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THESIS WRITING論文の書き方講座
Graduate School of Media Design, Keio University
Charith Fernando (Ph.D.), Chihiro Sato (Ph.D.)[email protected], [email protected]
Overview¨ What is a Thesis¨ Structure of a Thesis¨ Thesis Categories
¤ Science / Engineering¤ Social Science / Humanities¤ Action Research¤ Design
¨ Thesis writing process¤ Writing Tools
n Tex / Word Template
¤ Critical Writing Skillsn Planning, Clarity, Brevity, Simplicity, Copyrights
What is a Thesis ?
Reference: Yvonne N. Bui, How to Write a Master’s Thesis (2013)
A research study that is an original piece of work of your own,based on data produced by experiment or observation
Term Paper ThesisJust a summary of what other people
researched and done related to your topicfrom books, journals,
or articles…
Develop a research question,conduct literature review,
collect original data, analyze what you found
to state your claim
Follow the 5 chapter Structure
Form your research
claim
Choose the suited
category
What you need ?¨ Writing a thesis involves
¤ Passion¤ Advisors and Areas¤ Problem, Question, Purpose and Claims Originality and
Replication¤ Reviewing the Literature¤ Argument¤ Style and Form in Writing the Proposal
Structure of a Thesis
Reference: Stephen E. Toulmin, The Uses of Argument (2003)
Forming your own research claim and the argument (thesis core)
Claim Data
Warrant
states your position on the issue you have chosen to write
about
the evidence which you cite
to support your claim
interprets the data and shows how it
supports your claim
5 Chapter Structure of a Thesis
Literature ReviewIntroduction
Establish the statement of the
problem and research questions
Reference: Yvonne N. Bui, How to Write a Master’s Thesis (2013)
Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4
The traditional format to structure your thesis thoroughly
Chapter 5
Proving concept & Results
Concept& Methods
Discussion
Provide justification of your study by
Identifying the most relevant and
significant research
Propose the concept and explain the
research method you use
Present the finding from
data collection process and
method
Discuss the results and draw
conclusions related to your
statement
Accepted Thesis Categories
¨ Categories¤ Science / Engineering Thesis¤ Social Science / Humanities Thesis¤ Action Research Thesis¤ Design Thesis
Design Thesis• A Design thesis is oriented towards
1. What is the designed artifact(s) and what user experience it provides
2. What designing process you took and its rationale for the selection of methods employed can be reproduced
3. Prove your concept (the set of artifact and the user experience) and show extensibility
Reference: J. Zimmerman, “Research through Design as a method for interaction design in HCI”(2007)
Designing Process
Designed Artifact User Study Show
Extensibility
Design Thesis
You
Designed Artifact
Design Process
UsersRelationshipExperience
Concept
User StudyObservation
Situation
Extensibility
Other Users
Why does the user need the artifact?How does the artifact effect the user?
Design Thesis
Reference: J. Zimmerman, “Research through Design as a method for interaction design in HCI”(2007)
Designing Process
Designed Artifact User Study Show
Extensibility
Chapter 3
Concept& Methods
Chapter 4
Proving concept & Results
Chapter 5
Discussion
Action Research Thesis• An Action Research thesis is oriented towards
1. The inquiry research done by or with insiders to an organization or community
2. Whom is the research is conducted towards? (cannot be to or on themselves)
3. What action cycles process that organizational or community members have taken, taking, or wish to take
Reference: Kathryn Herr and Gary L. Anderson, The Action Research Dissertation (2005)
Develop a plan of action cycles
Act to implement the plan
Observe effects in the context
Reflect effects for further planning
Action Research Thesis
You
Organization/Community A
part of
ActionCycles
Acting ProcessObserve
Reflect
Organization/Community B
Concept
Action Research Thesis
Reference: Kathryn Herr and Gary L. Anderson, The Action Research Dissertation (2005)
Develop a plan of action
cycles
Act to implement the
plan
Observe effects in the
context
Reflect effects for further planning
Chapter 3
Concept& Methods
Chapter 4
Proving concept & Results
Chapter 5
Discussion
Science / Engineering Thesis• A Science / Engineering thesis is oriented towards
1. What is the question / problem about the world that needs to be answered or solved ?
2. Why previous answers / solutions to this question or problem inadequate or unsatisfactory?
3. What is your answer or solution ?4. How good is your answer or solution compare to previous
answers or solutions? What are its benefits and drawbacks?
