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Republic of the PhilippinesRepublic of the PhilippinesEULOGIO “AMANG” RODRIGUEZEULOGIO “AMANG” RODRIGUEZ

INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGYINSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGYNagtahan, Sampaloc, ManilaNagtahan, Sampaloc, Manila

GRADUATE PROGRAMGRADUATE PROGRAMMASTER IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATIONMASTER IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

TOPIC: The HyphothesisTOPIC: The Hyphothesis

RESEARCH METHODOLOGYRESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Presented by:

LOUIE A. MEDINACELI

DR. ELIZABETH E. SORIANOProfessor

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The HypothesisThe Hypothesis

A Hypothesis is a suggested answer to the problem. A Hypothesis is a suggested answer to the problem. It may be defined as an expectation about events It may be defined as an expectation about events

based on generalizations of the assumed based on generalizations of the assumed relationship between variables. relationship between variables.

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The HypothesisThe Hypothesis Another definition of hypothesis is that it is Another definition of hypothesis is that it is

shrewd guess that is formulated and provisionally shrewd guess that is formulated and provisionally adopted to explain observed facts or conditions adopted to explain observed facts or conditions and to guide In further investigation. In a senseand to guide In further investigation. In a sense, , the hypothesis takes the place in research what is the hypothesis takes the place in research what is held by opinion in everyday life. They differ in one held by opinion in everyday life. They differ in one important aspect: while both hypothesis and important aspect: while both hypothesis and opinion are preceded by consideration of the opinion are preceded by consideration of the facts, only in the case of the former (i.e., facts, only in the case of the former (i.e., research) is it a rule to test by further comparison research) is it a rule to test by further comparison with the data.with the data.

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A hypothesis has the following A hypothesis has the following characteristics:characteristics:

It should conjecture upon a relationship It should conjecture upon a relationship between two or more variables.between two or more variables.

It should be stated clearly and It should be stated clearly and unambiguously in the form of declarative unambiguously in the form of declarative sentence.sentence.

It should be testable, that is, it should be It should be testable, that is, it should be possible to restate it in an operational form possible to restate it in an operational form which can then be evaluated based on data.which can then be evaluated based on data.

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A hypothesis can be derived from a problem A hypothesis can be derived from a problem statement.statement.

Two examples are given below:Two examples are given below: Example #1:Example #1: Problem statement: What is the relation between Problem statement: What is the relation between

I.Q. and achievement'I.Q. and achievement' Hypothesis: I.Q. and achievement are positively Hypothesis: I.Q. and achievement are positively

related.related. Example *2:Example *2: Problem statement: Do students learn more from a Problem statement: Do students learn more from a

"directive" teacher or a "nondirective" teacher?"directive" teacher or a "nondirective" teacher? Hypothesis: Directive teachers are more effective Hypothesis: Directive teachers are more effective

than "nondirective" teachers.than "nondirective" teachers.

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The "Null" HypothesisThe "Null" Hypothesis

The use of the "null" hypothesis has The use of the "null" hypothesis has become more common in research-whether become more common in research-whether it be psychological, social, or educational. it be psychological, social, or educational. The reason for the use of the `null" The reason for the use of the `null" hypothesis by researchers is that it is easier hypothesis by researchers is that it is easier to disprove. In using a "null" hypothesis, to disprove. In using a "null" hypothesis, one assumes that no significant relationship one assumes that no significant relationship or difference exists, after which the or difference exists, after which the researcher seeks to ascertain the researcher seeks to ascertain the improbability of such "null" hypothesis.improbability of such "null" hypothesis.

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Other Types of HypothesisOther Types of Hypothesis Other types of hypothesis, as given by Ary et al. Other types of hypothesis, as given by Ary et al.

(1972) are as follows: The (1972) are as follows: The alternative (or alternative (or deductive) hypothesis, deductive) hypothesis, which is considered the which is considered the operational statement of the research hypothesis.operational statement of the research hypothesis.

For example, if the related literature shows that, For example, if the related literature shows that, according to the findings of previous research, a according to the findings of previous research, a certain teaching material is effective, the certain teaching material is effective, the researcher will have to assume or adopt the same researcher will have to assume or adopt the same prediction since such prediction has a basis. On prediction since such prediction has a basis. On the other hand, if the survey of related studies the other hand, if the survey of related studies point to the ineffectiveness of the teaching point to the ineffectiveness of the teaching material, then the researcher has to state his material, then the researcher has to state his hypothesis as null. Another type of hypothesis is hypothesis as null. Another type of hypothesis is the the inductive hypothesis, inductive hypothesis, which is on which is on observations of behavior.observations of behavior.

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