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Lynne Murray
Drexel University
HE500
“Group” Project
April 18, 2011
The purpose of studying the chronological history of Historical Black Colleges and
Universities (HBCU’s) is to briefly review the basis of the establishment of HBCU’s
and to illustrate the importance of these institutions to African-Americans. The
timeline for this study ranges from antebellum slavery (1600s) to the new
millennium. Various documents such as e-journals, books, and online resources
were used to locate pertinent information regarding our nation’s HBCU’s. The
timeline depicts vital events that explicates our nation’s historic events while
simultaneously correlating to the establishment of HBCU’s; in addition, disparities
regarding the need for HBCU’s will be conveyed. The findings will educate the
reader by presenting salutary answers to frequently asked questions concerning
HBCU’s.
2
• John F. Kennedy stated, “All of us do not have equal talent, but all of us
should have an equal opportunity to develop our talent” (2011). During
antebellum Civil War, the African slave was forbidden to read or obtain
any form of education. Slaves were prohibited from receiving an
education. They was constantly frightened of becoming the victim of a
brutal whipping or tortured and lynched (if discovered that he or she
was able to read). However, after the slaves were emancipated in
1865, the proliferation of Black colleges and universities provided an
opportunity for the newly-freed African slave to receive an education.
• The Higher Education Act of 1965: In order for a college to be listed
as a Historical Black College and University, the college has to be 3
• The role of the Africans between 1619 and 1640 is unclear as to
whether or not they were brought to the American colony of
Jamestown, VA as indentured slaves or as free-labor slaves.
Virginia, 1639: The African slave was exempt from governmental
protection.
“By 1640, there was one African that was recorded as a free-labor
slave in the Virginia colony” (PBS); In 1650, 300 slaves were
reported.
1700s: Over one thousand slaves were kidnapped annually and
brought to the Virginia colony.
4
• 1705: The Virginia General Assembly enacted a law that legally enslaved all servants
who were not Christians in their native country.
• The Slave Codes of 1705: Laws that governed a slave’s behavior because the white
settlers in the colonies were afraid of slave uprisings. The laws stripped slaves from
governmental protection, banned anyone from teaching slaves how to read or write,
and prohibited slaves from marriage.
• As the number of slaves increased in the new colonies in America, the laws governing
their behaviors increased.
1790: As reported in the U.S. Census, “3.9 million people were counted in
the first U.S. Census;” slaves were not included in the enumeration as they
were considered chattel; the U.S. Constitution of 1776 regarded slaves as
three-fifths of a man.
5
• A number of slaveholders preferred their slaves to be educated; literate slaves could
serve as record keepers for the plantation.
• The slaves who were allowed to learn had a limited amount of time as their labor
demands diminished the amount of time available for learning.
• “House-slaves,” freed people of color, and often the children sired by the slaveholder
were typically the privileged ones to receive an education.
• South Carolina, 1743: Anglican ministers established and operated a school for slaves
for over twenty years. “For over twenty years the school offered instruction in Christian
religion and education under the guidance of a slave schoolmaster” (Sambol-Tosco
2004).
6
• Contrary to the southern states, it was not illegal to educate slaves in the northern states.
Kimberly Sambol-Tosco wrote, “Quakers played an important part elevating literacy rates
among Northern blacks by rigorously promoting education programs in the years before and
after the Revolutionary War.”
HBCU’s in the Antebellum Years:
• The majority of HBCUs were established after the Civil War; however, the following three
universities were established twenty-six years before the end of the Civil War:
1. Cheyney University: Richard Humphrey’s, a Quaker philanthropist, founded the
Institute for Colored Youth to train free blacks to become teachers” (Coleman) in 1837.
The school was first located in Philadelphia then moved to Cheyney, Pennsylvania in
1902.
7
2. Lincoln University: Ashmun Institute, “was "the first institution found anywhere in the
world to provide a higher education in the arts and sciences for male youth of African
descent"’ (Lincoln University). The school was chartered in 1854. In 1866, the Institute
changed its name to Lincoln University after Abraham Lincoln. The late honorable Justice
Thurgood Marshall, Langston Hughes and Kwame Nkrumah are graduates of Lincoln
University.
