- 1. Humanities 102December 9, 2013
2. The Baroque era is when the first public opera house came
into existence - the Teatro San Cassiano, which opened in Venice,
Italy, in 1637. Early Baroque Era Composers include:Opera video,
When I am Laid in Earth http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AC
Y03VwWmnAFrancesco Cavalli (1602-1676) Antonio Cesti (1623-1669)
Jean-Baptiste Lully (1632-1687) Henry Purcell (1659-1695)Late
Baroque Era Composers include: Alessandro Scarlatti (1660-1725)
Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741) Jean-Philippe Rameau (1683-1764) George
Frederic Handel (1685-1759) John Gay (1685-1732) Archangelo Corelli
(1653-1713) Giovanni Battista Pergeolesi (1710-1736) Leonardi Vinci
(1690-1730) Christoph Willibard Gluck (1714-1787)Opera composer,
George Frederic Handel (1685-1759), from the birth of the art form
in the baroque eraOpera composer, Henry Purcell (1659-1695), from
the birth of the art form in the baroque eraBy the 1630s, opera
began to shed its aristocratic origins and become a popular
entertainment. Opera still held focus on ancient myths and
histories about noble men and women. It still held to the trend to
brilliant singing called bel canto, meaning "beautiful song". To
attract a larger crowd, operatic composers added elements from
Italy's popular comic theater, such as farcical scenes and stock
characters, and magical transformations, signs of its baroque
nature. Matthews, Roy T, F DeWitt Platt, and Thomas F.X. Noble. The
"The Baroque Era (1600-1750)." Opera Boot Camp. The Metropolitan
Opera Western Humanities. New York: McGrawHill, 2012. Print. Page
Guild, 2012. Web. 5 Dec. 2013. 433. Provides useful information on
opera. Talks about where it . originated and how it developed. This
website contains useful information, pictures, and videos. 3. The
spread of ideas during the Scientific Revolution was the most
enlightening. People wanted to spread knowledge. They wanted to
share it with the rest of the world instead of being selfish and
keeping it to themselves. Scientist and intellectuals realized that
new scientific findings needed to be given the widest dissemination
possible, since the information would be of immeasurable value to
others who were engaged in their own research.The Flush Toilet
Interesting Scientific Revolution Inventions: Pencil- Date:
1564.Inventor: Nicholas Jacques Conte. Printing Press- Date:1436.
Inventor: Johannes Gutenburg. The Flush Toilet- Date: 1596
Inventor: Sir John Harrington The Piano- Date:1720 Inventor:
Bartolomeo Cristofori of Padua. Scissors- Date:1761 Inventor:
Robert Hinchcliffe. Sandwich- Date:1762 Inventor: John Montagu
Pendulum Clock- Date: 1581 Inventor: Galileo Battery- Date:1800
Inventor: Count Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta. Cotton
Gin- Date:1794 Inventor: Eli Whitney. Mayonnaise- Date:1756
Inventor: French chef of Duc de Richelieu.The PianoPrinting
PressPendulum ClockPencilScissorsBattery Hebbar, Priya. "Scientific
Revolution." Prezi. Prezi Inc, 2012. Web. 3 Dec. 2013. . This
website provides inventions, the inventors, dates, uses, and even
fun facts about each invention.Matthews, Roy T, F DeWitt Platt, and
Thomas F.X. Noble. The Western Humanities. New York: McGrawHill,
2012. Print. Page 456. Provides useful information on the
scientific Revolution. Goes into detail with inventions and other
useful information for that period. 4. The Age of Reason saw the
beginning of the Scientific Revolution and different progressions
of new schools of thought. A religious movement that came about was
Deism. This was advocated by Descartes. It taught that God (mind)
and man (nature) were distinct. Another man. Baruch Spinoza,
introduced the idea of pantheism, namely, God and the universe are
one and further that, God was a substance consisting of infinite
attributes. People who believed in Deism, described it the religion
of reason rejected Christianity as a body of revelation, mysterious
and incomprehensible. Gods revelation, believed Deists, was simple,
logical and clear-cut, a natural religion which always
existed.DescartesBaruch Spinoza "Age of Reason Open Society." All
about History. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Dec. 2013. . Website has useful
information on the Age of Reason and some people that were involved
