HISTORY OF COMMUNICATION

PART II

TELEGRAPH

• Major shift occurred with arrival of electricity• Telegraph first wave new telecommunication revolution• With telegraph in 1840 words transformed into electrical impulses(dots and dashes of Morse code)

• Telegraphdivided into 21. Optical telegraph2. Electric telegraph

OPTICAL TELEGRAPH

• First practical telecommunication system• Inventor Claude Chappe(1763-1805)• Chappe’s telegraph: made from wood, iron or

stone• Not included electricity• Had a codebook (first codebook=9999 entries)• Codebook in 1830:45050 words/phrases

• A complex system, because;1. Require long codebooks2. Skilled and efficient administration3. Requires many stations4. Too expensive

• Weaknesses of optical telegraph;1. Human: performance related to human’s

capacityneed military discipline2. Natural:not usable at night, in fog or rain

• Reasons for success of Optical telegraph;1. Military necessity: Real time info. on battles2. Deep political, ideological significance:• It shortens distance • Instrument in formation of French nation-state• Tool in defending unity of nation

• System operated and owned by Government• Used for Government messages• Military reasons/reports Napoleon 3. Optical telegraph result of Age of Enlightenment

• Optical telegraph was useful;1. Building nationhood2. Maintaining public order 3. Transmitting commercial information

ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH

• Through 1830s electricity was used to transmit messages• Samuel Morse: Morse codes• His codes: used to transformed into the codes• Electric telegraph: 10 times handled more

info.

TELEPHONE

• Alexander Graham Bell: inventor• Appeared in 1876• Based on voice transmission• Eliminated telegraphy

• Benefits of telephone;1. Rapid two-way exchange2. Interactive, Person-2-Person contact3. By 1880s: simplicity and efficiency of

telephone(used in private homes)4. Reshaped range of business practices

IMAGE TECHNOLOGIES(PHOTOGRAPHY)• Beginning of photography: 1839• Louis Daguerre: inventor• There were 2 things that made possible to use

photograph in newspapers and magazines1. Lithography: Halftone engraving2. Halftone: Print obtained from photo

engraving

EARLY PHOTOJOURNALISM

• After 1885s, it started with emergence of early photographers

• First US president to be photographed: Abraham Lincoln

INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF PHOTOJOURNALISM

1. Halftone Pictures: Newspapers using halftone illustrations

2. Press Photographers: News agency distributing photographs

3. Photo Agencies: Photographers equipped with small, fast hand-held cameras

1.Halftone Pictures

• Since 1867: Halftone reproductions in weekly newspapers & magazines

• Since 1880:Daily papers• Since 1890: Large circulation of newspapers

with Halftone illustrations• After 1910: With new technique(Halftone

block) increase in amount of illustrations

• EX: 903 pictures per week in 1910

2.Press Photographers

• Throughout 1880s: Limited photos in newspapers

• Within 15 years; several newspapers replaced their draughtsman with cameraman

• By 1900: Existence of many photographers in America rising in news images published

• Subject of photos :Limitless• Around 1900s: Modern photojournalism • First war to be photographed: Spanish-

American conflict• Jimmy Hare: One of first photojournalists who

was photographed Spanish-American war• He also played a leading role in early

photojournalism

HISTORY OF RADIO

• Telegraph and telephone were important inventions

• Their only weakness messages transmitted only via wires

• The solution Wireless communication by using radio frequencies

• Heinrich Hertz: in 1885, he demonstrated radio waves

• Guglielmo Marconi: Italian inventor, known as radio-telegraph system

• Transmitted Morse code across Atlantic by wireless

• Marconi did not discover a new principle; but he improved and adapted the components

• Marconi’s radio-telegraph system was used in Titanic in 1912

• Reginald Fessenden : First to transmit voice over air

• Introduced in 1906 Christmas Eve, the radio by broadcasting music and voice

• Nicola Tesla: Developed new systems for wireless communication

• Commercial Broadcast: started in 1920• Stations on air in 1923: 556• Commercial radio licenses: in 1912• Domination of live music: in 1920s• Diversity of programing: in 1930s

CINEMA

• Projected motion picture photography reality in 1890s

• The first motion picture camera(kinescope) Thomas Edison’s employee; Dickson• Edison patented the system in US • Introduced at Chicago World’s Fair in 1893

• Kinetograph: only source of films• Early films: ended just in 15 seconds• When Edison patented his system

simultaneously The Lumiére Brothers patented cinematograph system in France in 1895

(Auguste&Louis)

• Cinematograph: portable, suitcase-sized• Consisted of a camera, film processing unit

and projector; all in one1. Record in morning2. Process in afternoon3. Project to audience in that evening

• The first film: Arrival of the express train

TELEVISION• The invention John Logie Baird• Developer Philo Taynor Farnsworth• Date of invention/patent 1926• First demonstration 1928• BBC public broadcasting 1932

• Summer Olympics broadcast1936• First demonstration all electronic TV sets 1938• Suspending Broadcasting of BBC 1939• First TV ad 1941

•

IN TURKEY

• Turkish Radio Television Corporation( TRT) Public Broadcaster

• Founded 1964• Test transmissions 1968• A full national TV schedual in Ankara, İstanbul,

İzmir 1971• Color tests 31 December 1981• Lining up switched to color 1984

• Turkey’s first private channel Star TV• Date of foundation1989

RESOURCES

• Special thanks to; İrem Özgören Kınlı

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3KTxZCjOqWc

•THANK YOUFORLISTENING!!!

• Created by; Halil İbrahim ULUHAN

CONTACT INFORMATION

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/hllbrh

hiuluhan@gmail.com

/haliluluhan/

halil.uluhan@std.ieu.edu.tr