Slide 1

Introduction to the Industrial Revolution

Slide 2

Shift from the Agrarian World

• Agricultural Revolution – New farming methods invented

• Lord Townshend in England introduced crop rotation – land could now be used year-round; certain crops revitalized soil

• Enclosure movement had large land owners buying and then fencing public land

Slide 3

Shift from the Agrarian World

• Smaller farmers pushed off of land to work as wage laborers for various land owners or to move to the growing cities

• More food produced = population increase

• In 1700 there were about 100 million people in Europe, by 1800 the population had grown to 190 million.

Slide 4

Textile Industry Takes Off

• Domestic system (cottage industry) had dominated the early 1700s

• merchants dropped off raw materials at people’s homes, picked up finished products later

Slide 5

Textile Industry Takes Off

• Series of inventions modernize textile manufacturing, including:

• 1733 - Flying Shuttle (John Kay) – Used to weave cloth

The Flying Shuttle

Slide 6

Textile Industry Takes Off

• 1760 – Spinning Jenny (James Hargreaves) – Allowed for multiple threads to be woven together

• 1769 – Water Frame (Richard Arkwright) – Used water to power the spinning frame

The Spinning Jenny

Slide 7

Textile Industry Takes Off

• 1785 – Water Loom (Edmund Cartwright) – First machine that could weave cloth

• 1793 – Cotton Gin (Eli Whitney) – Machine that separated cotton seeds from the cotton

Plans for the Cotton Gin

Slide 8

Textile Industry Takes Off

• These advancements resulted in the movement of work from the home to the factory

Plans for the Cotton Gin

Slide 9

Britain Industrializes First

• 1715-1850• Many natural

resources available in Britain, including large amounts of coal and iron

Slide 10

Britain Industrializes First

• Geographical advantages include a large river system for water power and many natural harbors for easy trade

• A strong, stable government allowed a strong, stable economy to develop which resulted in extra money to invest

Slide 11

Britain Industrializes First

• Colonial empire provided much needed raw materials and markets

• Spreads to continental Europe, United States of America, and Japan between 1850 and 1914

Slide 12

Changes Brought by the Industrial Revolution

• Invention of the steam engine in 1763 by James Watt shifts labor from humans and animals to machines

• Inventions continue to make life, manufacturing, and farming easier and better

• Continuous reinvestment of profits fuel even greater growth

• Inventions in one area often led to inventions in others

• Transportation and communication systems are greatly enhanced

Slide 13

Changes Brought by the Industrial Revolution

• Cities begin to dominate the western world• Creates a new social order with the rise of an

influential middle class• Poor working conditions for lower classes

eventually lead to new social and political movements

• Need for markets and resources force Europeans to take over foreign lands (imperialism)

Great Britain

• By 1830, Great Britain was THE leading industrial power with a population of 21 million (less than 10% of Europe’s population).

• Britain was producing 2/3rd’s of the world’s coal, ½ of the world’s iron, and ½ of the world’s cotton cloth.

Slide 14