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Executive Summary based on the paper “Indigenous, cultural, and cross-cultural psychology: A theoretical, conceptual, and epistemological analysis” ( Uichol Kim, 2000). Explaining the different perspective in culture-oriented research in psychology.
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Hangzhou, March 2011Prof. Dr. Hora Tjitra & Gao Li, Zhejiang University
Indigenous PsychologyIncorporating “Culture” in psychology research from the indigenous perspective
The universalist approachIt aims to discover abstract, nomothetic, and general laws of human functioning (Koch &Leary, 1985; Shepard 1987).An example of etic approch
The contextualist approachEach culture should be understood from its own frame of the reference, including its own ecological, historical, philosophical, and religious context.An example of emic approach
Integrationist approachRecognizes the importance of integrating the context and content of psychological knowledge in our research for universals.
Research approaches to explain cultural differences
Cultural differences
Outline
Research approaches to explain cultural differences
Two types of Indigenization
Analysis of culture
Religion, culture and science
---Confucianism
Three impositions of psychology and the indigenous psychologies approach
Evaluation Studies of Cross-‐Cultural Training
4
14 years in Germany
7 years in China
Born and grew up in Indonesia
Prof. Dr. Hora Tjitra - Cross-cultural and Business Psychology
Dipl.-Psych., Technical University of BraunschweigOrganizational Psychology and Human Resource Management
Dr. Phil., University of RegensburgIntercultural Psychology and Strategic Management
Executive Education, INSEADHR Management in Asia
Two types of Indigenization
Indigenization from without Transporting psychological theories,
concepts, and methods and modifying them to fit the local cultural context
Derived etic approach is an example
External imposition
Accommodative paradigm
Indigenous knowledge is treated as an auxiliary source, not as the primary source of knowledge.
Translate traditional philosophical and religious texts into psychological concepts or theories, and then empirically verify.
The current psychological knowledge can be described as the psychology of psychologists, not the psychology of the lay public.
Indigenization from within A shift in the scientific paradigm, a
transformative change in which theories, concepts, and methods are developed from within, using a bottom-up approach.
The indigenous psychologies advocated by Kim and colleagues is an example
Advocate examining knowledge, skills, and beliefs which people have about themselves, and studying these aspects in their natural contexts
The goal is to create a more rigorous, systematic, universal science that can be theoretically and empirically verified, rather than naively assumed.
Analysis of culture
Cultural products ( e.g. music) Psychological constructs ( e.g. attitudes) Organized bodies of knowledge
( e.g. language)
Culture outsider
Participate in the creation and re-creation of these products
Culture Insider
e.g. burn a piece of cloth vs. a USA flag
Understanding culture from without (1)
Traditional psychology: culture was considered to be contextual factor and not included in the research design. The goal of the psychology is to discover objective, abstract, and universal relationships between independent variables and dependent variables.
Dependent1. Response
2. Behavior
3. response
Independent1. Stimulus
2. Culture
3. information
Positivistic model of causality
Intervening1. Black Box
2. Subject
3. Central
Processing unit
Understanding culture from without (2)
Cross-cultural psychology: culture is treated as a quasi-independent variable and behavior as a dependent variable.
Indigenous psychology: culture is an emergent property of individuals and groups interacting with their and human environment. It’s through culture that we think, feel, behave, and interact with reality.
Understanding a culture from within
The indigenous psychologies approach recognized two types of knowledge:
1. Analytical, semantic, and declarative knowledge 2. Phenomenological, episodic, and procedural knowledge
The indigenous psychologies approach advocates a transaction model of the causality that focus on the generative and proactive aspects.
Situation
Event
Action
Performance
Agent
Meaning
Intention
Goal
Causal Linkage
1
Causal Linkage
2
Transactional model of causality
Religion, culture and science ---Confucianism
• Dao constitutes the very essence, basis, and unit of life that perpetuates order, goodness, and righteousness.( Lew,1977) e.g. Xiao Dao
• Dao manifests itself in the harmonious opposition of yin and yang, and in humans through te (virtue, goodness, moral excellence).
Confucian developmental stages
Ren ( 仁 )
YI ( 义 )
LI ( 礼 )
ZHI (智)
XIN (信)
Context Character Age
19
9
6
2
Society
School
Family
SelfInfant
Child
Adolescent
Adult
Limitations on using Confucianism to explain behavior
Confucianism can be used as a descriptive model, but it should not be used to as an explanatory model. Translate to psychological concepts and then empirically verified.
There are blind spots and biases in all philosophical traditions.
The lay public may not be fully aware of basic Confucian concepts such as ren, yi, li, zhi and xin.
Within a particular culture, there can be competing philosophies and worldviews.
Evaluation Studies of Cross-‐Cultural Training
13
International Project References in the Research Areas of
Culture Diversity, Talent Development, and Strategic Change
14 years in Germany
Born and grew up in Indonesia
8 years in China
• Building Global Competence for Asian Leaders
• Applying Social Medias (Web 2.0) in Learning & Development.
• International Employability: Development of Intercultural Competence of German and Chinese Young Professionals.
• Cross-Cultural Learning Behavior: Effectiveness of the Western Technology Transfer and Learning Approaches in China.
• Comparative Studies of Chinese-Indonesian Intercultural Competence and Sensitivity.
• Dynamic Decision Making in Chinese and Multinational Teams.
• Intercultural Perspectives of International Post-Merger Integration in Europe.
• Intercultural Synergy in Professional Team.
• Complex Problem Solving in Small Groups.
• ...
Three impositions of psychology and the indigenous psychologies approach
First, researchers in the field of psychology imposed the natural science model to study human beings.
The second imposition is the assumption of the universality of psychological theories.
Third, expert or professional knowledge have imposed on the lay public.
The indigenous psychologies approach advocates liberation form these external impositions advocates the experience of phenomenon as an insider, for the first time.
The indigenous psychologies approach advocates a linkage of humanities (which focus on human experience ) with social sciences (which focus on analysis and verification).
Thank You
Contact us via …
Mail: [email protected]: twitter@htjitraWebsite: http://horatjitra.com
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou (China)
Summary presentation based on the paper “Indigenous, cultural, and cross-cultural psychology: A theoretical, conceptual, and
epistemological analysis” ( Uichol Kim, 2000) and our group discussion.