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2nd Semester: Grammar Book
Table of Contents
Conditional 3 Subjunctive 18-
20
irregulars 4 basics
+triggers
18
Perfect Tenses 5-9 irregulars 19
Present 5 expressed 20
irregulars 6 Impersonal
Expressions
21
Past 7 Expressions of Emotion 22
Present Perfect Subjunctive 8 Conjunctions of Time 23
Tan vs. Tanto 9 Demonstrative Adj./Pro. 24
Impersonal “se” 10
Saber vs. Conocer 11
Los Mandatos 12-
17
Formal Affirmative/Negative 12
irregulars 13
Informal
Affirmative/Negative+irregulars
14
ConditionalInfinitive + -ending
-ía -íamos
-ías
-ía -ían
For polite
requests:
If I could _______, then I would _______.
Si pudiera _______,
(conditional).
If I could run, I would run more.
Si pudiera correr, correríamás.
imperfect: Íbamos al parque los sábados.
We would go to the park on Saturdays.
conditional:De adolescentes,
comíamosmucho.
When we were teenagers, we
used to eat a lot.
Conditional Irregulars
hacer har--
ending
haber habr--
ending
saber sabr--
ending
tener tendr--
ending
caber cabr--
ending
decir dir--
ending
poner pondr--
ending
querer querr--
ending
salir saldr--
ending
venir vendr--
ending
valer valdr--
ending
poder podr--
ending
Present Perfect
I have eaten my food.
He has writtenhis letter
They have been stranded for six days.
haber + past participle
(yo) he comido. I have eaten.
Past Participle
comido. eaten.
Haber (present)
(yo) he I have
Haber (conjugated in
present)
he hemos
has
ha han
verbdrop the infinitive ending
add the participle ending
comer com- +ido
pagar pag- +ado
Present Perfect Irregulars
abrir abierto
cubrir cubierto
decir dicho
escribir escrito
hacer hecho
morir muerto
poner puesto
resolver resuelto
romper roto
ver visto
volver vuelto
ir ido
Past Perfect
I had studied.
He had written a
letter.
We had been
stranded.
haber + past participle
(yo) había comido. I had eaten.
Past Participle
comido. eaten.
Haber (imperfect)
(yo) había I had
Haber (conjugated in
imperfect)
había habíamos
habías
había habían
verbdrop the infinitive ending
add the participle ending
comer com- +ido
pagar pag- +ado
Subjunctive PerfectUsed to indicate the action
as completed with the verbs in the present or future tense.
Haber (subjunctive)
haya hayamos
hayas
haya hayan
present subjunctive
• Dudo que lo hagas.
• I doubt you'll do it.
present perfect subjunctive
• Dudo que lo hayashecho.
• I doubt that you did it.
haber participlepresent perfect
subjunctive
Tanto y Tan
plus
como como
uses
adj/adv noun
tan tantoExample:
Felipe es tan alegre
como Gino.
Tengo tanto dinero como
Juan.
Impersonal “se”
uses:to avoid
specifying a subject
always conjugate the verb to the 3rd
person
can be used in all tenses
Examples:
No se habla español aquí.Spanish is not spoken here.
Se puede jugar en este lugar.It is possible to play in this
place.
Saber vs. Conocer
Saber
• facts
Conocer
• people
Saber
sé sabemos
sabes
sabe saben
Conocer
conozco conocemos
conoces
conoce conocen
Examples:
Juan sabe donde está María.
Juan knows where Maria is.
Yo no sé tu número de teléfono.
I don't know your telephone
number.
Yo no conozco a María.
I don't know Maria.
Alberto y Alfredo conocen Madrid.
Alberto and Alfredo know Madrid.
Formal Affirmative/Negative
If it is an –ar verb, add an:
-e (singular)
OR
-en (plural)
If it is an -er/-ir verb, add an:
-a (singular)
OR
-an (plural)
bailar --> bailo
bail
baile/en
change to the "yo" form
drop the ending
add an a/an or e/en
Formal Irregulars• tener
• tengo --> tengue/enT• venir
• vengo --> venga/anV• Dar: dé/en
• Decir: diga/anD• Ir
• voy --> vaya/anI• Ser
• sea/anS• Hacer
• hago --> haga/anH• Estar
• estoy --> esté/enE• Saber
• sepá/anS
buscar busce busque
pagar page pague
almorzar almuerze almuerce
-car, -gar, -zar verbs
Informal Affirmative/Negative
Commands + Irregulars
conjugate the verb in the 3rd
person present tense
habla come
infinitive
hablar comer
-er irregulars
salir > sal decir > di
tener > ten hacer > haz
venir > ven ir > ve
poner > pon
no _______.