in changes during this time. 5. The beginning of the American
Industrial Revolution can be attributed to Samuel Slater. He opened
the first industrial mill in the United States in 1790. Slater's
pirated technology had greatly increased the speed with which
cotton thread could be spun into yarn. While he did introduce a
vital new technology to the United States, the economic takeoff of
the Industrial Revolution did require several other elements before
it would transform American life. Another important factor to the
changing economy were new organizational strategies to increase
productivity. This had started with the outwork system. This was
when small parts of a larger production process were carried out in
numerous individual homes. This organizational reform was
especially important for shoe and boot making. However, the chief
organizational breakthrough of the Industrial Revolution was the
"factory system. This was where work was performed on a large scale
in a single centralized location.George Harvey: Pittsford on the
Erie Canal, 1837 ... courtesy: Memorial Art Gallery of the
University of Rochester "Economic Growth and the Early Industrial
Revolution." US History. Independence Hall Association in
Philadelphia, n.d. Web. 5 Dec. 2013. . This website provides useful
information on the Industrial Revolution.The most famous state-led
creation of the Market Revolution was New York's Erie Canal. This
began in 1817, the 364mile man-made waterway flowed between Albany
on the Hudson River and Buffalo on Lake Erie. The Erie canal
connected the eastern seaboard and the Old Northwest. The canal was
a great success and set off a canal frenzy that, along with the
development of the steamboat, created a new and complete national
water transportation network by 1840. 6. Realism was developed in
the 1840s. Realism is a style that focuses on the everyday lives of
the lower and middle class , Realists depicted ordinary people
without idealizing or romanticizing them, but they always made sure
imply an moral point of view. Realists wanted to show what they saw
around them in a serious, accurate, and unsentimental way. They
considered neoclassicism as cold and romanticizing as exaggerated.
Merchants, housewives, workers, peasants, and even prostitutes
replaced kings, aristocrats, goddesses, saints, and heroes as the
subjects of paintings and novels. The spread of democracy
encouraged the realists to take an interest in ordinary people, and
the camera, which was invented in the 1830s, inspired the realists
in their goal of truthful accuracy.This wooden sliding-box camera
was made in Paris in September 1830 Matthews, Roy T, F DeWitt
Platt, and Thomas F.X. Noble. The Western Humanities. New York:
McGrawHill, 2012. Print. Page 539. Provides useful information on
realism. Goes into detail with inventions and other useful
information for that period. 7. Second Industrial Revolution
differed from the First industrial Revolution in many ways. Great
Britain was the worlds industrial leader since 1760. They faced
competition from Germany and the United States. Science and
research provided new and improved industrial products and
influenced manufacturing much more than during the first
revolution. And steam and water power were replaced by newer forms
of industrial energy, such as oil and electricity. The internal
combustion engine replaced the steam engine in ships and, in the
early 1900s, gave rise to the automobile and the airplane.
Europeans and the world were entering an age of power and speed.
Technology was also shaping the world. The wireless superseded the
telegraph, the telephone made its introduction, and national and
international postal services were instituted. Type writers and
tabulators transformed business practices. Rotary presses printed
thousands of copies of daily newspapers for an increasingly
literate public. In transportation there were more efficient
engines which resulted in lower transportation costs and less
expensive products. Advertising became a significant source of
revenue for publishers and a persuasive force in the costumer
economy.The first mass-produced automobile was the 1900
Oldsmobile1930, part of the National Air Races in Chicago Matthews,
Roy T, F DeWitt Platt, and Thomas F.X. Noble. The Western
Humanities. New York: McGrawHill, 2012. Print. Pages 560-562.
