two questions for which you have to fill in the blanks.

There’s just one multiple choice (M.C.) item that you are required to do.

Click the ‘BEGIN’ button whenever you’re ready to start.

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REVIEW ACTIVITY - Question 1

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1111

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10101212

1 = Petal2 =Filament 3 =Anther4 = Stamen5 = Stigma6 = Style7 = Ovary8 = Ovule9 = Carpel10 = Sepal11 = Peduncle12 = Receptacle

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Question 1. Type the name of the each flower part numbered 1-12 in the box below. Click CHECK for feedback.

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REVIEW ACTIVITY Feedback to Question 1. Label the parts

of this flower. Feedback: The parts of the flower are shown below.

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REVIEW ACTIVITY - Question 2

Label the parts of this Lily flower numbered 1 – 5.

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1= Stigma

2 = Style

3= Anther

4= Filament

5= Tepal

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REVIEW ACTIVITY – Question 3

Read each statement and then write in the black box word that will correctly complete the statement. Point and click on the statement to get feedback.

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1. The outermost whorl of a flower is the _______ ____.

It is made up of several ____________ .

2. The _________ part of the flower is called the pistil. It consists of the stigma, _______ and ovary.

The ovary contains the _______. .

1. The outermost whorl of a flower is the calyx. It is made up of several sepals.

2. The female part of the flower is called the carpel or pistil. It consists of the stigma, style and ovary. The ovary contains the ovule/s.

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REVIEW ACTIVITY - Question 4(Multiple Choice)

Click on the letter of the correct response.The male part of the flower consists of:i. antherii. filamentiii. receptacle

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A. i only

B. ii and iii only

C. i, ii, and iii

D. i and ii only REVIEW & QUIZ

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REVIEW ACTIVITY – Feedback to Question 4

(Multiple Choice)The male part of the flower consists of;

i. anther; ii. filament; iii. Receptacle

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D is the correct answer: i and ii only.

The anther is where the pollen is produced while the filament supports the anther. Both form the stamen, the male part of the flower.

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END OF PRESENTATIONEND OF PRESENTATION

You have reached the end of this slide presentation.

If you wish to review anything in this lesson, go to the first slide and click on the relevant subtopic.

If you have finished viewing the lesson, click the Close (X) button.

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CREDITS

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Education

Integrated Science M3 Flower Structure