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Gross Structure of the BrainGross Structure of the Brain
TJ del Mundo, MD, DPBOCollege of OptometryCEU
TJ del Mundo, MD, DPBOCollege of OptometryCEU
Nervous SystemNervous System
CNS (central nervous system)
Brain Spinal Cord
PNS (peripheral nervous system)
Peripheral Nerve Ganglion
CNS (central nervous system)
Brain Spinal Cord
PNS (peripheral nervous system)
Peripheral Nerve Ganglion
Central Nervous System - BrainCentral Nervous System - Brain
Gross Divisions of the BrainGross Divisions of the Brain
Cerebrum (cerebral hemisphere)
Diencephalon
Cerebellum
Brainstem
Cerebrum (cerebral hemisphere)
Diencephalon
Cerebellum
Brainstem
telencephalontelencephalonCerebral cortex
Cerebral white matterBasal ganglia
Cerebral cortexCerebral white matter
Basal ganglia
metencephalonmetencephalon CerebellumPons
CerebellumPons
Primary vesiclePrimary vesicle Secondary vesicleSecondary vesicle DerivativesDerivatives
ProsencephalonProsencephalon
diencephalondiencephalon
ThalamusHypothalamusSubthalamusEpithalamus
ThalamusHypothalamusSubthalamusEpithalamus
MesencephalonMesencephalon mesencephalonmesencephalon MidbrainMidbrain
RhombencephalonRhombencephalon
myelencephalonmyelencephalon Medulla oblongataMedulla oblongata
Embryonic (developmental) divisions of the BrainEmbryonic (developmental) divisions of the Brain
Inner Structures of the BrainInner Structures of the Brain
1. Basal ganglia
2. Thalamus
3. Hypothalamus
4. Midbrain
5. Pons
6. Medulla oblongata
1. Basal ganglia
2. Thalamus
3. Hypothalamus
4. Midbrain
5. Pons
6. Medulla oblongata
Cerebrum – Cerebral HemisphereCerebrum – Cerebral Hemisphere
1. Cerebral Cortex- lobes, gyrus & sulcus
2. Cerebral White Matter (medullary center)
3. Basal Ganglia
1. Cerebral Cortex- lobes, gyrus & sulcus
2. Cerebral White Matter (medullary center)
3. Basal Ganglia
Telencephalic structure –lateral ventriclesTelencephalic structure –lateral ventricles
Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex (lateral surface)Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex (lateral surface)
1. Frontal lobe
2. Parietal lobe
3. Temporal Lobe
4. Occipital lobe
5. Limbic lobe
1. Frontal lobe
2. Parietal lobe
3. Temporal Lobe
4. Occipital lobe
5. Limbic lobe
Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex (medial surface)Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex (medial surface)
1. Frontal lobe
2. Parietal lobe
3. Temporal Lobe
4. Occipital lobe
5. Limbic lobe
1. Frontal lobe
2. Parietal lobe
3. Temporal Lobe
4. Occipital lobe
5. Limbic lobe
Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex (basal surface)
Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex (basal surface)
1. Frontal lobe
2. Parietal lobe
3. Temporal Lobe
4. Occipital lobe
5. Limbic lobe
1. Frontal lobe
2. Parietal lobe
3. Temporal Lobe
4. Occipital lobe
5. Limbic lobe
Lateral Surface
Precentral Gyrus --- primary motor areaSuperior Frontal Gyrus Middle Frontal GyrusInferior Frontal Gyrus Pars Opercularis Pars Triangularis Pars Orbitalis
Medial SurfaceMedial Frontal Gyrus Paracentral Lobule
Basal SurfaceRectus Gyrus Orbital GyrusInferior Frontal Gyrus
Lateral Surface
Precentral Gyrus --- primary motor areaSuperior Frontal Gyrus Middle Frontal GyrusInferior Frontal Gyrus Pars Opercularis Pars Triangularis Pars Orbitalis
Medial SurfaceMedial Frontal Gyrus Paracentral Lobule
Basal SurfaceRectus Gyrus Orbital GyrusInferior Frontal Gyrus
Gyri of the Frontal LobeGyri of the Frontal Lobe
] Broca’s area (dominant hemisphere)] Broca’s area (dominant hemisphere)
Gyri of the Cerebral Cortex (Lateral Surface)Gyri of the Cerebral Cortex (Lateral Surface)
Gyri of the Cerebral Cortex (Lateral Surface)Gyri of the Cerebral Cortex (Lateral Surface)
Broca’s area
Pars Opercularis
Pars Triangularis
Pars Orbitalis
Motor HomunculusMotor HomunculusMotor HomunculusMotor Homunculus
Photograph of the brain of Broca’s patient called “Tan” (real name is Leborgne).
