INSULININSULIN

DefinitionDefinitionFunctionFunction ImportanceImportanceHistoryHistoryProductionProduction

InsulinInsulin-Insulin is a hormone that regulates -Insulin is a hormone that regulates the amount of glucose (sugar) in the amount of glucose (sugar) in the blood and is required for the the blood and is required for the body to function normally.body to function normally.

-Insulin is produced by cells in the -Insulin is produced by cells in the pancreas, called the islets of pancreas, called the islets of Langerhans. Langerhans.

How does Insulin works?How does Insulin works?Certain cells in the body change the food Certain cells in the body change the food

ingested into energy or blood glucose that ingested into energy or blood glucose that cells can use. Every time a person eats, the cells can use. Every time a person eats, the blood glucose rises. Raised blood glucose blood glucose rises. Raised blood glucose triggers the cells in the islets of Langerhans to triggers the cells in the islets of Langerhans to release the necessary amount of insulin. release the necessary amount of insulin. Insulin allows the blood glucose to be Insulin allows the blood glucose to be transported from the blood into the cells. transported from the blood into the cells. Researchers do not yet know exactly how Researchers do not yet know exactly how insulin works, but they do know insulin binds insulin works, but they do know insulin binds to receptors on the cell's membrane. This to receptors on the cell's membrane. This activates a set of transport molecules so that activates a set of transport molecules so that glucose and proteins can enter the cell. The glucose and proteins can enter the cell. The cells can then use the glucose as energy to cells can then use the glucose as energy to carry out its functions. Once transported into carry out its functions. Once transported into the cell, the blood glucose level is returned to the cell, the blood glucose level is returned to normal within hours.normal within hours.

Importance of InsulinImportance of Insulin Without insulin, the blood glucose builds up in Without insulin, the blood glucose builds up in

the blood and the cells are starved of their the blood and the cells are starved of their energy source. Some of the symptoms that energy source. Some of the symptoms that may occur include fatigue, constant may occur include fatigue, constant infections, blurred eye sight, numbness, infections, blurred eye sight, numbness, tingling in the hands or legs, increased thirst, tingling in the hands or legs, increased thirst, and slowed healing of bruises or cuts. The and slowed healing of bruises or cuts. The cells will begin to use fat, the energy source cells will begin to use fat, the energy source stored for emergencies. When this happens stored for emergencies. When this happens for too long a time the body produces for too long a time the body produces ketones, chemicals produced by the liver. ketones, chemicals produced by the liver. Ketones can poison and kill cells if they build Ketones can poison and kill cells if they build up in the body over an extended period of up in the body over an extended period of time. This can lead to serious illness and time. This can lead to serious illness and coma.coma.

DiabetesDiabetesPeople who do not produce the People who do not produce the

necessary amount of insulin have necessary amount of insulin have diabetes. There are two general diabetes. There are two general types of diabetes.types of diabetes. The most severe type, known as Type I The most severe type, known as Type I

or juvenile-onset diabetes, is when the or juvenile-onset diabetes, is when the body does not produce any insulin. body does not produce any insulin.

Type II diabetics produce some insulin, Type II diabetics produce some insulin, but it is either not enough or their cells but it is either not enough or their cells do not respond normally to insulin. This do not respond normally to insulin. This usually occurs in obese or middle aged usually occurs in obese or middle aged and older people. and older people.

HistoryHistory250 BC-Apollonius of Memphis 250 BC-Apollonius of Memphis coined the name "diabetes” coined the name "diabetes” meaning "to go through".meaning "to go through".1869- Paul Langerhans, a German 1869- Paul Langerhans, a German medical student, discovered islet medical student, discovered islet cells in the pancreascells in the pancreas1910- Sharpey-Shafer of Edinburgh 1910- Sharpey-Shafer of Edinburgh suggested a single chemical was suggested a single chemical was missing from the pancreas. He missing from the pancreas. He proposed calling this chemical proposed calling this chemical "insulin.""insulin."

1921- Frederick G. Banting and 1921- Frederick G. Banting and Charles H. Best successfully purified Charles H. Best successfully purified insulin from a dog's pancreas. insulin from a dog's pancreas. 

In 1919, Moses Barron, a researcher at the In 1919, Moses Barron, a researcher at the University of Minnesota, showed blockage of University of Minnesota, showed blockage of the duct connecting the two major parts of the duct connecting the two major parts of the pancreas caused shriveling of a second the pancreas caused shriveling of a second cell type, the acinar. Banting believed that cell type, the acinar. Banting believed that by tying off the pancreatic duct to destroy by tying off the pancreatic duct to destroy the acinar cells, he could preserve the the acinar cells, he could preserve the hormone and extract it from islet cells. hormone and extract it from islet cells. In May 1921, Banting and Best tied off In May 1921, Banting and Best tied off pancreatic ducts in dogs so the acinar cells pancreatic ducts in dogs so the acinar cells would atrophy, then removed the would atrophy, then removed the pancreases to extract fluid from islet cells. pancreases to extract fluid from islet cells. Meanwhile, they removed pancreases from Meanwhile, they removed pancreases from other dogs to cause diabetes, then injected other dogs to cause diabetes, then injected the islet cell fluid. In January 1922, 14 year-the islet cell fluid. In January 1922, 14 year-old Leonard Thompson became the first old Leonard Thompson became the first human to be successfully treat-ed for human to be successfully treat-ed for diabetes using insulin.diabetes using insulin.

