In The Name of Allah

The beneficent

The Merciful

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INFORMATION

PROCESSING MODELby Z. Arian (2014)

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Contents:

Introduction

Multi store model

Sensory memory

Short term memory

Long term memory

Implication in teaching

Summary (video) 11/20/2014 3

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INFORMATION

PROCESSING MODEL

The model is based on the work of

Atkinson and Shriffin (1968) and proposes

that information is processed and stored in

three stages:

• Sensory memory

• Short-term memory

• Long-term memory

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Multi store model

Sensory memory

Other labels:

i. sensory register

ii. sensory information store

iii.echoic or iconic

Duration: 1-3 sec

Stability: fleeting

Capacity: limited

Features:

i.Momentary

ii. unconscious impression11/20/2014 6

Attention

filtering and selecting

Limited source: we can pay

attention to only one demanding task

at a time(Anderson,1995)

Automaticity

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Sensory memory

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perception

Attaching meaning to raw

information

meaning: objective reality + existing

knowledge

Sensory memory

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Short-Term memory

Other labels:

i.Primary

ii. working

Duration: less than 20 sec

Stability: easily disrupted

Capacity: limited(7±2 items)

Features:

i. immediate consciousness

ii.Content: activated information

iii.Retrieval: immediate

iv. maintained by rehearsal

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Short-Term memory:

Two storage systems

Working

memory

(Braddeley,1986)

It must be kept activated to be retained

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Retaining Information in

Working Memory:

Rehearsal

(Executive control process)

maintenance

elaborative

chunking

- Repeating information in

The articulatory loop

- Rote repetition

- Making association

- Connecting new

information to what you

already know

5-6-8-9-3-2-4-5-2

56-89-32-452

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Short-Term memory:

Forgetting

Interference

decay

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Other labels: secondary

Duration: unlimited

Stability: not easily disrupted

Capacity: unlimited

Features:

i.knowledge base

ii.Content : well-learned information

iii.Retrieval: require time

iv.Passive

v.elaboration in STM

Long-Term memory

Semantic memory: memory for meaning

Words are believed to be stored in LTM

according to their semantic properties.

These memories are stored as propositions,

images , and schemas

episodic memory: LTM for information tied to a

particular time and place, esp. memory of events in

a person’s life.

Procedural memory: LTM for how to do things.11/20/2014

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Long-Term memory

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Long-Term memory

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Long-Term memory:

SemanticProposition

e.g. "Susan gave a white cat to Maria who is the

president of the club"

Proposition: the smallest unit of information

that can be judged true or false.

Propositional network : set of

interconnected concepts and relationships

in which long-term knowledge is held.

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Long-Term memory:

SemanticProposition

Propositional

network

e.g. "Susan gave a white cat to Maria who is the president of the

club.“ OR “a white cat was given to Maria who is the president of

the club by Susan.”

Representation based on structure and appearance of

the information

E.g. how many window panes are there in you living

room?

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Long-Term memory:

Semanticimage

Schemas are abstract knowledge structures that

organize large amounts of information.

Schema(singular form) is a pattern or guide for

understanding an event, concept, or skill.

Schemas are individual.

Two types of schema:

- Script = schema representations for events

- Story grammar = schema representations for texts

and stories 11/20/2014 19

Long-Term memory:

Semanticschema

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Long-Term memory:

Storing and retrieving information

Elaboration

Organization

Context

Adding and

extending meaning

by connecting new

information to

existing knowledge.

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Long-Term memory:

Storing and retrieving informationElaboration

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Long-Term memory:

Storing and retrieving informationOrganization

Material that is

well organized is

easier to learn and

to remember than

separate bits of

information

Aspects of physical and

emotional context (places,

rooms, how we are feeling

in a particular day, who is

with us) are learned along

with other information.

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Long-Term memory:

Storing and retrieving informationContext

Conscious search

Automatic search

Information is retrieved through:

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Long-Term memory:

Storing and retrieving information

Spread of activation

reconstruction

Time decay

Interference

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Long-Term memory:

Forgetting

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Gain and maintain students attention.

Help students elaborate new ideas and “make their own”.

Present material in a clear organized way.

Focus on meaning, not memorization.

Don’t overload students’ STM.

Teach some ways of remembering things.

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Implication of this model