The Industrial Revolution

Modernization of the West

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Results of Enclosure Act in England

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Before 1750, many English villages used the open field system of farming. Each village was surrounded by a number of large fields

which were divided into strips. Each farmer had a number of strips. There were also areas of 'common land'. Some of the poorest

people lived entirely on the common land. However, as England's population rose, more food was needed. The open field system

was not productive enough. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, some farmers, supported by the government, began the

process of enclosure. Enclosure meant fencing off the land so that only one farmer had the right to raise crops there. This made the

land more productive, and allowed for greater experimentation and advancements, yet enclosure often had disastrous consequences

for the poor. Enclosure, despite increasing productivity, resulted in increased poverty, rural depopulation and homelessness.

The Enclosure Movement in England

Explain, in what ways you think the Enclosure Movement in England contributed to the Industrial Revolution?

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Results of Enclosure Act in England

Factors Effects

Europe’s location on the

Atlantic Ocean

The geographic

distribution of coal, iron

and timber

European demographic

changes

Urbanization

Improved agricultural

production

Legal protection of

private property

(enclosure)

An abundance of rivers

& canals

Access to foreign

resources

The accumulation of

capital (money)

Factors Leading to the Rise of Industrial Production

Critical Intro:

Complete the

“Effects” in 5

minutes.

I. Industrial Revolution

-Indust. Rev. = Mass production of goods by

machine power

-Begins in late 18th cent. & carries into 20-21st

cents

-Pop. Shift from rural to urban

-Capitalism = dominant economic system

II. New Economic Ideas

1. Adam Smith

a. wrote the book Wealth of Nations

b. supported the ideas of capitalism – free market

c. explained the laissez-faire concept – government should not get involved; owners of industry should set working conditions without interference

d. encouraged competition of businesses

III. Problem with Industrial Revolution

-Not a global experience

-Only 20% exposed to industrialization

National Wealth Today

IV. Major Developments in Transportation &

Communication

-Railroads, Steamships, Telegraphs, Canals

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- Railroads & Steamships

- Mass transportation of goods by

land and sea.

- Impact = access of goods to more

people @ lower prices = increased

demand for production

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- Telegraph - Invented by Samuel

Morse

- greatly improved communications

between/within:

- businesses, cities, countries

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- Canals

- connected waterways

- transported resources (coal) and

finished products

V. “Fossil Fuels” Revolution

- Coal & oil greatly increased energy

available to humans

- Dev. of machines, steam engines,

internal combustion engines

VI. Factory system = systematized,

mechanized scale of production

- Concentrated labor in single location

- Increased degree of specialization

VII. Impacts of Factory System

A. Family-based cottage industries displaced.

B. Harsh working conditions; men competing

with women & children for wages

C. Child labor =costs low; profits high

D. Owners had much control over workers

livesFrom this…

to this

VIII. Spreading of New/Improved Methods

of Production to Other Regions

- U.S., Russia, Japan industrialize

Industrialization Industrialization

Industrialization

IX. Interchangeable parts

– speeds production; less skill required –

developed by Eli Whitney – Cotton Gin

- Increased demand for slaves

- Rifle production also

Cotton Gin

Eli Whitney and his

Cotton Gin - 1794

(December 8, 1765 – January 8, 1825)

X. “2nd Industrial Revolution” – 1860s

-Improvements in:

-Steel – Bessemer Process

-Chemicals

-Electricity

-Precision machinery

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Impact of Bessemer Steel Process

XI. Social Impacts of Industrial Revolution

A. Most benefits = Middle class (bourgeoisie) –

bankers, merchants, factory owners

B. Most growth = Working class (Proletariat) –

poor treatment & pay

C. Expansion of education

D. Reforms to end/limit child & women’s labor

E. Women’s increased suffrage demands

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XII. Women in Industrial Revolution

-Early 1800’s = Equal # of women in factories.

-Late 1800’s = Increased wages (more

desirable to men) and labor laws restricting

women’s work = more women staying home.

-Domestic sphere for women develops.

- Good news = increased progress towards

suffrage & education.

XIII. The Rise of Labor UnionsA. Utilized collective power of workers

1. Strikes to demand better pay & working conditions.

2. Pushed for labor laws addressing:• Hours• Women • Children

3. Workers’ rights & collective bargaining between labor & management

XIV. Global Capitalism Led to Variety of ResponsesA. Resistance to Economic Change

1. Qing and Ottoman efforts to maintain preindustrial forms of production.

2. Result = reduced presence and benefit from new global economy

B. State-Sponsored Visions of Industrialization

1. Economic Reforms of Meiji Japana. Ag. tax increases to pay for gov’t

sponsored industries; then turn over to private sector.

