PASCAL’S LAW AND HYDRAULICS

•Pascal’s principle, also called Pascal’s law, in fluid (gas or liquid) mechanics, statement that, in a fluid at rest in a closed container, a pressure change in one part is transmitted without loss to every portion of the fluid and to the walls of the container.•Pressure is equal to the force divided by the area on which it acts. •Pascal also discovered that the pressure at a point in a fluid at rest is the same in all directions; the pressure would be the same on all planes passing through a specific point.

PASCAL’S LAW

•Hydraulics is a branch of science concerned with the practical applications of fluids, primarily liquids, in motion.• It is related to fluid mechanics, which in large part provides its theoretical foundation. •Hydraulics deals with such matters as the flow of liquids in pipes, rivers, and channels and their confinement by dams and tanks. •Some of its principles apply also to gases, usually in cases in which variations in density are relatively small.

HYDRAULICS

HYDRAULIC CAR LIFT•Hydraulic car lift is a simple machine that uses the transfer of pressure through an enclosed static liquid medium (usually an oil of some sort) to lift heavy machinery.• In accordance with Pascal's principle, the pressure is transmitted from one end of the hydraulic lift to the other undiminished. When the area of the piston that receives the pressure is larger than that of the initial piston, the upward force exerted by the second piston is several times stronger than the downward force exerted on the first piston.

•Hydraulic elevator systems lift a car using a hydraulic ram, a fluid-driven piston mounted inside a cylinder. Hydraulic elevator systems lift a car using a hydraulic ram, a fluid-driven piston mounted inside a cylinder. The cylinder is connected to a fluid-pumping system (typically, hydraulic systems like this use oil, but other incompressible fluids would also work). •The hydraulic system has three parts:A tank (the fluid reservoir)A pump, powered by an electric motorA valve between the cylinder and the reservoir

HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR•The concept of an elevator is incredibly simple -- it's just a compartment attached to a lifting system. Tie a piece of rope to a box, and you've got a basic elevator.•They need advanced mechanical systems to handle the substantial weight of the elevator car and its cargo. •They need control mechanisms so passengers can operate the elevator, and they need safety devices to keep everything running smoothly.

There are two major elevator designs in common use today: 1. hydraulic elevators 2. roped elevators

HYDRAULIC BRIDGE•Hydraulically Assisted Bridges also abbreviated to HAB is a new concept into bridge design which incorporates an integrated hydraulic system into the bridge in order to carry more weight. •The system is most suitable for arch based bridges in which the main forces are directed in a horizontal sideways direction.

•Hydraulic fluid operates very well in a very hot working environment, it is able to sustain its airworthiness viscosity, density & fluid temperature even if it subjected under extreme heat. This is specially important on aircraft structures that is abundant of hot working conditions during flight operations. •It uses 'incompressible' fluid which results in a greater, more efficient & consistent work or power output. This is due to the fact that hydraulic fluid molecules are able to resist compression under heavy load hence minimal energy loss is experienced and work applied is directly transferred to the actuating surfaces.

ADVANTAGES OF HYDRAULICS

Liquids in motion or under pressure did useful work for man for many centuries before French scientist-philosopher Blaise Pascal and Swiss physicist Daniel Bernoulli formulated the laws on which modern hydraulic-power technology is based. Pascal’s law, formulated in about 1650, states that pressure in a liquid is transmitted equally in all directions; i.e, when water is made to fill a closed container, the application of pressure at any point will be transmitted to all sides of the container. In 1882 the city of London built a hydraulic system that delivered pressurized water through street mains to drive machinery in factories. In 1906 an important advance in hydraulic techniques was made when an oil hydraulic system was installed.

CONCLUSION

MADE BY SARVESH AGARWAL X-E