Harkness2e chap06 ppt

Copyright © 2016 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

Chapter 6: Epidemiology:

The Science of Prevention

2Copyright © 2016 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

Chapter Highlights • Defining epidemiology• Development of epidemiology as a science• Epidemiologic conceptual frameworks• Applying epidemiologic principles in practice• Assessment of health needs and assets• Using assessment data for planning and

implementing interventions• Promoting healthy lifestyles• Preventing and controlling outbreaks• Contributing to a safe and healthy environment• Evaluating the effectiveness of health services


QuestionIs the following statement true or false?Epidemic—an outbreak that occurs when there is an increased incidence of a disease beyond that which is normally found in the population


AnswerTrueRationale: Epidemic—an outbreak that occurs when there is an increased incidence of a disease beyond that which is normally found in the population


Defining EpidemiologyStudy of the distribution and determinants of states of health and illness in human populations; used both as a research methodology for studying states of health and illness, and as a body of knowledge that results from the study of a specific state of health or illness


Defining Epidemiology (cont.)• Epidemic—an outbreak that occurs

when there is an increased incidence of a disease beyond that which is normally found in the population

• Rates—the primary measurement used to describe either the occurrence or the existence of a specific state of health or illness


QuestionWho is perhaps the best known epidemiologist of the 19th century?A. John Graunt B. William FarrC. John SnowD. Florence Nightingale


AnswerC. John SnowRationale: Perhaps the best known epidemiologist of the 19th century was John Snow, a contemporary of William Farr. One of the first people to study patterns of disease in populations was a London haberdasher, John Graunt. Farr set up a system for consistent collection of the numbers and the causes of deaths. Florence Nightingale, the daughter of a wealthy Englishman, was also a contemporary of William Farr and John Snow. She devoted her life to the prevention of needless illness and death.


Development of Epidemiology as a Science

• John Graunt and the Bills of Mortality• William Farr, Registrar General• John Snow and the Broad Street Pump• Florence Nightingale, Nurse and

Epidemiologist


QuestionIs the following statement true or false?Wheel of causation is the classic model based on the belief that health status is determined by the interaction of the characteristics of the host, agent, and environment, not by any single factor.


AnswerFalseRationale: Epidemiologic triad is the classic model based on the belief that health status is determined by the interaction of the characteristics of the host, agent, and environment, not by any single factor. Wheel of causation de-emphasizes the agent as the sole cause of disease while emphasizing the interplay of physical, biological, and social environments.


Epidemiologic Models• Epidemiologic triad• The wheel of causation• The web of causation• Natural history of disease


QuestionIs the following sentence true or false?Community assessments, using epidemiologic principles, form the database that provides the evidence and rationale for interventions.


AnswerFalseRationale: Individual and community assessments, using epidemiologic principles, form the database that provides the evidence and rationale for interventions.


Applying Epidemiologic Principles in Practice

• Assessment of health needs and assets– Individual assessment– Community assessment

• Using assessment data for planning and implementing interventions

• Promoting healthy lifestyles


Applying Epidemiologic Principles in Practice (cont.)

• Preventing and controlling outbreaks• Contributing to a safe and healthy

environment• Evaluating the effectiveness of health

services

Education

Harkness2e chap06 ppt