Concept Hypothesis Proofing Evaluation
Science / Engineering Thesis
New Concept ? Proof of Concept
Design & Implementation
Identify Problem
Related Works
Proofing
Hypothesis
Science / Engineering Thesis
Concept Hypothesis Proofing Evaluation
Chapter 3
ConceptHypothesis
Design
Chapter 4
ImplementationTechnical Evaluation
Chapter 5
Obj /Sub EvaluationDiscussion
Summary of Thesis Categories
Category Claim Data (Evidence) Warrant
Science / Engineering Concept
HypothesisImplementation
EvaluationDiscussionConclusion
Social Science / Humanities
ClaimObservationInterviewing
ArchivalAssurance
Action Research Action CycleAct
ObservationsReflect EffectsDiscussion, Plan
Design ArtifactDesign
User StudyDiscussion
Extensibility
How to find & manage related research
¨ Use keywords to search similar research to your work
¨ List them up or manage a bibliography
¨ Read and categorize them based on how they are related
https://scholar.google.com
http://bibdesk.sourceforge.net/
https://www.mendeley.com/
Writing Tools
¨ Formatting a Long document is troublesome¤ Latex, Microsoft Word
Latex (Texshop / Eclipse) Microsoft Word
Writing Tools
¨ Online Editors (Troublefree Setting up)
https://www.overleaf.com/
Thesis Structure¨ Writing Styles
¤ Chicago Manual of Style¤ APA (American Psychological Association) Style¤ MLA (Modern Language Association) Style¤ CSE (Council of Science Editors) Style¤ Others (any other styles specified by the academic societies
related your research field.)
Critical Writing Skills
¨ The fundamental purpose of thesis is not the mere presentation of information and thought but rather it’s actual communication
§ George Gopen and Judith Swan
The Science of Scientific Writing
Process of Thesis Writing¨ Good writing doesn’t happen overnight
¤ planning, drafting (first draft, revised draft, final draft), rereading, revising, and editing
¨ Learning and improvement requires¤ self-review, peer-review, subject-matter expert feedback, and practice
¨ Good writing is a habit that takes time¤ There are no shortcuts
Thesis Writing: Best Practice
Planning /
Rethinking
Writing
Revising
• Planning• Clarity• Brevity• Simplicity• Copyrights
Planning¨ Plan before you begin writing
¤ Understand your audience, thesis type, Claim, Evidence and Warrant
¤ Organize your thoughts and materials
¤ Define Deadlines
Clarity¨ Avoid Jargons
¤ Abbreviations, Slang
n If needs to abbreviate, define the term in its first occurrence.
n Ex: Keio Media Design (KMD)
¨ Citation and Quotation
¤ Cite the work of others to strengthen your arguments
¤ Quote properly when Copying someone else's explanation
¤ Acknowledge the source
Clarity
¨ Use audience familiarity words
¤ Ex: The materials friction coefficient seems adequate for the outer design. (Design Thesis)
¨ Avoid too long sentences
Brevity¨ Most Important First
¤ Place key information in the main clause
¨ Less Is More¤ Pare your language down to the essential message you want to get
across to your readers
¨ Use words efficiently & Remove Redundancy¤ Never use two words when one word will do¤ Combine overlapping sentences when possible
Simplicity
¨ Use details wisely¤ Specific details are desirable ,but be careful to
balance detail with audience needs for clarity¤ significance is more important
• Language: Active Voice¤ Communicate as efficiently and more straightforward
Simplicity
¨ Language: Complexity¤ Avoid too complex words
Category SubstitutesNouns Utilization (use)
Verbs Finalize (end)
Adjectives Individualized (individual)
Adverbs Firstly (first)
Simplicity
¨ Language: Abstraction¤ Avoid too many abstract words
n (Already) existingn At (the) present (time)n (Completely) eliminaten (Empty) spacen Mix (together)
Simplicity
¨ Language: ¤ Avoid excess words
n Made arrangements for → Arrangedn Made the decision → Decidedn Perform the development of → Developed
Plagiarism & Copyrights
¨ Images, Sentences, Quotes that are not your originals, needs to acknowledge the author
¤ Contact author directly
¤ Add appropriate Copyright text
n Ex: Photo © author
Tips & Tricks1. Decide when to start
2. Decide when to stop
3. Set Milestones (deadlines for each chapter)
4. Set easy targets for each day
5. Create a comfortable, distraction free environment
6. Only turn on the computer when you know exactly what you’re going to write
7. Check email only after you’ve done at least 2 hours work
8. Work for 25 minutes at a time (5min break)
9. Get away from the computer when you aren’t working
10. Look after yourself
Q&A