3. Wilberforce University: Wilberforce University was founded in 1856 by William
Wilberforce who was an abolitionist. The school’s financial status declined due to the
inception of the Civil War; as a result, the school closed in 1862. “Bishop Daniel A. Payne
of the African Methodist Episcopal Church negotiated to purchase the University's facilities”
(Wilberforce University); thus, Wilberforce reopened in 1863.
Cheyney, Lincoln and Wilberforce Universities are considered to be the nation’s first HBCU’s.
8
• 1865 – 1870: Twenty-six HBCU’s opened.
• 1871 – 1900: Fifty-Two HBCU’s opened.
• 1901 – 1950: Twenty-Three HBCU’s opened.
• 1952 – 1975: Seven HBCU’s opened.
– Note: Although two of the schools were founded after 1964 (Southern University at Shreveport and Morehouse School of Medicine), the two universities are not legally considered HBCU’s because they were opened after 1964.
• Total HBCU’s by 1962:
• When HBCUs were first established, the newly freed slaves did not receive a post-secondary education. Contrary, the ex-slaves received an elementary and secondary education.
• By the early 1900s, the teachings at the HBCU’s evolved into a post-secondary instruction. Most of these schools provided a “teaching” education.
• Since African-Americans were barred from attending white institutions, the responsibility of teaching other African-Americans
9
The Proliferation of HBCU’s
• W.E.B. DuBois and Booker T. Washington had two
extremely different philosophies on the type of education
for an African-American.
• DuBois firmly believed that Booker T. Washington’s
ideologies did not provide upward progression for African-
Americans. In addition, DuBois opposed Washington’s
principles as he believed that Washington’s theories
stifled African-American’s progress by remaining in the
south.
• DuBois believed that college-educated African-Americans
would help to advance the Black race by studying course
work on the liberal arts track and not vocational or
technical trades. He promoted the progression of the
most “talented tenth” African-Americans via an arts and
sciences education (Quick Tillery, 2003, p 10). 10
• 1862: The Morrill Land Grant Act donated public land for colleges to build schools
that were for agricultural and mechanical arts (Wennersten 1991). Mississippi’s
Alcorn State University was the first and only HBCU to receive this grant.
• 1890: Morrill Land Grant Act was revised by making federal funds available to the
newly freed slaves under the supposition of that the schools that were to be built
would also benefit African-Americans. According to the Morrill Land Grant Act, “These
1890 land-grant institutions would provide much needed public school instruction for
black children and train black teachers for the segregated public school systems in
the region” (Wennersten, 1991, p 54). As a result, sixteen land grant colleges were
established.
11
• Post Civil War: African-Americans faced violent opposition from southern whites
as the proliferation of HBCUs increased. African-Americans were subjected to
attending HBCU’s because they were prohibited from enrolling into the white
universities.
• The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
emphatically challenged the federal courts for equal rights in state facilities for
African-Americans during the 1930s.
• Thurgood Marshall and Charles Houston who were lawyers for the NAACP
“argued that equal education was a constitutional right of black Americans and
essential to their legal equality and economic welfare” (Quick Tillery, 2004).
12
• The creation of the GI Bill enabled African-American war veterans the ability of
attending school after their military tour ended.
• The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was another federal decision that gave African-Americans
the opportunity to earn an education
• The Supreme Court’s decision of “separate but equal” opened doors for many African-
Americans to obtain a professional education.
Ten HBCU’s that opened during the Reconstruction Era and 1905closed its doors
between 1924 and 1988 for various financial reasons:
13
1. Guadalupe (& fire damage)
2. Mount Hermon Female
Seminary
3. Western University (Kansas)
4. Storer College
5. Kittrell College
6. Leland College (fire
damage)
7. Daniel Payne (& tornado
damage)
8. Friendship College
9. Mississippi Industrial College
10.Bishop College
• HBCU’s produce more African-American professional
graduates than predominately white colleges and
universities.
