Infrastructure defects , inspection , diagnosis

and RepairByMohd Norain Yahya

Prepare for:Mr Mohamed Khairi Arshad

CASE 1

Problems:Dangerous road and bridge to the road user

CASE 1

Caused Problems:Unprepared Embankment & did not have enough of Road ShoulderFlooding Landslide

Outcomes the Problems:Construct Embankment Providing adequate road reserveDeepen the drainage system

CASE 2

Concrete columns are responsible for supporting most of a building's weight and maintaining its overall structural integrity

CASE 2

CASE 2

Problems:Some factors associated with concrete column deterioration include:

Weathering: Prolonged exposure to sun, rain, snow, and other weather conditions greatly contributes to the deterioration of concrete over time.

Workmanship: Columns built by experienced contractors using the highest quality materials available will outlast those built by other, less qualified contractors.

Structural Defects: Original structural defects, if not quickly caught and repaired, can lead to the eventual deterioration of concrete columns.

Lack of Maintenance: Regular inspections and repairs will help ensure that columns do not deteriorate at an advanced rate.

Major problems ;

•Structural Cracks: Caused by excess weight placed upon columns or shortfalls in the original design•Concrete spalling

CASE 2

The Repair ProcessGeneral repair process:

Determining the cause of the deterioration: Before the column can be repaired, the cause of its deterioration must first be determined in order to figure out the best repair strategy.

Selecting the appropriate repair material: Choose the repair material will provide the most durable and long lasting repair possible, even if this means constructing an entirely new column.

Ensure repair seamlessly blends into structure: An experienced contractor will be able to complete the repair in such a manner that, to the average onlooker, it will appear as though a problem never existed.

The best way to make strong vertical concrete (column) repairs is with an epoxy fill kit.

CASE 2

The Process of repairing with expxy fill:

To fill in a crack, a professional should inject epoxy, which starts out as a paste-like adhesive. After a successful concrete crack repair with epoxy, the concrete will be reinforced. In some cases, the epoxy ends up being even harder than the concrete it has filled in.

Not only can this help seal the concrete from water seepage, but it can also provide necessary structural support. It all depends on your particular circumstances, and a professional should be able to give you a diagnosis on what needs to be done. You should get concrete crack repair epoxy from a professional at the first sign of any major cracking in your concrete

CASE 3

Problems :Surface Cracks, Break ups and edge depressionsMultiple patching, water pounding

CASE 3

Problems :Severe break-ups, edge depressions, water pounding, high side table

CASE 4

Problems :

Improper road pavement of sewer cover

CASE 3 & 4

Outcomes Problems: case 3 & 4

Pavement Maintenance Category

•Routine (Cyclic) Maintenance•Periodic/Corrective Maintenance•Emergency Maintenance

CASE 3 &4

Outcomes Problems: case 3 & 5Scope of work

Routine (Cyclic) Maintenance

Periodic/Corrective Maintenance

Emergency Maintenance

Overall Pavement surfaces

Corrective Maintenance

Generally the scope of works for Emergency are temporary work and traffic management to make the road passable to traffic. Payment are based on actual work donePatching Potholes Preventive

Maintenance

Road shoulder Pavement strengthening

Drainage Improvement works

CASE 5

Problems :•Collapse of Drainage Structures & road pavementMajor caused of Problems:•Flood•Improper drainage structures

CASE 5

Outcomes Problems :Road items:- -Reconstruct road pavement

Drainage items:-- installation of new lined drains to replace un-lined

drains- construction of new drainage items to improve the

existing items such as extension of culvert length, extension of lined drains

- improve the existing items such as extension of culvert length, extension of lined drains

- expand sewer cross-section

CASE 6

Problems :Cracking of the BeamConcrete spalling

Outcomes of Problems :•Construct new column to support additional load•Repaired beam by using an epoxy fill kit.

CASE 7

Problems :

Failure structural which support of piping cables

CASE 7

Caused Problems :

•Lack of adequate maintenance work•natural consequence of ageing•severe environmental conditions

CASE 7

Outcomes the Problems :

•Reconstruct the whole structures.

CASE 8

Problems :Concrete CrackingDampness

CASE 8

Caused of Problems :

Concrete cracking DampnessEffects of water Leaks on Services

Effect of Gases, Liquids and Solids

Condensation

General Vibrations Penetrating dampness

CASE 8

Outcomes of Problems : Concrete crackingCorrect Method

The first step to repair cracks in walls is assessing whether you have plaster or drywall, also called sheetrock, plasterboard, or wallboard. Next, Use the putty knife and make several swipes to press the compound deeply into the crack. Allow to dry. Take the mesh or paper tape and centre over the crack. Cover with a thin layer of compound and smooth out. Allow to dry and begin sanding until the area is free of ridges and bumps. With mesh tape, it need to apply a second layer of compound, let dry, and then sand. After that, keep layering, drying, and sanding until it have a smooth repair. Keeping the area flush with the rest of the wall may be difficult. One remedy is to feather out the compound gradually to the surrounding area to hide the slight rise. If you notice any defects after the compound has dried, keep sanding and re-compounding until the area is smooth. Remember that drying times vary based on type of compound used along with temperature and humidity.Lastly, Repaint or re-wallpaper the area. Once your compound has been sanded down, you can paint or wallpaper the area around and over the crack so that it is not as noticeable.

CASE 8

Outcomes of Problems : DampnessCorrect Method

Hack off all old plaster to at least 300mm clear of all signs of damp or salt and at least 1 metre above ground floor level - use a meter to test the walls and remove plaster at least 300mm above the highest level that readings can be obtained.Brush the walls to remove all plaster residues, particularly around angle beads.Repair any holes or poor joints with sand and cement (4:1) using washed, sharp (means slightly gritty) plastering sand (sometimes called screeding or rendering sand). Do not use fine, unwashed sands. When the render surface is firm enough (but not bone dry, or it will need re-wetting) apply a second coat to exactly the same specification - if further coats will be needed to reach the desired thickness don't forget to scratch liberally. In hot weather spray the render surface with water to slow the drying process.Whilst still damp (or re-wet again) apply a skim coat of Universal or Board Finish. Do not polish or add water.Delay any decoration for at least one month and then only apply a thin coat of breathable emulsion paint (not a heavy vinyl). Do not repaint or wallpaper for at least three months.

CASE 9

CASE 9

Caused of Problems:Direct contact of water can cause changes in structure and appearance.Low material used (low strength of timber )Low material used (paint)

The Repair Process :Replace the damages of structureUsed high quality of timber and paint

CASE 10

Caused of Problems :Leaking pipeLack of adequate maintenance work

Outcome the Problems :Reconstruct the new concrete paver

SPECIAL CASE

Problems with :

offense infringed by owner of the building :

Street, Drainage and Building Act 1974 [Act 133]Town and Country Planning Act, 1974 [Act 172]Road Transport Act, 1987