Provides useful information on the Second Industrial Revolution
Goes into detail with inventions and other useful information for
that period. 8. Surrealism began in the 1920s. It was an art
movement that was basically a pictorial art. This was inspired by
Freuds teaching that the human mind conceals hidden depths, the
surrealists wanted to create a vision of reality that is also
included the truths harbored in the unconscious. They portrayed
dream imagery, fantasies, and hallucinations in a direct fashion
that made their paintings more startling than those of Dadaist
artists. Salvador Dali was a surrealism artist. Salvador had
interesting paintings. His subjects were from his very lively
imagination. These subjects even contained thinly disguised sexual
symbols. The Persistence of Memory is the poetically named of his
most famous work. This depicts soft, melting watches in a desert
like setting. Dalis use of such optical effects reflected his
often-stated belief that life is irrational. The sexual themes are
supposed to be read in the limp watches. This could be a reference
to sexual impotence. This painting gave a strange twist to ordinary
things, evoking the sense of a half-remembered dream which was the
goal of surrealist art. Dali cultivated a controversial, even
scandalous, personal image. It even earned him the publics
ridicule, and the surrealists went as far as to disown him. Even
though he was disowned he is still admired. He created some of the
modernisms most fantastic images and for being a link with the pop
artists of the 1960s. Another surrealism painter was Paul Klee. He
is grouped with the surrealists but he was too changeable to be
restricted to a single style. Klee took an innocent approach to art
and that was what he was best known for. His approach to art was
triggered by his fondness for childrens uninhabited scrawls. He
portrays a childlike wonder in his whimsical works which has made
him a favorite among collectors and viewers. Klee portrayed poetic
images that were rich in color and had gentle wit. A great example
would be Revolution of the Viaduct.Revolution of the ViaductThe
Persistence of Memory Matthews, Roy T, F DeWitt Platt, and Thomas
F.X. Noble. The Western Humanities. New York: McGrawHill, 2012.
Print. Pages 618-621.g Provides useful information on surrealism
and the different artworks involved. 9. Most discoveries of
medicine saved lives but some had social and moral implications
that spilled over into societal and gender issues. Breakthroughs in
medicine changed the patterns of behavior and raised the living
standards for populations on all over the world. To go along with
the topic on how medicine had social and moral implications we will
discuss the invention of the birth control pill. This was invented
in 1956 and triggered a sexual revolution. By the late 1960s the
sexual revolution was part of the social unrest and rejection of
accepted moral codes and personal behavior patterns for many
Americans. This newly found sexual freedom, popular in the 1960s
and 1970s, grew more restricted in the 1980s with the advent of
AIDS.Jonas SalkAlbert Sabin Matthews, Roy T, F DeWitt Platt, and
Thomas F.X. Noble. The Western Humanities. New York: McGrawHill,
2012. Print. Pages642. Provides information on modernism and the
advances in science, technology, and medicine.In the 1950s polio
was eradicated through vaccines. This was developed by American
physicians. Their names were Jonas Salk and Albert Sabin.
Innovative surgical methods, radiation treatment, and chemotherapy
drastically reduced cancer mortality. Also, Francis Crick and James
Watson reported their discovery of the structure of DNA, the
chemical substance ultimately responsible for determining
individual hereditary characteristics. 10. Postmodernism is "post"
because it is denies the existence of any ultimate principles, and
it lacks the optimism of there being a scientific, philosophical,
or religious truth which will explain everything for everybody - a
characterisitic of the so-called "modern" mind. The paradox of the
postmodern position is that, in placing all principles under the
scrutiny of its skepticism, it must realize that even its own
principles are not beyond questioning. As the philospher Richard
Tarnas states, postmodernism "cannot on its own principles
ultimately justify itself any more than can the various
metaphysical overviews against which the postmodern mind has
defined itself."Postmodern ecological art by contemporary artist
Francis BerryPostmodern art by contemporary artist Francis Berry,
postmodern painterA general and wide-ranging term which is applied
to literature, art, philosophy, architecture, fiction, and cultural
and literary criticism, among others. Postmodernism is largely a
reaction to the assumed certainty of scientific, or objective,
efforts to explain reality. In essence, it stems from a recognition
that reality is not simply mirrored in human understanding of it,
but rather, is constructed as the mind tries to understand its own
particular and personal reality. For this reason, postmodernism is
highly skeptical of explanations which claim to be valid for all
groups, cultures, traditions, or races, and instead focuses on the
relative truths of each person. In the postmodern understanding,
interpretation is everything; reality only comes into being through
our interpretations of what the world means to us individually.
Postmodernism relies on concrete experience over abstract
principles, knowing always that the outcome of one's own experience
will necessarily be fallible and relative, rather than certain and
universal. "Postmodernism." pbs. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Dec. 2013. .
