Growth and Development of the Learner

B.Ed. 2015-16Psychology of Learners and Learning

UNIT – IIGROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF

THE LEARNER

M.VijayalakshmiAssistant Professor

குழந்தையின் வளர்ைலும் வளர்ச்சியும்

Growth and Development: Meaning, factorsinfluencing Growth and Development –Stages of development and its characteristics– Adolescence problem and remedies –Dimensions of development: Physical,Cognitive, Social, Emotional and Moral –Theories of development – Piaget’s cognitivedevelopment – Freud’s psycho sexualdevelopment – Erikson’s psycho – socialdevelopment.

Growth - வளர்ைல்

Quantitative aspects - by size, weight and height and indicates, enlargement and augmentation

DEVELOPMENT - வளர்ச்சிQuantitative aspect - high intelligence and low intelligence. It cites progressive changes results in quantity, character and composition and comprehension

Factors influencing

Growth and Development

Internal

External

Heredity Factors

Biological Factors

Intelligence

Emotional Factors

Social nature

Internal Factors

Environment in the womb

of the mother

Environment available after

birth

• Accidents and incidents in life

• The quality of physical environment, medical care and nourishment

• The quality of the facilities and opportunities provided by the social and cultural forces

External Factors

Environment in the womb of the mother

Physical and medical health of mother during pregnancy

Single child or multiple children getting nourished in the womb

The quality and quantity of nutrition received by the embryo within the womb of the mother

Whether or not the embryo has been subjected to harmful radiation or rays, etc

Normal or abnormal delivery

Any damage or accident to the baby in the womb

The quality of the facilities and opportunities provided by the social and cultural forces

Parental and family care received by a child

Economic and social status of the parents and family

The quality of the neighbourhood and surrounding environment

The quality of schooling received by a child

The quality of peer group relationships and company of a child

The quality of treatment made available to a child and his family with regard to his caste, religion, nationality or citizenship

The quality of educational and vocational facilities and opportunities available to a child

The quality of the government, laws and organization of the society to which a child belongs

The quality of the power and status enjoyed by the country to which a child belongs

Principles of Growth and Development

Principle of continuity

Principle of individual differences

Rate of growth and development is not uniform

Uniformity of pattern

Development proceeds from general to specific responses

Principles of Growth and Development

Principle of integration

Principle of inter-relation

Development is predictable

Growth and development are a joint product of both heredity and environment

Growth proceeds from head to trunk, centre to extremities

Developmental stages

Prenatal stage (from conception

to birth)Postnatal stages

Prenatal stage (from conception

to birth)

Germinal Period (First 2 weeks)

Embryonic Stage (III to VIII week)

Foetal Stage

(IX week to birth)

POSTNATAL STAGES

Infancy : From birth to 2 years

Childhood : Early Childhood (From 3 to 6 Yrs)

Later Childhood (From 7 to 10 Yrs)

Pre-Adolescence : (From 11 to 13 Yrs)

Adolescence : (From 14 to 17 yrs; in the strict sense, upto the onset of puberty)

Adulthood : Early Adulthood (From 20 to 40 Yrs)

Middle-age : (From 40 to 60 Years)

Old-age : (From 60 years onwards)

Adolescence

• Latin verb ‘adolescere’ which means ‘to grow’

• Begins with the onset of puberty and lasts till the beginning of adulthood (12+ to 18/20)

• Stanely Hall called this period as “Period of Storm and Stress”

Special characteristics of Adolescents

Rapid perplexing physical changes

Heightend Self-consciousness

Intensification of sex-urge

Craving for independence

Peer - group relationship

Idealism vs. Realism

Vocational choice and Need of self-support

Aspiring for Leadership

Problems of Adolescents

Identity Crisis

Generation Gap

Negative and Non-conformist Attitude

Domination of Sexual Urge

Hesitation and Confusion in Selecting a Vocation

Emotional Swings

Aspiring for Autonomy

Peer Group Dominance

Remedies to overcome the problems of the Adolescence

o To have the proper knowledge of adolescent’s psychology

oProviding suitable environment for proper growth

oRendering proper sex education

oProper dealing with adolescents

o Training of emotions and satisfaction of emotional needs

o To take care of the special interests of the adolescents

oProviding Religious and Moral Education

oProvision for Vocational Education

oArranging Guidance Service

Theories of Development

Freud’s Psycho-sexual Development Theory of Personality

Erikson’s Theory of Psycho-social Development in Children

Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development in Children

Jean Piaget’s Theory of Moral Development in Children

Lawrence Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development in Children

Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development

in Children

Cognitive Structure

Organization Adaptation

Assimilation Accomodation

Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development in Children

• Ego-centrism

• Animism

• Realism

• Centering

• Conservation task

• Cannot understand reversibility

• Consider their parents as omnipresent and omnipotent

• Inability to play any game, following the rules

Stages of Cognitive Development and Accomplishments

Stage-age Type of Thinking

Major Accomplishments

Sensori-motor stage (0-2 years)

Sensori-motor

Pre-verbalRepetition of movementsTrial/Error behaviourEmergence of goal directed behaviourObject permanence, Animism

Pre-operational stage (2-7 years)

Transductivethought, Intuitive thought

Egocentrism, Imitation, Perceptual reasoning, Imaginary play, Centration, Inconsistent casual reasoning

Concrete operations stage (7-11 years)

Inductive thought

Decentration, Diminished ego-centrism, Explanation Conserves, Seriates etc, makes, Transformations, Classifies, Fantasizes, etc

Formaloperations stage(11 onwards)

Deductivethought

Applies logic, Infers, Verbal hypothesis, Idealistic thinking, Collaboration with others, Proportionality probabilistic and combinatorial reasoning, casual relations

Educational Implications of Jean Piaget’s Theory

• True learning – Experiential Curriculum• Emphasis on discovery approach• Curriculum - Specific educational experience• Classroom activities – self-learning• Do not treat children as miniature adults• Co-curricular activities• Sufficient time should be provided• Moral and intellectual growth go together• Activity approach – Primary classes, Methods of

illustration – Middle school and Verbal method of teaching – High school classes


Based upon the Greek tragedy by Sophocles “Oedipus Rex”

Often referred as Odeipus Complex

Odeipus Complex – Boys – Attracted towards their mother

Electra Complex – Girls – Attracted towards their father


Oral Stage

Anal Stage

Phallic Stage

Latency Stage

Genital Stage



Sl.No. Stage Basic Conflict Important Events

1 Infancy(birth to 2 yrs)

Trust vs mistrust Feeding

2 Early Childhood (2 to 3 Yrs)

Autonomy vs.Shame and Doubt

Toilet Training

3 Preschool(3 to 5 yrs)

Initiative vs. Guilt Exploration

4 School Age (6 to 12 or Puberty)

Industry vs. Inferiority School

5 Adolescence (13 to 19 yrs)

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Social Relationships

6 Young Adulthood(19 to 40 yrs)

Intimacy vs. Isolation Relationships

7 Middle Adulthood (40 to 65 yrs)

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Work and Parenthood

8 Maturity (65 to death)

Ego Integrity vs. Despair Reflection on Life

Basic Conflict Outcome

Trust vsmistrust

Children develop a sense of trust when caregivers provide reliability, care and affection. A lack of this will lead to mistrust

Autonomy vs.Shame and Doubt

Children need to develop a sense of personal control over physical sills and a sense of independence. Success leads to feelings of autonomy, failure results in feeling of shame and doubt

Initiative vs. Guilt

Children need to begin asserting control and power over the environment. Success in this stage leads to a sense of purpose. Children who try to exert too much power experience disapproval, resulting in a sense of guilt

Industry vs.Inferiority

Children need to cope with new social and academic demands. Success leads to a sense of competence, while failure results in feelings of inferiority

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Teens need to develop a sense of self and personal identity. Success leads to an ability to stay true to yourself, while failure leads to role confusion and a weak sense of self

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Young adults need to form intimate loving relationships with other people. Success leads to strong relationships, while failure in loneliness and isolation

Generativityvs. Stagnation

Adults need to crests or nurture things will outlast them, often by havingchildren or creating a positive change that benefits other people. Success leads to feelings of usefulness and accomplishments in the world

Ego Integrity vs. Despair

Older adults need to look back on life and feel a sense of fulfillment. Success at this stage leads to feelings of wisdom, while failure results in regret,