Hybridization- sp, sp2 and sp3

Slide 1

HybridizationClass XI

A.K.Gupta, PGT ChemistryKVS ZIET Bhubaneswar

CHM 101Sinex1

What is hybridization?Hybridisation(orhybridization) is the concept of mixingatomic orbitalsinto newhybrid orbitals(with different energies, shapes, etc., than the component atomic orbitals) suitable for the pairing of electrons to formchemical bondsinvalence bond theory. A.K.Gupta, PGT Chemistry, KVS ZIET BBSR

Types of hybridisationsp3

C1s2s2p2p2p

C*1s2s2p2p2p

C*1ssp3sp3sp3sp3

C atom ground stateC atom excited stateC atom sp3 hybridized

A.K.Gupta, PGT Chemistry, KVS ZIET BBSR

sp3 HybridizationA.K.Gupta, PGT Chemistry, KVS ZIET BBSR

sp3 Hybridization


Bonding in Methane (CH4)


Summarysp3 hybridization occurs when a C has 4 attached groupssp3 hybrid orbital has 25% s and 75% p characterthe 4 sp3 hybrids point towards the corners of a tetrahedron at 109.28o to each othereach sp3 hybrid orbital is involved in bond foprmation.A.K.Gupta, PGT Chemistry, KVS ZIET BBSR

Formation of Sigma Bond


hybrid orbitals sp, sp2, or sp3




Formation of s bond A.K.Gupta, PGT Chemistry, KVS ZIET BBSR

sp2 Hybridization



Formation of bond


Remaining p orbitals from sp or sp2

s bond




Formation of p bond

Planar molecule (each carbon is trigonal planar) with p cloud above and below the plane

p bond hinders free rotation about the carbon-to-carbon bond


sp2 hybridization occurs when a C has 3 attached groupssp2 hybrid orbital has 33% s and 67% p characterthe 3 sp2 hybrids point towards the corners of a triangle at 120o to each othereach sp2 hybrid orbital is involved in a bond formation and the remaining p orbital forms the bonda double bond as a + bondSummaryA.K.Gupta, PGT Chemistry, KVS ZIET BBSR

Bonding in Ethene (H2C=CH2)


sp Hybridization

A.K.Gupta, PGT Chemistry, KVS ZIET BBSRPure p orbitalSp hybrid orbital

Bonding in Acetylene


sp Hybridization


Bonding in Acetylene


Summary Sp hybridization occurs when a C has 2 attached groupssp hybrid orbital has 50% s and 50% p characterthe 2 sp hybrids are oriented at an angle of 180o to each othereach sp hybrid orbital is involved in a bond formation and the remaining two p orbital forms two bondsa triple bond = one + two bondsA.K.Gupta, PGT Chemistry, KVS ZIET BBSR

Bond formation from hybridizationSingle bond - sigma bondDouble bond sigma bond + pi bondTriple bond sigma bond + pi bond + pi bond How are the two pi bonds in the triple bond oriented?end-to-end

side-to-side


1234567What is the hybridization in each carbon atom?sp3 2, 5tetrahedral sp2 1, 3, 4trigonal planarsp 6, 7linear = Oxygen atom = Carbon atom = Hydrogen atom

What is the hybridization in each carbon atom?1234A.K.Gupta, PGT Chemistry, KVS ZIET BBSR

Draw the Lewis dot structure C3H4

Remember to chain the carbon atoms and fill the octet of the center carbon atom in the chain first.You should have come up with one of these structures:H:C:C:::C:HHH....C::C::CHH....HH....A.K.Gupta, PGT Chemistry, KVS ZIET BBSR

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Hybridization- sp, sp2 and sp3