2. Factory and RR dev. in Tsarist Russiaa. Abolition of serfdomb. Gov’t-funded RR & factoriesc. Tariffs to protect Russian industry

C. Alternative Visions of Society1. Marxism/Communism = class struggles

will lead from oppressive bourgeois to classless society.

D. Karl Marx and Communism

1. was horrified by the injustices of capitalism

2. Marx believed the proletariat (workers) should violently revolt and redistribute the wealth, creating equality.

"Working men of all countries unite"

3. Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels wrote:

Communist Manifesto

Transition to Imperialism

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XIV. Industrial Economies, Imperialism & Nationalism

A. Nationalism caused European nations to compete for colonial possessions.

B. European econ., milt, & pol. power forced colonized countries to trade on European terms.

C. Industrially-produced goods flooded colonial markets & displaced traditional industries.

D. Colonized peoples resisted European domination & Western influences.

XVI. Forms of Imperialism

A. colony – territory that an imperial power ruled directly through colonial officials

B. protectorate – territory with its own government, but its policies were guided by a foreign power

C. sphere of influence – region of a country where an imperial power had exclusive trading rights

I. New Patterns and Impacts of Global TradeA. Further integration of global economy

1. Industrialists sought new materials and new markets; led to:

2. Growth of Export Economiesa. raw materials for factoriesb. food supplies for growing urban pops.

Concept = production & export of single natural resources; profits used to buy finished goods

B. Industrial Production Led to Decline of Ag-Based Economies

Example: Textile production in India1. India was main source of British textiles2. Eng.’s textile industry became

dependent on U.S. cotton3. India’s economy declined

C. Industrial States Seek Out New Consumer Markets

1. Brit. & French attempts to “open up” Chinese markets

D. Extensive Mining Centers Emerge1. Meet the demand for industrial metals2. Gold, silver, diamonds as forms of

wealth

E. Creation of Large-Scale Transnational Businesses

1. United Fruit Company2. Monopoly-like control over regional

economics, production, labor & politics.3. Creation of “Banana Republics” –

export nations dominated by companies.

F. Development of Financial Institutions1. Need = Facilitate investments of capital2. Stock Markets3. Insurance companies

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Advancements of

Industrial

Revolution Discovery of Bacteria &

Pasteurization:

Louis Pasteur

-Advanced concepts of

immunization and vaccines

- Pasteurization = safer

foods/drinks

- Advanced the Germ

Theory of Disease

Smallpox Vaccination:

Edward Jenner

Helped eradicate a disease

that has afflicted human kind

like no other disease in

history

Bessemer Steel Process:

Henry Bessemer

Faster, more efficient,

cheaper way to refine iron

into stronger steel.

Demand and production of

steel skyrockets; Building

material of industrial age.

Cotton Gin:

Eli Whitney

* Increased cotton

processing, therefore

increased supply =

increased textile production

in England. U.S becomes

main source of British

cotton.

Steam Engine:

James Watt

* Provides the energy for

industrial machines, trains &

steamships. Allows

factories to locate away

from moving water.

Spinning Jenny:

James Hargreaves

* Greatly increased textile

production; helps make

Textile industry Britain’s

biggest industry

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Major Developments in Transportation and

Communication

CanalsTelegraphsSteamshipsRailroads

Effects Effects Effects Effects

Factors Effects

Europe’s location on the

Atlantic Ocean

The geographic

distribution of coal, iron

and timber

European demographic

changes

Urbanization

Improved agricultural

production

Legal protection of

private property

(enclosure)

An abundance of rivers

& canals

Access to foreign

resources

The accumulation of

capital (money)

Factors Leading to the Rise of Industrial Production

Transnational Businesses

United Fruit Company in

Central Amer.

Monopoly-like control over

economics, production,

labor & politics.

“Banana Republics”=

politically unstable, export

countries

New Consumer Markets

Brit. And Fr. Attempt to

“open up” Chinese Markets

Export

Economies

Rubber exports

from the Congo

Export

Economies

Cotton from U.S.

South

Export

Economies

Palm Oil from W.

Africa

Extensive

Mining Centers

Gold & diamonds

in South Africa

Extensive

Mining

Centers

Copper mines

in Mexico

Decline of

Agric.-based

Economies

Decrease of

Indian textile

industry

Global Impact of IndustrializationFurther Integration of the Global Economy

State-

Sponsored

Industrialization

Economic

Reforms of Meiji

Japan

State-Sponsored

Industrialization

Factory & RR development

in Tsarist Russia

1. How did the “Export Economies” of North America and West Africa reflect an expansion of industrialization?

2. Describe how you think transnational businesses like United Fruit would be able to gain “monopoly-like control”.

3. What do you think are the downfalls of being a narrowly-focused export economy like those in Latin America, Africa & Asia?

4. Why does industrialization intensify the efforts of western nations to “Open Up” the East?

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