• 2011: HBCU’s are still considered to be an important
option for African-Americans. HBCU’s continue to be
a familial tradition in many households.
• The defense for larger, white institutions to receive
more money than a HBCU (and other smaller schools)
is that the sports activities and research programs of
the white institutions necessitate a larger budget.
• Myth: HBCU’s are segregated schools
Fact: HBCU’s are “predominately Black” schools; the
schools have a very diverse ethnic student body.
14
• Myth: HBCU’s should no longer exist because they promote
segregation.
Fact: HBCU’s do not promote segregation. The percentage
of Private White Institution’s (PWI) African-American student
body is as low as HBCU’s Caucasian student body. HBCU’s
have never banned another race from enrolling in one of their
institutions. Whereas, PWI’s racially discriminated against
African-Americans from the Colonial Era until 1954 (Brown vs.
Board of Education).
•Graduation rates are higher for African-Americans that attend
a HBCU than those who attend a predominately white
institution. Robin White Goode (2011) writes, “In spite of the
nurturing HBCUs provide their students, their graduation rates
are lower (about 38%) than that of Black students who attend
traditionally White schools (about 46%).”
1607Jamestown
Settlement
Founded in
Virginia
Colony
1693College of
William &
Mary Opens
1764Rhode
Island
College
Opens
1754:King’s
College
Opens
1751
Philadelphia
Academy
Opens
1766Queen’s
College
Opens
1769Dartmouth
College
Opens
1746College
of New
Jersey
Opens
179
01st
U.S.
Cens
us
July 4,
1776
Declaration
of
Independen
ce Signed
1802The Ohio
Constitution
outlaws
slavery, but it
also prohibits
free blacks
from voting
1807Slave
Importation is
Banned in
America
1851: HBCU Univ. of District of
Columbia Opens
1854: HBCU Lincoln Univ.
Opens
1856: HBCU: Wilberforce Univ.
Opens
1857: HBCU Harris–Stowe
State Univ. Opens
1862: HBCU LeMoyne-Owen
College Opens
January 1, 1863Lincoln signs The
Emancipation
ProclamationJuly 2,
1964President
Lyndon
Johnson
signed The
Civil Rights
Act
1975
106
HBCU’s
are
Establish
1837•Martin Van Buren
is Inaugurated
•HBCU: Cheyney
Univ. Opens
1865 – 1870: 26 HBCU’s
Opened.
1865 – 1877: Reconstruction
Era
1867 – 1965: Jim Crow Era
(Segregation Laws)
1871 – 1900: 52 HBCU’s
Opened
May 17, 1896: Plessy vs.
Ferguson
1901 - 1950: 23 HBCU’s
Opened
1936 - 1988: 10 HBCU’s
Closed
1952 - 1962: 5 HBCU’s
Opened
1954 – 1968: Civil Rights
Movement
February 1st, 1960: 4 NC A&T
University Students launch the
Sit-In Movement in
January 20, 2008President Obama is
the first African-
American to be
inaugurated as
President of the
United States
2010President Obama
Increases Funding for
HBCUs ($98 Million for
FY 2011)February 26, 2010President Obama
Renews White House
Initiative on HBCU's
(Video)
1636Harvar
d
Colleg
e
Opens
1640Virginia
Colony:
1st African
Declared as
Free-Labor
Slave
1650•Beginning of
the Trans-
Atlantic Slave
Trade (African
Diaspora)
•300 Slaves
Reported in
Virginia Colony
1700Forced
Migration
of African
Slaves
(Over
1,0000
per year)
1701Yale
College
Opens
1705Slave
Codes
Enacted1743-1763South
Carolina:
Anglican
Ministers
taught slaves
in a school. 1834
South
Carolina bans
the teaching of
enslaved &
free black
people.
1815
Abolitionist Levi
Coffin (also
affiliated with
Guilford College)
establishes the
Underground
Railroad.