1936- researchers found a way to make 1936- researchers found a way to make insulin with a slower release in the blood. insulin with a slower release in the blood. They added a protein found in fish sperm, They added a protein found in fish sperm, protamine, which the body breaks down protamine, which the body breaks down slowly. One injection lasted 36 hours.slowly. One injection lasted 36 hours.

1950- researchers produced a type of 1950- researchers produced a type of insulin that acted slightly faster and does insulin that acted slightly faster and does not remain in the bloodstream as long. not remain in the bloodstream as long. 

1970- researchers began to try and 1970- researchers began to try and produce an insulin that more mimicked produce an insulin that more mimicked how the body's natural insulin worked: how the body's natural insulin worked: releasing a small amount of insulin all day releasing a small amount of insulin all day with surges occurring at mealtimes.with surges occurring at mealtimes.

-Researchers continued to improve insulin but -Researchers continued to improve insulin but the basic production method remained the the basic production method remained the same for decades. Insulin was extracted from same for decades. Insulin was extracted from the pancreas of cattle and pigs and purified. the pancreas of cattle and pigs and purified. The chemical structure of insulin in these The chemical structure of insulin in these animals is only slightly different than human animals is only slightly different than human insulin, which is why it functions so well in the insulin, which is why it functions so well in the human body. (Although some people had human body. (Although some people had negative immune system or allergic reactions.) negative immune system or allergic reactions.)

Early 1980- biotechnology revolutionized insulin Early 1980- biotechnology revolutionized insulin synthesis. Researchers had already decoded synthesis. Researchers had already decoded the chemical structure of insulin in the the chemical structure of insulin in the mid1950s. They soon determined the exact mid1950s. They soon determined the exact location of the insulin gene at the top of location of the insulin gene at the top of chromosome 11. By 1977, a research team chromosome 11. By 1977, a research team had spliced a rat insulin gene into a bacterium had spliced a rat insulin gene into a bacterium that then produced insulin.that then produced insulin.

Recombinant DNA technologyRecombinant DNA technology

Joining together of DNA molecules Joining together of DNA molecules from two different species that are from two different species that are inserted into a host organism to inserted into a host organism to produce new genetic combinations. produce new genetic combinations.

Genetically modified organism is the Genetically modified organism is the product of this experiment.product of this experiment.organism whose genome has been organism whose genome has been

engineered in the laboratory in order to engineered in the laboratory in order to favour the expression of desired favour the expression of desired physiological traits or the production of physiological traits or the production of desired biological products. desired biological products.

Process of Producing Insulin Using Process of Producing Insulin Using Recombinant DNA TechnologyRecombinant DNA Technology

First Step First Step (Preparing)(Preparing)

The human gene is isolated. The mRNA is The human gene is isolated. The mRNA is taken from the cell of islet of Langerhans.taken from the cell of islet of Langerhans. Messenger RNA Messenger RNA is a molecule of RNA that encodes a is a molecule of RNA that encodes a

chemical "blueprint" for a protein product.chemical "blueprint" for a protein product. The isolated gene contains the code of the human The isolated gene contains the code of the human

DNA for the production of insulin.DNA for the production of insulin.

The plasmid DNA of the bacterial cell is The plasmid DNA of the bacterial cell is taken out of the cell.taken out of the cell. NOTE: NOTE: Escherichia coliEscherichia coli (E. Coli) (E. Coli) bacteria is widely bacteria is widely

used in producing insulin but yeast may also be used.used in producing insulin but yeast may also be used.

Second Step Second Step (Cutting)(Cutting)

The plasmid DNA of the bacteria is The plasmid DNA of the bacteria is cut out producing plasmid ring which cut out producing plasmid ring which is an empty segment of the DNA.is an empty segment of the DNA.A A Restriction EnzymeRestriction Enzyme is an enzyme  is an enzyme

that cuts DNA at specific recognition that cuts DNA at specific recognition nucleotide sequences known as nucleotide sequences known as restriction sites.restriction sites.

A segment of DNA known as sticky ends.A segment of DNA known as sticky ends.

Third Step Third Step (Combining)(Combining)

With the plasmid ring open, the gene With the plasmid ring open, the gene obtained from human cell that obtained from human cell that contains the code of protein contains the code of protein responsible for the production of responsible for the production of insulin is inserted into the plasmid insulin is inserted into the plasmid ring and the ring is closed. The ring and the ring is closed. The human insulin gene is now combined human insulin gene is now combined with the bacterial DNA plasmid.with the bacterial DNA plasmid.

Fourth Step Fourth Step (Inserting)(Inserting)

The resulting DNA is inserted back to The resulting DNA is inserted back to the bacteria.the bacteria.

How does the resulting bacteria How does the resulting bacteria works?works?

The cells need nutrients in order to The cells need nutrients in order to grow, divide, and live. While they live, grow, divide, and live. While they live, the bacterial cell processes turn on the the bacterial cell processes turn on the gene for human insulin and the insulin gene for human insulin and the insulin is produced in the cell. When the is produced in the cell. When the bacterial cells reproduce by dividing, bacterial cells reproduce by dividing, the human insulin gene is also the human insulin gene is also reproduced in the newly created cells.reproduced in the newly created cells.

InsulinInsulin

Presented by: Vince Lowel H. RosetePresented by: Vince Lowel H. RoseteThis presentation is created by the author whose name is This presentation is created by the author whose name is above.above.

All Rights Reserved.All Rights Reserved.No part of this presentation may be reproduced in any form or No part of this presentation may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without permission from the storage and retrieval systems, without permission from the author.author.

@2012@2012

Duplication, distribution and copying of this presentation is Duplication, distribution and copying of this presentation is illegal and punishable by law under copyright infringement.illegal and punishable by law under copyright infringement.