This website has a clear definition and other information about
postmodernism. 11. The legacy of colonialism is important in
explaining about the diversity and unity of experiments with state
formation in the Muslim world. Different things such as ethnic
identity, social characteristics, and other indigenous religious
and cultural factors in Islam are there to help explain the
commonalities between Muslim states; colonialism is there to
explain the points of convergence and divergence in experiences
with state formation across the Muslim world. Muslims have
basically lived with all the colonial powers. In much of Africa,
Asia, and the Arab world, the British and the French ruled over
vast Muslim territories. The Dutch ruled over territories that
later became Indonesia, and the Germans, Spanish, Portuguese, and
Russians held Muslim territories in East Africa, the Philippines,
Malaya (what is now known as Malaysia), the Caucasus, and Central
Asia. Israel's control of the West Bank and Gaza Strip may be seen
as the last and only ongoing colonial relationship in Muslim lands.
Cole, Juan. "Whos the Threat? Western Powers Have Invaded and
Killed Millions of Muslims." Informed Comment: Thoughts on the
Middle East, History and Religion. N.p., 26 May 2013. Web. 7 Dec.
2013. . This site provides a map and information on the Muslim
countries invaded and occupied by Westerners since 1798 Powerpoint
Session 11 Philosophy and Religion Provides useful information on
Islamic history and colonialism.Muslim countries invaded and
occupied by Westerners since 1798: what is now Bangladesh
(Britain); Egypt (France), much of Indonesia (Dutch); Algeria
(France); Senegal, Mali, Niger, Chad (France); Moroccan Sahara,
Ceuta (Spain); what is now Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan,
Tajikistan, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan (Russia); Tunisia (France);
Egypt, Sudan (Britain); Morocco (France); Libya (Italy); Palestine
and Iraq (Britain); Syria and what is now Lebanon (France); Kuwait,
UAE, Bahrain (Britain); Iran (Britain, US, Soviet Union during WW
II); Iraq (US 2003-2011) 12. Resurrection Khalil GibranGibran
KhalilGibran Khalil was born on January 6, 1883, in Northern
Lebanon. He grew up in Bsharri in the mountain area. He was a man
who appreciated nature, the falls, the cliffs, and cedars. All of
these helped influence his drawings and even his writings. Gibran
did not receive a formal education. But there was a village priest
that visited him often and taught him the fundamentals of religion
and the Bible. On June 25, 1895, the Gibrans embarked on a voyage
to the American shores of New York, and finally settling in Boston.
After moving to the US, he registered to a school but they changed
his name. This stuck with him for the rest of his life. His name
became Kahlil Gibran. Kahlil had very little education and this
resulted in him being placed in an ungraded class that was reserved
for just immigrant children where they had to learn English from
scratch. In 1904, Kahlil finally had his first art exhibition which
was located in Boston. He then decided to settle in New York in
1912. This is where he dedicated his time to writing and painting.
His earlier works were written in Arabic, and from 1918, he
published the majority of his work in English. In New York on April
10, 1931, Kahlil passed away.Gibran Museum in LebanonSelection from
the Collection of the Telfair Museum of Art (Gibran Khalil
painting) Powerpoint Session 12 Literature Provides useful
information on Islamic literature. 13. Blue Mosque in Istanbul,
TurkeyMosques architecture has meaning, from the paint color to the
fountain. Since there was a warning against art because of its
potential connection to idolatry, religious architecture soon
became the initial focus of artistic expression. Mosques were
centers for religious assembly. They typically had a rectangular
plan with open courts and a fountain for purification. They had a
mihrab, which was a small niche that indicates the direction of
Mecca, Muhammads birthplace, which Muslims face when in prayer.
They had domed walkways that lead to the mihrab. The most iconic
images of the religion are the minarets, which are the two towers
beside the mosque. Inside the towering spires the muezzin ascends a
spiral staircase and at the top, from the platform, someone
initiates the call to prayer. The aesthetic principles in Islam
dictate a simple design and emphasize negative space. Instead of
having overly decorative embellishments the structures
traditionally focused on space and balance. Mosques are typically
white, reflecting the sun. The black doors, windows, covered
porches, etc. often help balance the starkness of the walls, and
creating at times an intricate alternating line of light and dark.
Other traditional Islamic color schemes are blue and gold, they are
seen in the form of ceramic tile work.Mosque in BruneiGrand Mosque
OmanIslamic Masjid Al Aqsa Mosque Palestine ArchitectureMasjid
Nabawi. Medina, Saudi Arabia Power Point: Session 10 Art &
Architecture Provides useful information of the design and meaning
of mosques.