Broca’s AreaBroca’s AreaBroca’s AreaBroca’s Area
Pars triangularis and pars Pars triangularis and pars opercularis of the inferior opercularis of the inferior frontal gyrus of dominant frontal gyrus of dominant hemisphere.hemisphere.
Gyri of the Cerebral Cortex (Medial Surface)Gyri of the Cerebral Cortex (Medial Surface)
Gyri of the Cerebral Cortex (basal surface)
Gyri of the Cerebral Cortex (basal surface)
Gyri of the Parietal LobeGyri of the Parietal Lobe
Lateral Surface
Postcentral Gyrus ---- primary somesthetic area
Superior Parietal Lobule
Inferior Parietal Lobule ---- Wernicke’s area
Supramarginal Gyrus
Angular Gyrus
Medial Surface
Paracentral Lobule
Precuneus
Lateral Surface
Postcentral Gyrus ---- primary somesthetic area
Superior Parietal Lobule
Inferior Parietal Lobule ---- Wernicke’s area
Supramarginal Gyrus
Angular Gyrus
Medial Surface
Paracentral Lobule
Precuneus
Gyri of the Cerebral Cortex (Lateral Surface)Gyri of the Cerebral Cortex (Lateral Surface)
Gyri of the Cerebral Cortex (Medial Surface)Gyri of the Cerebral Cortex (Medial Surface)
Sensory HomunculusSensory HomunculusSensory HomunculusSensory Homunculus
Gyri of the Occipital LobeGyri of the Occipital Lobe
Lateral SurfaceLateral Occipital Gyrus
Superior Occipital Gyrus Inferior Occipital Gyrus
Medial Surface
CuneusLingual Gyrus
Basal Surface
Lingual Gyrus
Occipitotemporal Gyrus
Lateral SurfaceLateral Occipital Gyrus
Superior Occipital Gyrus Inferior Occipital Gyrus
Medial Surface
CuneusLingual Gyrus
Basal Surface
Lingual Gyrus
Occipitotemporal Gyrus
Gyri of the Cerebral Cortex (Lateral Surface)Gyri of the Cerebral Cortex (Lateral Surface)
Gyri of the Cerebral Cortex (Medial Surface)Gyri of the Cerebral Cortex (Medial Surface)
Gyri of the Cerebral Cortex (basal surface)
Gyri of the Cerebral Cortex (basal surface)
Gyri of the Temporal LobeGyri of the Temporal Lobe
Lateral Surface
Superior Temporal Gyrus
Middle Temporal Gyrus
Inferior Temporal Gyrus
Basal Surface
Lingual Gyrus
Occipitotemporal Gyrus
Medial Occipitotemporal Gyrus
Lateral Occipitotemporal Gyrus
Lateral Surface
Superior Temporal Gyrus
Middle Temporal Gyrus
Inferior Temporal Gyrus
Basal Surface
Lingual Gyrus
Occipitotemporal Gyrus
Medial Occipitotemporal Gyrus
Lateral Occipitotemporal Gyrus
Gyri of the Cerebral Cortex (Lateral Surface)Gyri of the Cerebral Cortex (Lateral Surface)
Gyri of the Cerebral Cortex (basal surface)
Gyri of the Cerebral Cortex (basal surface)
PET (positron emission tomography) scanPET (positron emission tomography) scan
Gyri of the Limbic LobeGyri of the Limbic Lobe
Outer RingCingulate Gyrus
Isthmus of Cingulate GyrusParahippocampal Gyrus
Uncus, Uncinate Gyrus Inner Ring
Hippocampal FormationHippocampus, Ammon's HornDentate Gyrus
Fasciolar Gyrus Indusium Griseum (Supracallosal Gyrus) Paraterminal Gyrus (Subcallosal Gyrus) Subcallosal Area (Parolfactory Area)
Outer RingCingulate Gyrus
Isthmus of Cingulate GyrusParahippocampal Gyrus
Uncus, Uncinate Gyrus Inner Ring
Hippocampal FormationHippocampus, Ammon's HornDentate Gyrus
Fasciolar Gyrus Indusium Griseum (Supracallosal Gyrus) Paraterminal Gyrus (Subcallosal Gyrus) Subcallosal Area (Parolfactory Area)
Gyri of the Cerebral Cortex (Medial Surface)Gyri of the Cerebral Cortex (Medial Surface)
Gyri of the Cerebral Cortex (basal surface)
Gyri of the Cerebral Cortex (basal surface)
Structures of the Lateral Surface of the BrainStructures of the Lateral Surface of the Brain
1 2
3 4 5
Structures of the Medial Surface of the BrainStructures of the Medial Surface of the Brain
1
2
3
4
Structures of the Basal Surface of the BrainStructures of the Basal Surface of the Brain
1
2
Insula of ReilInsula of Reil
Structures around the Limbic LobeStructures around the Limbic Lobe
1
2
3