no hables no comas
add the opposite tú ending
-ar > -as -er> -es
conjugate the verb in the “yo” form (present tense)
hablo como
infinitive
hablar comer
A F
F
I R
M
A
T
I
V
E
N E
G
A
T
I
V E
DOP/IOP PlacementIOP
me nos
te
le/se les/ses
DOP
lo los
la las
The DOP is attached
to the end of the
affirmative command:
Compra lashamburguesas.
Compralas. *Cómpralas
*the addition of
the OP to the
end of the
command form
requires an
accent mark
over the
stressed syllable
DOP/IOP Placement
IOP always goes before the
DOP.
No compres lashamburguesas.
No lascompres.
The DOP and IOP cannot be
attached in a negative
command and must go
between the “no” and the
command:
NegativeNo te lascompré.
I did not buy them for you.
Affirmative Díselo.I gave it to
her.
Nosotros Commands +mono
verbs
drop the o and add the opposite nosotrosending
hablemos comamos
conjugate in the “yo” form (present tense)
hablo como
infinitive
hablar comer
IR
affirmative negative
vamos no
vayamos
-mosnos -monos
levantemosnos levantémonos
Subjunctive +triggers
indicative mood
• facts
• real
• definite
subjunctive
• uncertain
• hypothetical
• attitude
-ar
-e -emos
-es
-e -en
-er/-ir
-a -amos
-as
-a -an
comer como com-(yo)
coma
infinitive“yo” form
verb stem
add ending
Trigger Phrases:
esperar que to wish that ... insistir en que ... to insist that ... mandar que ... to order that
... preferir que ... to prefer that ... prohibir que ... to prohibit that ... querer que ... to
want that ... es aconsejable que ... it's advisable that ... es necesario que ... it's
necessary that ... pedir que ... to ask that ... recomendar que ... to recommend that ...
rogar que ... to plead that ... sugerir que ... to suggest that ...
Present Subjunctive Irregulars
• teng-tener
• veng-venir
• d-/dig-dar/decir
• vay-ir
• se-ser
• hag-/hayhacer/haber
• est-estar
• sep-saber
-car
• -que
-gar
• -gue
-zar
• -ce
-car, -gar, -zar
almuerce busque juegue
-ending
almuerze busce juege
“yo” form
almuerzo busco juego
verbo
almorzar buscar jugar
Subjunctive Expressed
general uses: to express:
will and influence
emotion
doubt, disbelief, and
denial
definiteness and
nonexistence
main(conjunction)
quesubordinate
clause
subjunctive expression
Es importante que aprendas el subjuntivo.
subordinate clause
aprendas el subjuntivo.
conjunction
que
main clause
Es importante
Impersonal Expressions
es bueno que…
• its good that…
es malo que…
• its bad that…
es mejor que…
• its better that…
es importante que…
• its important that
es urgente que…
• its urgent that…
es necesario que…
• its necessary that…
usually used to:
be the main clause in a subjunctive expression.
express an idea without naming a
subject.
Expressions of Emotion
w/Subjunctive
alegrarse de
esperar
sentir
sorprender
temer
es triste
ojalá que
main clause
• hope
• fear
• joy
• pity
• surprise
subordinate clause
• subjunctive
ojalá que subjunctiveojalá que
se conservan.
Siento que tu no puedas venir
mañana.
I’m sorry that you can’t come
tomorrow.
Conjuctions of Timeasí que
• as soon as
cuando
• when
despues de que
• after
en cuanto
• as soon as
hasta que
• until
luego que
• as soon as
tan pronto como
• as soon as
take the indicative when the action in the
subordinate clause is either habitual or in
the past. The subjunctive is used when the
main clause is a command or in the
(potential) future:
Demonstrative Pronouns/Adjectives
Juan reads this book. (adjective)Juan lee este libro.
Juan reads this. (pronoun)Juan lee este.
estethis
this/these
• este (m)
• estos (m)
• esta (f)
• estas (f)
that/those
• ese (m)
• esos (m)
• esa (f)
• esas (f)
that one over there
• aquel (m)
• aquellos(m)
• aquella (f)
• aquellas (f)