ReferencesAbout Lincoln. (n.d.). Retrieved April 14, 2011, from Lincoln University of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania website:
http://www.lincoln.edu/about.html
About WU-History. (n.d.). Retrieved April 14, 2011, from Wilberforce University website: http://www.wilberforce.edu/welcome/history.html
Burnsed, J. (2010, December 23). More HBCUs Offer Online Degrees. U.S. Education, Retrieved from http://www.usnews.com/education/online-education/articles/2010/12/23/more-hbcus-offer-online-degrees
Census of Population and Housing 1790 Census. (n.d.). Retrieved April 16, 2011, from U.S. Census Bureau website: http://www.census.gov/prod/www/abs/decennial/1790.html
Coleman, D. C. (2011). The History of Historically Black Colleges & Universites. Retrieved April 12, 2011, from HBCUConnect.com website: http://hbcuconnect.com/history.shtml
Fact Finder for the Nation, History and Organization (CFF-4). (2000, May). Retrieved from U.S. Department of Commerce Economics and Statistics Administration U.S. Census Bureau website: http://www.census.gov/prod/www/abs/decennial/1790.html
From Indentured Servitude to Racial Slavery. (n.d.). Retrieved April 15, 2011, from PBS Online website: hhttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part1/1narr3.html
Fuke, R. P. (1999). Imperfect Equality: African Americans and the Confines of White Ideology in Post-Emancipation Maryland. In P. Cimbala (Ed.), Planters, Apprenticeship, and Forced Labor: The Black Family Under Pressure in Post-emancipation Maryland (62 ed., Vol. 4, pp. 57-74). Agricultural History: Agricultural History. (Reprinted from The Freedmen's Bureau and Reconstruction Reconstructing America (Series) , Vol. 4, p. 288, by P. Cimbala & R. Miller, Eds., 1999, New York, NY: Fordham University Press)Jim Crow Entrenched: Unequal Funding of State-Operated Colleges in the South. (2002, Spring). The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, 35, 8-10. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3133810
John F. Kennedy Quotations. (2007). Retrieved April 13, 2011, from Light a Fire: Education Quotes website: http://www.lightafire.com/quotations/authors/john-f-kennedy/
List of Historically Black Colleges and Universities. (2006). Retrieved April 11, 2011, from EDU, Inc website: http://www.eduinconline.com/HBCUs.html
People & Events, Virginia Recognizes Slavery ,1661 - 1663. (n.d.). Retrieved April 15, 2011, from PBS Online website: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part1/1p262.html
Quick Tillery, C. (2003). Celebrating Our Equality. New York, NY: Kensington Publishing Corporation.
Sambol-Tosco , K. (2004). Slavery and the Making of America, Education, Arts, & Culture. Retrieved April 12, 2011, from UNC-TV PBS website: http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/experience/education/history2.html
Smith, L. M. (2010, March). Obama Signs Order Boosting HBCU Funding. Black Enterprise, 54-62. Retrieved from http://www.blackenterprise.com/2010/03/01/obama-signs-order-boosting-hbcu-funding/
Strauss, V. (2010, November 26). Report on college attendance crisis for black males exaggerated. The Washington Post. Retrieved from http://voices.washingtonpost.com/answer-sheet/achievement-gap/report-on-college-attendance-c.html
16
ReferencesWhite Goode, R. (2011, February 15). The HBCU Debate: Are Black Colleges & Universities Still Needed? Black
Enterprise, Retrieved from http://www.blackenterprise.com/2011/02/15/are-hbcus-still-relevant/
White House Initiative on Historically Black Colleges and Universities. (2010, July 8). Retrieved April 13, 2011, from
U.S. Department of Education website: http://www2.ed.gov/about/inits/list/whhbcu/edlite-index.html
Who We Are, Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) ~ An Historical Overview. (1998). Retrieved April 16,
2011, from United Negro College Fund, Inc. website: http://www.uncf.org/aboutus/hbcus.asp
17