Structures of the Limbic LobeStructures of the Limbic Lobe
1
23
Structures of the Limbic LobeStructures of the Limbic Lobe
1
2
3
Structures of FornixStructures of Fornix
1. Uncus
2. Hippocampus
3. Fimbria
4. Crus
5. Commissure
6. Corpus
7. Column
8. Mammillary body
1. Uncus
2. Hippocampus
3. Fimbria
4. Crus
5. Commissure
6. Corpus
7. Column
8. Mammillary body
1 2 34
56
7
8
Cerebral White MatterCerebral White Matter
Projection fiberCorona radiata
Commissural fiber
Corpus callosumrostrum, genu, trunk, splenium
Anterior commissureCommissure of fornix
Association fiber
Short association fiber
Long association fiber
Projection fiberCorona radiata
Commissural fiber
Corpus callosumrostrum, genu, trunk, splenium
Anterior commissureCommissure of fornix
Association fiber
Short association fiber
Long association fiber
Fibers of Cerebral White Matter (coronal section)Fibers of Cerebral White Matter (coronal section)
1. Corpus callosum
2. Internal capsule
3. Superior occipitofrontal fasciculus
4. Superior longitudinal fasciculus
5. Inferior occipitofrontal fasciculus
6. Cingulum
7. Uncinate fasciculus
8. Inferior longitudinal fasciculus
1. Corpus callosum
2. Internal capsule
3. Superior occipitofrontal fasciculus
4. Superior longitudinal fasciculus
5. Inferior occipitofrontal fasciculus
6. Cingulum
7. Uncinate fasciculus
8. Inferior longitudinal fasciculus
Basal Ganglia (traditional concept)Basal Ganglia (traditional concept)
Corpus striatum
lenticular nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus
caudate nucleus
Amygdaloid body
Corpus striatum
lenticular nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus
caudate nucleus
Amygdaloid body
Basal GangliaBasal Ganglia
12
3
12
43
Basal GangliaBasal Ganglia
1 23
12
3
DiencephalonDiencephalon
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
Subthalamus
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
Subthalamus
3rd ventricle and tela choroidea3rd ventricle and tela choroidea
DiencephalonDiencephalon
1
2
3
45
1
32
Ventral Surface of DiencephalonVentral Surface of Diencephalon
1
2
3
4
5 5
6
CerebellumCerebellum
Anterior LobePosterior LobeFlocculonodular Lobe
flocculus, nodulus
VermisParavermal RegionCerebellar Hemisphere
Anterior LobePosterior LobeFlocculonodular Lobe
flocculus, nodulus
VermisParavermal RegionCerebellar Hemisphere
Cerebellum (posterosuperior view)Cerebellum (posterosuperior view)
1
2 3
Cerebellum (posteroinferior view)Cerebellum (posteroinferior view)
flocculus
Cerebellum (anterior view)Cerebellum (anterior view)
1
23
Cerebellum (medial view)Cerebellum (medial view)
Brain StemBrain Stem
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla Oblongata
4th Ventricle
Rhomboid Fossa
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla Oblongata
4th Ventricle
Rhomboid Fossa
BrainStemBrainStem
Anteriorsurface
Anteriorsurface
1
2
3
4
III
VI
V
VII VIII
5
IX
X
XI
XII
BrainStemBrainStem
Posteriorsurface
Posteriorsurface
IV
1
2
3
4
5 6
7
89
10
Rhomboid FossaRhomboid Fossa
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
Roof of the 4th VentricleRoof of the 4th Ventricle
1
2
telencephalontelencephalonCerebral cortex
Cerebral white matterBasal ganglia
Cerebral cortexCerebral white matter
Basal ganglia
metencephalonmetencephalon CerebellumPons
CerebellumPons
Primary vesiclePrimary vesicle Secondary vesicleSecondary vesicle DerivativesDerivatives
ProsencephalonProsencephalon
diencephalondiencephalon
ThalamusHypothalamusSubthalamusEpithalamus
ThalamusHypothalamusSubthalamusEpithalamus
MesencephalonMesencephalon mesencephalonmesencephalon MidbrainMidbrain
RhombencephalonRhombencephalon
myelencephalonmyelencephalon Medulla oblongataMedulla oblongata
Embryonic (developmental) divisions of the BrainEmbryonic (developmental) divisions of the Brain